Trabalho remoto e uso de redes sociais como instrumentos de extensão e aprendizagem durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Remote work and the use of social networks as extension and learning tools during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objetivo: Descrever a experiência do uso de redes sociais como instrumentos em ações de educação em saúde, promoção e prevenção durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo realizado no projeto de extensão "Sustentabilidade do PET-SAÚDE Interprofissionalidade" dando continuidade às ações interventivas do curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, campus Governador Valadares-MG, que realizou ações de promoção de saúde em atenção primária entre abril de 2020 e junho de 2021. O projeto teve a participação de 4 discentes e 2 docentes do curso de Odontologia da UFJF/GV com parceria da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Governador Valadares-MG. As ações foram desenvolvidas pelos discentes, os quais dividiram o processo em nove etapas. As atividades foram veiculadas pelas redes sociais sob o título "Vida Saudável e Autocuidado: PET-Saúde Interprofissionalidade UFJF/GV". Resultados: Foram realizadas 37 postagens com abordagem de 33 assuntos, alguns temas foram divididos entre partes 1 e 2, para melhor enfoque das comunicações. Obtivemos na rede social Instagram um total de 175 seguidores que acompanhavam as publicações feitas semanalmente. Os materiais produzidos também foram postados em formato de vídeo no Youtube e compartilhados no Facebook, visando aumentar a interação com os seguidores, somando 642 visualizações. As postagens atingiram o total de 1510 curtidas nas páginas do projeto. Conclusão: As redes sociais demostraram ser inovadoras na disseminação de informação para a população, alcançando a troca de saberes, no processo ensino-aprendizagem em tempos de pandemia, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de competências necessárias para a formação profissional.(AU)

Objective: To describe the experience of using social networks as instruments in health education, promotion and prevention actions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: This is a descriptive study carried out in the extension project "Sustainability of PET-SAÚDE Interprofissionalidade", continuing the interventional actions of the Dentistry course at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares-MG campus, which carried out actions to promote health in primary care between April 2020 and June 2021. The project had the participation of 4 students and 2 professors from the UFJF/GV Dentistry course in partnership with the Municipal Health Department of Governador Valadares-MG. The actions were developed by the students, who divided the process into nine stages. The activities were broadcast on social networks under the title "Healthy Life and Self-Care: PET-Saúde Interprofissionalidade UFJF/GV". Results: 37 posts were made covering 33 subjects, some themes were divided into parts 1 and 2, for a better focus on communications. We obtained a total of 175 followers on the Instagram social network that followed the publications made weekly. The materials produced were also posted in video format on Youtube and shared on Facebook, aiming to increase interaction with followers, totaling 642 views. Posts reached a total of 1510 likes on the project pages. Conclusion: Social networks proved to be innovative in disseminating information to the population, achieving the exchange of knowledge in the teaching-learning process in times of pandemic, enabling the development of skills necessary for professional training. (AU)

Irisin effects on bone: systematic review with meta-analysis of preclinical studies and prospects for oral health

Abstract: Bone quality is an important issue in dentistry. Low bone density may be associated with more severe periodontitis, and may influence implant therapy success. Recent evidence suggests that physical activity can improve alveolar bone quality. Irisin is an exercise-mediated peptide that might be involved in this process. We assessed the effect of exercise and that of intra-peritoneal irisin administration on bone quality in healthy and osteoporosis-induced rodents. This study was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020184140), and followed PRISMA guidelines. A search by two independent examiners was conducted in five databases and gray literature up to July 2021, without restrictions regarding language or date of publication. Initially, they analyzed retrieved titles and abstracts (n=3,844) based on eligibility criteria. Of this total, 19 studies remained for full-text reading, and 16 proceeded to the data extraction and quality assessment phases. Meta-analyses were conducted (n= 6 studies) to establish the effects of irisin administration on cancellous bone mineral density (BMD). Exercise or irisin administration enhanced bone quality, but the meta-analysis showed that BMD increased only slightly in osteoporotic rodents (BMD: mean difference 0.03 mg/cm3 - 95% CI 0.01-0.05). This indicates that they had no significant benefits on the bones of healthy animals. Implications of key findings evidence the potential of irisin as an agent able to mitigate bone loss caused by osteoporosis, an outcome that could favor dental rehabilitation. More studies investigating the effect of irisin on alveolar bone are needed to elucidate its therapeutic viability and implications.

