Effects of schooling and parental education on student's achievement in medical entrance test

Objective: To evaluate the effect of parent's education and better schooling in achievement of medical entrance exam

Design: Descriptive

Setting: Department of Anatomy, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro

Method: This study was conducted on first year MBBS students admitted in Batch 2015-2016 at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro. Total 340 students were included in this study. A questionnaire is used for data collection which was filled by students after verbal consent

Results: Out of total 340 students, 314 filled the questionnaire. Among 314 students 111 [35%] are males and 203 [65%] are female students. Eighty percent [80%] male and eighty five percent [85%] female students had their early education from private schools of high standard while only 20% male and 15% female students had their education from government/ public schools. Regarding parental education, female students has 100% fathers and 89% educated mothers, while for male students 97% fathers and 69% mothers found educated. Overall 90% parents who were educated

Conclusion: Although there may several factors, however better schooling and parental education is most powerful factor to influence success rate of children pre medical entrance exam

Gross and histological alteration in the placenta of mothers suffering from gestational diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: This descriptive study aimed to observe the anatomical including both and microscopic changes in diabetic placenta to increase our knowledge as very few studies are done on anatomy of placenta

INTRODUCTION: The placenta is a dynamic organ of unique function with short life-span. It is physiological site of exchange between maternal-fetal circulation. It is responsible for respiratory, nutritional, excretory, endocrine, and immunological functions

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Macroscopic and microscopic examination was carried out on total of 50 freshly delivered placentae from diabetic's mothers. Variables used for macroscopic examination are weight, diameter, number of cotyledons. On histology degenerative changes, fibrinoid necrosis, vessel thrombosis and infarction were examined

RESULTS: Morphological examination of placentae of diabetic mothers showed larger, heavier and more cotyledons. Similarly microscopic examination revealed dilated blood vessels, necrotic and degenerative foci, thrombosis and infarction in placentae of diabetic mothers

CONCLUSION: An adequate knowledge of the placental changes can prove to be valuable in the understanding the complications to fetus caused by diabetes. This study shows significant changes in placentae on gross as well as on microscopy. Out of many abnormal changes infarction is single most important change. Infarction lead to fibrin deposition in villi and leading to avascularity hence uteroplacental insufficiency which is important factor for fetal development

Outcome of pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is determine the perinatal outcome, mode of delivery and rate of emergency caesarean section in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction [FGR]

STUDY DESIGN: Cross sectional study

SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ziauddin Medical University Hospital, Karachi, from 1st December 2006 to 30th November 2007

METHODOLOGY: During period of the study, all pregnant women with clinical suspicion of FGR were included in this study. Diagnosis was made by history, clinical examination and by sonographic evidence. Ante partum surveillance of fetal wellbeing was done by using the kick count chart, non-stress test and biophysical profile

RESULTS: During period of the study 4212 deliveries were conducted, and 150 pregnancies were complicated by fetal growth restriction [FGR]. Demographic characteristics of 150 pregnancies' complicated by FGR was recorded. The mean maternal age was 26.48 +/- 4.06. The 91 [61%] women were nulliparous and 59 [39%] were multiparous. Gestational age at the time of delivery was less than 36 weeks in 23 [15.3%] women whereas 127 [84.7%] had more than 36 weeks. 72 [48%] patients were delivered with cesarean section while 78 [52%] were delivered vaginally. Neonatal weight was more than 1.5 kg in 147 cases while less than 1.5kg was seen in 03 cases. Total 6 / 150 [4%] perinatal mortalities were observed in FGR, Common neonatal morbidities identified were hyperbilirubinemia, respiratory distress syndrome, infections and necrotizing enterocolitis

CONCLUSION: Our study showed that majority of fetal growth babies had weight more than 1.5 kg, with apgar score > 5.Most common neonatal morbidity seen was RDS and hyperbilirubinemia

Excessive calcification of placenta; to examine the morphological change in pregnancies complicated by PIH and placental abruption and its relation with fetal outcome

