ABSTRACT
Background: There was increasing evidence that gender differences are important in epidemiology, treatment and outcomes of many diseases, relevant for non-communicable diseases.Methods: Study was conducted in Department of General Medicine, GSL Medical College. Patients who were admitted with type 2 diabetes were recruited in the study. Each patient was interviewed to obtain detailed history and examined thoroughly as per predetermined protocol, national diabetes data group and WHO diagnostic criteria was used. Myocardial infarction was diagnosed by convex ST segment elevation in corresponding leads (early) or QS complexes or abnormal Q waves i.e. Q waves of 0.04 seconds or more in width (or) 25% or more of the voltage of the R wave in the same lead or both in the corresponding leads (late) or T wave inversion in the corresponding leads (late). Statistical analyses were done by using SPSS software version 21.0. Chi-square test was used to assess the association between different categorical variables; p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Out of 250 participants, 97 were diagnosed as coronary artery disease (CAD), maximum between 51-60 years age group; the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The association between dyslipidemia and CAD was statistically significant (p<0.05). Out of 188 post-menopausal cases, CAD was diagnosed in 86 cases; out of the 62 non post-menopausal cases, CAD was diagnosed in 11 cases; The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05).Conclusions: In premenopausal women, the prevalence of CHDs are significantly higher when compared to postmenopausal women.
ABSTRACT
Background: In this study, an attempt has been made to find the correlation between Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and serum magnesium in type 2 Diabetic Mellitus (DM) cases.Methods: Study was conducted in the department of General Medicine, GSL Medical College. Study protocol was approved by institutional ethical committee. All the non-critically ill type 2 DM individuals of all ages attended the outpatient services were included in the study. The reference range of Magnesium was taken as 1.7-2.4 mg/dL. Patients with low and normal Magnesium levels were categorized as cases and controls respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software 21, Chi square test was used to compare the different qualitative variables; p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: A total of 163 individuals were included in the study, the mean age was 55.72 years, ranged between 39 to 75 years; male female ratio was 1.12. DR was diagnosed in 54% cases and low magnesium levels were detected in 40% cases; the difference was statistically not significant (p>0.05).Conclusions: Estimation of glycaemic levels and serum magnesium can help us predict the onset and progression of DR.
ABSTRACT
Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease and the care of patients with diabetes and DN contributes significantly to health care costs. The objective of this present study was to determine prevalence of nephropathy in type2 diabetes and associated factor.Method: The present cross sectional study was conducted on type 2 diabetic subjects who attended the outpatient and inpatient wards of medicine department in GSL General Hospital from November 2015 to April 2017. Protocol approval was taken from institutional ethical committee and Informed consent from the study subjects was taken.Result: In this study the overall prevalence of nephropathy in type 2 DM was 44.7% (67 cases). The prevalence of nephropathy was similar in both males (44.3%) and Females (45.1%). and significant association was not found between gender and nephropathy. On apply of chi-square test, association was not found to be statistically significant for Sex (p=0.9), and ECG (p=0.07), whereas association was found to be statistically significant for HbA1C (p=0.04), Dyslipidemia (p=0.006), and USG (p=0.001).Conclusion: There is significant evidence to support the conclusion that microalbuminuria or proteinuria in patients with diabetes is a potential risk factor not only for kidney function impairment but also a marker for high risk of cardiovascular complications.