Estresse Ocupacional em Gestores de um Hospital Público / Occupational Stress in Managers of a Public Hospital

A atuação dos gestores da área da saúde apresenta-se como expressiva fonte de tensão, ocasionando manifestações de estresse e comprometendo a saúde emocional e física. Diante desse contexto, este estudo objetivou descrever e explicar as manifestações de estresse ocupacional em gestores de um hospital público. Em relação ao método, utilizou-se o modelo teórico de explicação do estresse ocupacional em gerentes, a partir de abordagem quantitativa, onde os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário, envolvendo 83 gestores. A análise dos dados se deu por meio da estatística descritiva e inferencial. Apurou-se que 82% dos gestores possuem algum nível de estresse ocupacional, variando de leve/moderado (44,65) a muito intenso (37,4%). As principais fontes de tensão apontam para a realização de várias atividades ao mesmo tempo com alto nível de cobrança e a pressão excessiva no trabalho. Os sintomas prevalentes foram dor nos músculos do pescoço e ombros, fadiga e angústia. Observaram-se indicadores de impacto no trabalho como a dificuldade de lembrar fatos recentes, desmotivação; e excessivo desgaste nos relacionamentos interpessoais. Como estratégias para amenizar as tensões excessivas no trabalho identificou-se, principalmente, a cooperação entre os pares e o melhor planejamento do tempo.

The health manager's performance is a revealing source of tension, causing stress manifestations and compromising emotional and physical health. Given this context, this study aimed to describe and explain the occupational stress manifestations in a public hospital managers. Regarding the method, the theoretical model for explaining occupational stress in managers was used, based on a quantitative approach, where data were collected through a questionnaire involving 83 managers. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics. It was found that 82% of managers have some level of occupational stress, ranging from mild/moderate (44.65) to very intense (37.4%). The principal source of tension points to the performance of several activities simultaneously with a high level of collection and excessive pressure at work. The prevalent symptoms were a pain in the neck and shoulders muscles, fatigue, and distress. Indicators of impact at work were observed, such as the difficulty remembering recent facts, lack of motivation, and excessive wear and tear in interpersonal relationships. As strategies to alleviate exorbitant tensions at work, cooperation between peers and better time planning was identified.

Streamlining the dental care during COVID-19 pandemic: updated clinical recommendations and infection control management framework

Abstract: Several guidelines for dental practice have been published by dental associations and regulatory boards since the beginning of the pandemic. Initially, all non-emergency dental treatment were suspended. Healthcare personnel around the world are gradually expanding back to elective procedures. International updated recommendations alert that professionals must maintain regular observation of local health department reports, ensure personal protective equipment, and screen all patients for COVID-19 signs and symptoms. Telehealth strategies, patient screening, rescheduling when presenting COVID-19 symptoms and/or history of contact with infected people and hand/environment hygiene practices are reinforced. Appropriate cleaning and surface disinfection are mandatory. The dental staff must be trained to use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), following a risk assessment and standard precautions: gloves; fluid resistant disposable gown, eye protection (face shield or goggles) and a medical mask. A fit tested N95 or KN95 respirator (or higher) is recommended when aerosol generating procedures are performed. Only essential accompanying persons should attend to dental appointment with the patient and must wear a cloth face covering or facemask. Social distancing and mask wearing by all staff are necessary in all areas of the office. Dental health care providers should keep up to date to the current guidance of clinical practice during the pandemic.

The influence of malocclusion, sucking habits and dental caries in the masticatory function of preschool children

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of malocclusion, nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits and dental caries in the masticatory function of preschool children. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 384 children aged 3-5 years. A single examiner calibrated for oral clinical examinations performed all the evaluations (kappa > 0.82). Presence of malocclusion was recorded using Foster and Hamilton criteria. The number of masticatory units and of posterior teeth cavitated by dental caries was also recorded. The parents answered a questionnaire in the form of an interview, addressing questions about the child's nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits. The masticatory function was evaluated using Optocal test material, and was based on the median particle size in the masticatory performance, on the swallowing threshold, and on the number of masticatory cycles during the swallowing threshold. Data analysis involved simple and multiple linear regression analyses, and the confidence level adopted was 95%. The sample consisted of 206 children in the malocclusion group and 178 in the non-malocclusion group. In the multiple regression analysis, the masticatory performance was associated with age (p = 0.025), bottle feeding (p = 0.004), presence of malocclusion (p = 0.048) and number of cavitated posterior teeth (p = 0.030). The swallowing threshold was associated with age (p = 0.025), bottle feeding (p = 0.001) and posterior malocclusion (p = 0.017). The number of masticatory cycles during the swallowing threshold was associated with the number of cavitated posterior teeth (p = 0.001). In conclusion, posterior malocclusion, bottle feeding and dental caries may interfere in the masticatory function of preschool children.

Biological and social aspects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) related to oral health

Abstract The expansion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) throughout the world has alarmed all health professionals. Especially in dentistry, there is a growing concern due to it's high virulence and routes of transmission through saliva aerosols. The virus keeps viable on air for at least 3 hours and on plastic and stainless-steel surfaces up to 72 hours. In this sense, dental offices, both in the public and private sectors, are high-risk settings of cross infection among patients, dentists and health professionals in the clinical environment (including hospital's intensive dental care facilities). This manuscript aims to compile current available evidence on prevention strategies for dental professionals. Besides, we briefly describe promising treatment strategies recognized until this moment. The purpose is to clarify dental practitioners about the virus history and microbiology, besides guiding on how to proceed during emergency consultations based on international documents. Dentists should consider that a substantial number of individuals (including children) who do not show any signs and symptoms of COVID-19 may be infected and can disseminate the virus. Currently, there is no effective treatment and fast diagnosis is still a challenge. All elective dental treatments and non-essential procedures should be postponed, keeping only urgent and emergency visits to the dental office. The use of teledentistry (phone calls, text messages) is a very promising tool to keep contact with the patient without being at risk of infection.

Proposição de sistema de indicadores de desempenho operacional de estações de tratamento de água à luz do prestador de serviço: aplicação a cinco estações de ciclo completo / Proposition of operational performance indicators system applied for water treatment plants focusing on service provider: application for five conventional water treatment plants

RESUMO O principal objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em desenvolver e aplicar um sistema de indicadores de desempenho direcionado a estações convencionais de tratamento de água com base na visão do prestador de serviço. A metodologia abrangeu três etapas principais: (i) definição dos indicadores e justificativa; (ii) formulação e aplicação do sistema de indicadores a um conjunto de cinco estações de pequeno porte (vazões nominais de 20 a 60 L.s-¹) operadas pelo mesmo prestador; (iii) análise estatística a partir dos resultados de cálculo dos indicadores visando identificar eventuais sobreposições. O sistema proposto abarcou 13 indicadores de desempenho, calcados em parâmetros comumente inseridos na rotina operacional das estações de tratamento brasileiras.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this research was to develop and apply a performance indicator system focusing on conventional water treatment plants, based on the service provider's point of view. The methodology comprised three principal steps: (i) definition of indicators and justification; (ii) development and application of the indicator system to five small plants (flow rate from 20 to 60 L.s-1) operated for same provider; (iii) statistical analysis of the results, aiming to identify overlapping among the proposed performance indicators. The system comprised 13 performance indicators whose application is based on parameters usually monitored in the vast majority of Brazilian plants.

Accuracy of spirometry for detection of asthma: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with airway hyperresponsiveness. Spirometry is the most commonly used test among asthmatic patients. Another functional test used for diagnosing asthma is the bronchial challenge test. The aim of this study was to analyze the accuracy of spirometry for detecting asthma in the general population. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study with data analysis to evaluate the accuracy of spirometry through calculating sensitivity, specificity and predictive values and through the kappa agreement test. METHODS: Subjects who constituted a birth cohort were enrolled at the age of 23 to 25 years. Spirometric abnormality was defined as reduced forced expiratory volume in one second, i.e. lower than 80% of the predicted value. Measurement of bronchial responsiveness was performed by means of the bronchial challenge test with methacholine. The gold-standard diagnosis of asthma was defined as the presence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in association with respiratory symptoms. RESULTS: Asthma was detected in 200 subjects (10.4%) out of the sample of 1922 individuals. Spirometric abnormality was detected in 208 subjects (10.9%) of the sample. The specificity of spirometric abnormality for detecting asthma was 90%, sensitivity was 23%, positive predictive value was 22%, and negative predictive value was 91%. The kappa test revealed weak agreement of 0.13 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.07-0.19) between spirometry and the diagnosis of asthma. CONCLUSION: Spirometry, as a single test, has limitations for detecting asthma in the general population.

Human exposure to Salmonella spp from dog food containing raw meat ­ systematic review / Exposição de humanos à Salmonella spp a partir de alimentos para cães contendo carne crua ­ revisão sistemática

O emprego de dietas para cães contendo carne crua tem sido uma prática popular frequente. Estas, quando contaminadas por Salmonella, podem oferecer risco para a saúde dos animais e dos seres humanos. Este trabalho é uma revisão sistemática da literatura efetuada para avaliar a frequência de dietas para cães que continham carne crua contaminada por Salmonella, e se os cães que as consumiam eliminariam a bactéria em suas fezes. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas bases de dados, Web of Knowledge e PubMed, durante janeiro de 2015. Participaram da pesquisa trabalhos sobre dietas para cães contendo alimentos crus e seu consumo; treze artigos foram selecionados. Em 11 trabalhos foram conduzidas análises microbiológicas para Salmonella nas dietas contendo carne crua, sendo que em quatro desses estudos também foi analisada a presença da bactéria nas fezes dos animais. Em 679 dietas contendo carne crua, 141 delas (20,76%) estavam contaminadas, sendo o sorotipo mais encontrado foi Salmonnela Typhimurium (24,60% do total). Dos estudos que relataram a eliminação da bactéria após o consumo de dietas contendo carne crua, um total de 141 amostras fecais foram analisadas, das quais 73 (51,77%) estavam contaminadas, e o sorotipo mais encontrado foi Salmonella Newport (72,60% do total). Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que os proprietários dos cães alimentados por dietas (caseiras ou comerciais) a base de carne crua contaminada estão expostos ao risco de infecção por Salmonella tanto pela manipulação de alimentos como pelas fezes dos animais.(AU)

Feeding dogs raw meat diets is an increasingly popular trend, and when contaminated with Salmonella they may present a risk to the health of both animals and humans. The present investigation is a systematic review of literature to assess the frequency of raw meat diets for dogs contaminated with Salmonella and whether dogs consuming these diets can eliminate it in their faeces. A search was made using two databases: "Web of Knowledge" and "PubMed" in January 2015. Only studies related to raw food diets and consumption by dogs were included. Thirteen articles were selected after refining the search. In 11 studies microbiological analysis was conducted for Salmonella in diets containing raw meat, so that in four of these studies Salmonella in the faeces was also analysed. In the analysis of 679 raw meat diets 141 diets (20.76%) were contaminated with Salmonella, in which the serotype most commonly found was S. Typhimurium (24.60%). Of the studies that reported the number of dogs that eliminated Salmonella in faeces after consumption of diets containing raw meat, 141 faecal samples were analysed, of which 73 (51.77%) were contaminated with Salmonella and the serotype most commonly found was S. Newport (72.60%). The available data suggest that the owners who feed their animals with diets containing contaminated raw meat, either commercial or homemade, are exposed to risk of Salmonella contamination, either by the manipulation of food or by handling the dog's stool.(AU)

Nickel allergy: blood and periodontal evaluation after orthodontic treatment / Alergia ao níquel: avaliação periodontal e sanguínea após o tratamento ortodôntico

The aim of this study was to assess periodontal status and bloodparameters in orthodontic patients with nickel allergy one monthafter removal of brackets. Ninety-six randomly selected patientswere initially evaluated. Allergy to nickel was diagnosed using apatch test. After determining the prevalence of subjects allergic tonickel, two groups were formed: 16 allergic (experimental) and 16non-allergic (control) patients. Their periodontal status wasdetermined regularly by a single, blinded, duly calibrated examinerusing the Lõe Index (GI) and their blood was tested (complete bloodtest, including nickel and IgE levels) after nine months oforthodontic treatment and again one month after removing theorthodontic appliances. Statistical analyses included paired andnon-paired t-tests, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, McNemar and lineartrend chi-square tests (p≤0.05). Comparison of the values recordedduring orthodontic treatment and one month after removing theappliances showed that in the allergic group there was significantincrease in eosinophils (p=0.046), basophils (p=0.001) andmonocytes (p=0.002), and decrease in number of bands (p=0.000),while in the control group, there was increase in lymphocytes(p=0.039) and decrease in segmented neutrophils (p=0.030) andIgE levels (p=0.001). In both groups, plasma nickel levels increased(p=0.010; p=0.039) and GI scores decreased. One month afterremoving the brackets, blood and periodontal parameters frompatients with and without nickel allergy were similar.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a condição periodontal eos parâmetros sanguíneos em pacientes alérgicos ao níquel, ummês após remoção dos aparelhos. Noventa e seis pacientesselecionados aleatoriamente foram inicialmente avaliadas. Alergiaao níquel foi diagnosticada usando um teste de contato. Após adeterminação da prevalência de alergia ao níquel, formaram-sedois grupos: 16 pacientes alérgicos (experimental) e 16 nãoalérgicos (controle). Condição periodontal foi diagnosticadaatravés do Índice de Lõe (IG). Parâmetros sanguíneos foramdeterminados por meio de um exame de sangue completo,incluindo a quantificação de níquel e níveis de IgE. Avaliações doestado periodontal foram realizados por um único examinador deforma cega, devidamente calibrado e amostras de sangue foramtomadas depois de nove meses de tratamento e um mês após aremoção dos aparelhos ortodônticos. Análise estatística utilizadafoi testes t pareado e não pareado, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon,McNemar e qui-quadrado de tendência linear (p≤0,05). Emcomparação com os valores observados durante o tratamento, onúmero de eosinófilos (p=0,046), basófilos (p=0,001) e monócitos(p=0,002) aumentou significativamente depois da remoção dosaparelhos ortodônticos, ao passo que o número de bastões(p=0,000) diminuiu entre os períodos no grupo alérgico. O númerode linfócitos (p=0,039) aumentou no grupo controle e o número desegmentados (p=0,030) diminuiu. A diminuição dos níveis de IgE(p=0,001) entre os períodos ocorreu no grupo de controle. Níveisde níquel no plasma aumentou após a remoção de aparelhosortodônticos em ambos os grupos (p=0,010; p=0,039). O IGdiminuiu em ambos os grupos. Parâmetros periodontais esanguíneos de pacientes com alergia ao níquel foram semelhantesaos não alérgicos um mês após a remoção dos aparelhos.

Relação entre fatores socioeconômicos, clínicos e saúde bucal em escolares da zona rural: um estudo longitudinal / Relationship among socioeconomic and clinical factors with oral health, in schoolchildren from rural areas: a longitudinal study

Objetivos: Este estudo longitudinal avaliou: a) o impacto de ações bimestrais de atenção básica em saúde bucal no incremento da cárie e mancha branca em uma população rural; b) associações entre variáveis sociais, econômicas e cárie e mancha branca. Materiais e método: exames (baseline, após 6 e 12 meses) e ações educativas e preventivas bimestral (baseline, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 meses) foram realizados em 161 crianças. A análise univariada (Qui-Quadrado) utilizou CPOD, ceod e mancha branca como variáveis de desfecho (p<0,05). Resultados: a mancha branca estava presente em 42,82%, 33,33% e 28,03% das crianças no baseline, após 6 e 12 meses, respectivamente. No baseline, houve associação significativa entre grau de escolaridade da mãe (p=0,0040) e número de pessoas na família (p=0,0068), para os desfechos CPOD e ceod, respectivamente. Após seis meses, houve associação entre CPOD e grau de escolaridade da mãe (p=0,0059), ceod e número de pessoas na família (p=0,0173) e grau de escolaridade do pai (p=0,0412), além de associação entre mancha branca e água ingerida (p=0,0350). Após doze meses, apenas o grau de escolaridade da mãe (p=0,0049) foi estatisticamente associado ao CPOD. Conclusão: apesar da alta experiência de cárie, houve diminuição substancial das manchas brancas após implementaçãodo programa preventivo.

Metabolic and behavioral effects of ractopamine at continuous low levels in rats under stress

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of ractopamine (RAC) on metabolism, zootechnical performance, body composition, and behavior in Wistar rats submitted to acute and chronic restrain stress. The oral dose of 5 mg/kg of RAC was administered in periods of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The elevated plus-maze test (EPMT) was used for behavioral assessment. Blood, carcass and viscera characteristics were evaluated. Insulin-dependent glucose transporters (GLUT-4) were semi-quantified by Western Blot in epididymal adipocytes. RAC periods associated with chronic stress increased the GLUT-4 protein expression in adipose tissue in a time-dependent manner (P=0.01), i.e., the longer the RAC addition period, the higher the GLUT-4 concentration in chronically stressed animals (0=1.42; 7=1.19; 14=2.03; 21=1.59; 28=2.35). The stress periods combined with RAC increased the time spent in the opened arms of the maze (Chronic stress: 0=10.6; 7=8.7; 14=5.9; 21=12.3; 28=4.0; Acute stress 0=3.1; 7= 4.7; 14=7.5; 21=0.0; 28=2.8) (P=0.04). Chronic (entries on the closed arms [ECA]=3.60) and acute (ECA=3.80) stress reduced locomotive activity in the maze (P=0.03). The results suggested that stress could negatively affect the possible benefits offered by the RAC, mainly impairing the adipose tissue metabolism and behavior in the animals.

Emulsões múltiplas: formação e aplicação em microencapsulamento de componentes bioativos / Multiple emulsions: formation and application in microencapsulation of bioactive components

Emulsões múltiplas têm sido reconhecidas como uma nova tecnologia para as indústrias de alimentos. Devido a sua estrutura diferenciada dos demais sistemas coloidais, ou seja, existência de duas fases dispersas, esse grupo de emulsão apresenta vantagens em relação às emulsões convencionais, principalmente, no que se refere ao encapsulamento, à proteção e à liberação controlada de componentes bioativos. Assim, a estabilidade e a biodisponibilidade dos encapsulados podem ser aumentadas ou otimizadas, fato que possibilita o planejamento de melhores resultados pela indústria, por meio da produção de novos alimentos. Ainda, com a perspectiva de aumentar o valor nutricional de muitos alimentos industrializados, infere-se uma maior contribuição deles para a promoção da saúde e para prevenção e tratamento de certas doenças crônico-degenerativas. A presente revisão apresenta as bases da tecnologia usual de elaboração de emulsão múltipla, os principais processos de instabilidade a que esse sistema está susceptível, e a aplicação de emulsões múltiplas como sistemas encapsuladores e transportadores de componentes bioativos.

Multiple emulsions have been recognized as a new technology for the food industry. Due to their different structure from other colloidal systems, namely the existence of two dispersed phases, this group of emulsion has advantages over conventional emulsions, especially with regard to packaging, protection and controlled release of bioactive components. Thus, the stability and bioavailability of encapsulated may be increased or optimized, a fact that enables the planning of better results by the industry through the production of new foods. Also, the prospect of increasing the nutritional value of many processed foods, infers greater contribution to the promotion of health and prevention and treatment of certain chronic diseases. This review presents the bases of the usual technology of preparation of multiple emulsion, the main processes of instability that this system is susceptible, and the application of multiple emulsions as encapsulating systems and carriers of bioactive components.

Down syndrome: a risk factor for malocclusion severity?

The aims of the present study were to compare aspects related to malocclusion between individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and a control group, establish malocclusion severity, and identify determinant factors. A total of 120 individuals (60 with DS and 60 with no physical or mental impairment), were included in the study. Data were collected through interviews, analyses of the medical charts, and oral examinations. The criteria of the Dental Aesthetic Index were used for the diagnosis of malocclusion. Chi-square test (p ≤ 0.05) and multivariate logistic regression were used for comparisons between the two groups and to determine the association between the dependent (malocclusion severity) and independent variables. Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups for the following variables: missing teeth, diastema, overjet, mandibular protrusion, anterior open bite, posterior crossbite, facial type, lip incompetence, and Angle classification. DS, a history of premature birth, and long face pattern were found to be associated with malocclusion severity. Individuals with DS exhibited more occlusal problems than those in the control group.

Primórdios da analgesia de parto: a força das mulheres / The early history of labor analgesia: women?s strength

Objetivos: Ao longo do tempo, as crenças, as posições religiosas e a comunidade médica marcaram a evolução da analgesia de parto. Asmulheres, direta ou indiretamente, foram as grandes impulsionadoras deste importante marcador de igualdade social. O objetivo deste estudoé fazer uma revisão história sobre a evolução da analgesia de parto e determinar o papel da comunidade feminina nessa evolução.Métodos: Revisão da literatura através da base de dados Pubmed e pesquisa de livros históricos sobre o tema.Resultados: A analgesia de parto apresenta-se nos nossos dias como uma técnica segura e eficaz, tendo vindo a evoluir significativamente aolongo dos últimos 100 anos. As técnicas iniciais de anestesia/analgesia inalatória apresentavam riscos para a mãe e o feto, mas foram o iníciode um progresso demorado e necessário. Esta revisão faz uma síntese sobre os avanços e recuos da analgesia de parto e o papel da mulhernessa mudança.Conclusões: A comunidade feminina teve um papel ativo e de pioneirismo no desenvolvimento da analgesia de parto. Instigadoras como aRainha Victória ou investigadoras como Virginia Apgar, as mulheres são indissociáveis desse desenvolvimento.

Aims: Over time, beliefs, religious views and the medical community marked the evolution of labor analgesia. Women, directly or indirectly,were major instigators of this important marker of social equality. The aim of this study is to make a historic revision on the evolution of laboranalgesia and to determine the role of the female community on that evolution.Methods: A review of literature through Pubmed database and research of historical books on the subject.Results: Epidural analgesia is nowadays a safe and effective technique, having evolved significantly over the last hundred years. The initialinhalatory anesthesia / analgesia presented risks to the mother and fetus, but they were the beginning of a long and necessary evolution. Thisreview provides an overview on the advances and retreats of labor analgesia and the role of women in these changes.Conclusions: The female community had an active and pioneering role in labor analgesia development. Instigators like Queen Victoria orresearchers as Virginia Apgar, women are inseparable from this development.

Discomfort associated with fixed orthodontic appliances: determinant factors and influence on quality of life

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the determinant factors of discomfort attributed to the use of fixed orthodontic appliance and the effect on the quality of life of adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS : Two hundred and seventy-two individuals aged between 9 and 18 years old, enrolled in public and private schools and undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance participated in this cross-sectional study. The participants were randomly selected from a sample comprising 62,496 individuals of the same age group. Data was collected by means of questionnaires and an interview. Discomfort intensity and bio-psychosocial variables were assessed using the Oral Impact on Daily Performance questionnaire. Self-esteem was determined using the Global Negative Self-Evaluation questionnaire. Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test and both simple and multiple Poisson regression analyses. RESULTS: Although most individuals did not present discomfort, there was a prevalence of 15.9% of impact on individuals' daily life exclusively due to the use of fixed orthodontic appliance . Age [PR: 3.2 (95% CI: 1.2-8.5)], speech impairment [PR: 2.2 (95% CI: 1.1-4.6)], poor oral hygiene [PR: 2.4 (95% CI: 1.2-4.8)] and tooth mobility [PR: 3.9 (95% CI: 1.8-8.1)] remained independently associated with a greater prevalence of discomfort (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Discomfort associated with the use of fixed orthodontic appliances exerted a negative influence on the quality of life of the adolescents comprising the present study. The determinants of this association were age, poor oral hygiene, speech impairment and tooth mobility. .

OBJETIVO: investigar os fatores determinantes do desconforto atribuído ao uso do aparelho ortodôntico fixo e sua influência na qualidade de vida de adolescentes. MÉTODOS: participaram desse estudo transversal 272 indivíduos, com idades entre 9 e 18 anos, estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas, que usavam aparelhos ortodônticos fixos (braquetes). Os participantes foram selecionados aleatoriamente, entre 62.496 indivíduos da mesma faixa etária. A coleta de dados foi feita em forma de entrevista e questionário. A intensidade do desconforto e variáveis biopsicossociais foram avaliadas por meio do Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP). A autoestima foi determinada pela Global Negative Self-Evaluation (GSE). A análise estatística envolveu o teste qui-quadrado e a análise de regressão de Poisson, simples e múltipla. RESULTADOS: embora a maioria dos indivíduos não apresentasse desconforto, observou-se uma prevalência de impacto na vida diária devido, exclusivamente, ao uso do aparelho ortodôntico fixo, de 15,9%. Variáveis idade de 15 a 18 anos [RP = 3,2 (IC 95% = 1,2-8,5)], dificuldade de falar [RP = 2,2 (IC 95% = 1,1-4,6)], dificuldade de limpar a boca [RP = 2,4 (IC95% = 1,2-4,8)] e mobilidade dos dentes [RP = 3,9 (IC 95% = 1,8-8,1)] permaneceram associadas, de forma independente, à maior prevalência de desconforto (p ≤ 05). CONCLUSÕES: desconforto associado ao uso de aparelhos ortodônticos fixos influenciou negativamente a qualidade de vida de adolescentes. Os fatores determinantes foram idade, dificuldade de limpar a boca, de falar e mobilidade dentária. .

Comparação de métodos para mensuração da perda óssea alveolar periodontal em ratos submetidos aestresse / Comparison of methods for measurement of periodontal bone loss in rats submitted to stress

Objetivo: Comparar os métodos radiográfico, morfométrico e histométrico para avaliação da perdado osso alveolar em ratos com doença periodontal induzida por ligadura e submetidos a estresse crônico.Materiais e Métodos: Ratos Wistar (Rattus norvegicus albinus) machos adultos foram distribuídos emdelineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2 (com e sem doença periodontal (DP), come sem estresse crônico (EC)) com oito repetições em cada grupo. O EC foi realizado por meio de imobilizaçãodiária por 2,5 horas por 30 dias, enquanto que a DP foi induzida com o protocolo de ligadura no primeiro molarmandibular direito e esquerdo nos últimos 14 dias. Após esse período, os ratos foram eutanasiados. Resultados:Na análise radiográfica e histométrica foi determinado o suporte ósseo periodontal (SOP). Adicionalmente,na análise histométrica foi calculada a perda do osso alveolar (POA) e a perda de inserção epitelial (PIE) naface distal do primeiro molar. Na análise morfométrica, a perda do osso alveolar foi obtida pela determinaçãodas distâncias lineares da junção cemento-esmalte (JEC) até crista óssea (CO) no centro das raízes linguaise distais. Observou-se aumento dos níveis de corticosterona (p<0,05) nos animais submetidos a imobilizaçãoe a perda do osso alveolar foi superior (p<0,05) nos animais que receberam a ligadura, independentemente daassociação com estresse, enquanto que a imobilização isoladamente não influenciou esses parâmetros. Houvecorrelação significativa entre as três variáveis utilizadas para avaliação da perda óssea (p<0,05). Conclusão:Métodos histométricos, radiográficos e morfométricos não apresentaram resultados divergentes na avaliaçãoda perda óssea alveolar em ratos com DP e submetidos ao EC.

Influence of integral and decaffeinated coffee brews on metabolic parameters of rats fed with hiperlipidemic diets

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of integral and decaffeinated coffee brews (Coffea arabica L and C. canephora Pierre) on the metabolic parameters of rats fed with hyperlipidemic diet. Thirty male Wistar rats (initial weight of 270 g ± 20 g) were used in the study, which were divided into six groups five each. The treatments were normal diet, hyperlipidemic diet, hyperlipidemic diet associated with integral coffee arabica or canephora brews (7.2 mL/kg/day) and hyperlipidemic diet associated to decaffeinated arabica, or canephora brews, using the same dosage. After 41 days, performance analyses were conducted.The rats were then euthanized and the carcasses were used for the analysis of dried ether extract and crude protein. Fractions of adipose tissue were processed for histological analysis. There was a reduction in weight gain and accumulation of lipids in the carcasses, lower diameter of adipocytes and a lower relative weight of the liver and kidneys of rats fed with hyperlipidemic diet associated with integral coffee brew. Integral coffee brew reduced the obesity in the rats receiving hyperlipidemic diet, but the same effect did not occur with the decaffeinated types.

Influence of disinfectant solutions on test materials used for the determination of masticatory performance

Masticatory function can be evaluated objectively as the capacity of an individual to fragment solid food after a fixed number of chewing cycles, the so-called masticatory performance (MP). The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of four different test materials (Optosil, Optocal, Zetapuls, and Perfil) and five disinfection protocols by aspersion and immersion (no disinfection, 2% glutaraldehyde, 2% chlorhexidine, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, and 70% alcohol) on the MP, determined at three moments (24 hours, 15 and 60 days) after storing the fragmented blocks. MP was evaluated by calculating X50 through the sieving technique and the Rosim-Ramler equation. The weight and microbiologic count (colony forming units, CFUs) of chewed blocks were measured to identify any variations that would make MP determination unfeasible. Differences in MP were observed among the materials (p < 0.01). Perfil presented the highest X50 value (worst MP determination), followed by Zetaplus (both p < 0.05), Optosil, and Optocal (both p > 0.05). The time and disinfection type had no influence on MP (p > 0.05). The number of CFUs differed between the nondisinfected group and all other disinfection groups at all time points (p < 0.01). No other significant difference in CFU count between disinfection groups was observed. In conclusion, disinfection did not alter the reliability of the test materials for the MP calculation for up to 60 days.

Effect of ractopamine on lipid metabolism in vivo - a systematic review

The aim of this article was to evaluate the in vivo mechanism of action through which ractopamine reduces the amount of adipose tissue in carcass of animals fed diets supplemented with this drug. Literature search was carried out, using the keywords Ractopamine, lipogenesis, lipolysis, fatty acid and adipose tissue. The scoring system was designed for the adequacy of the methodology. A total of eight papers were found - all published in the English language. The determination of lipolysis and lipogenesis was carried out using different methods - from the quantification of non-esterified fatty acids in the blood to molecular analyses of adipose tissue. The review analysis suggested that, at least in the pigs, the use of this drug reduced lipid deposition in the carcass due to a greater inhibition of lipogenesis than an increase in lipolysis.