To examine the morphological change due to exct of placenta of pregnancies complicated by pregnancy induced hypertension [PIH] and placental Abruption and its relation with fetal outcome. Case control type of study. This study was conducted from June 2008 to July 2009 at the department of Anatomy of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro. One hundred twenty placentae were collected from labor room and gynecology operation theatre of Liaquat University Hospital. Forty placentae from parturients that had pregnancy induced hypertension [PIH], forty from parturient having placental abruption and forty placentae of normal pregnancy [Control Group]. Age of all parturients is between 17 to 32 years. Fetal outcome and data was recorded. Weight and diameterof Placentae were measured. Approximately five cm piece of placenta was taken and processed for histological study. The weight of placenta in control group were 450 to 650 gm with amean weight of 526.25 +/- 8.414 gm and their diameter from 19 to 24 cm with amean of 21.225 +/- 0.2148cm. In PIH group weight of placenta was from 200 to 550gm with a mean weight of 432.25 +/- 11.889gm and their diameter ranges from 10 to 16cms with a meanl 4.208 +/- 0.1914cm. In placental abruption group the weight of placenta ranges from 180 to 400 gm with a mean weight of 284.88 +/- 9.084 gms and diameter ranges from 10 to 14cms with mean 13.070 +/- 0.2504 cm. The difference in weight and diameter of placenta in PIH and abruptio placentae was found statistically significant when compared with weight and diameter of normal placentae. The weight of new born babies in control group was 1.8 kg to 3.6 kg mean weight of 2.790 +/- 0.0689kg. In PIH group, the fetal weight was 1.4 kg to 3.0 kg with a mean weight of 2.195 +/- 0.0703kg. In abruptio placentae group, the weight of new born baby ranges from 1.0 kg to 2.8kg with a mean weight of 1.898 +/- 0.0660 kg. Fetal outcome in cases of PIH and in abruptio placentae was poor as compared to control group

Change in normal morphology of placenta and its possible effects on fetal outcome in diabetic mothers as compared to non-diabetic mothers

OBJECTIVES: To observe and compare gross and histological changes of the placenta of nondiabetic and diabetic mothers. And observe possible changes in the fetal weight of diabetic and non diabetic mothers

STUDY DESIGN: Case control study

PLACE AND DURATION: This study was conducted from June 2009 to July 2010 at the department of Anatomy of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro. The placentae were collected from department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Liaquat University Hospital

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty freshly delivered placentae were collected forty placentae from diabetic's mothers and forty placentae from parturient belonged to uncomplicated pregnancy [control group]. Ages of all parturient were between 17 to 32 years. Fetal outcome and data was recorded. Placentae were measured on a weighing machine graduated in grams and diameter was measured with the help of a measuring tape in centimeters. Approximately five mm piece of from diabetic placenta was taken and processed for histological examination. Fetal weight was also recorded

RESULTS: Morphological examination of placentae showed larger, heavier and more cotyledenous placentae group as compared to controls. Similarly microscopic examination revealed dilated blood vessels, necrotic and degenerative foci in placentae of diabetics as compared to controls

CONCLUSION: Diabetes Mellitus produces profound gross as well as histological changes in placentae which might result in large for date babies because of fetal compromises. A good glycemic control might be a better option for reducing diabetes induced abnormalities

Excessive placental calcification observed in PIH patients and its relation to fetal outcome

Objective: to see the morphological changes in excessive placental calcification in pregnancy induced hypertension [PIH] and its relation with fetal outcome

Study design: prospective comparative study

Place and duration: this study was conducted from June 2008 to July 2009 at the department of Anatomy of Liquate University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro and placentae were collected from department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Liquate University Hospital

Material and methods: eighty freshly delivered placentae were collected from labor room and gynecology operation theatre of Liquate University Hospital. Forty placentae from parturient that had pregnancy induced hypertension [PIH] and forty placentae from parturient belonged to uncomplicated pregnancy [control group]. Ages of all parturient were between 17 to 32 years. Fetal outcome and data was recorded. Placentae were measured on a weighing machine graduated in grams and diameter was measured with the help of a measuring tape in centimeters. Approximately five mm piece of placenta was taken and processed for histological examination

Results: the weight of placenta in control group ranges from 450 to 650 gm with a mean weight of 526.25+/-8.414 gm having diameter from 19 to 24 cm with a mean of 21.225+/-0.2148cm. In PIH group weight of placenta ranges from 200 to 550gm with a mean weight of 432.25 +/- 11.889gm with diameter ranges from 10 to 16cms with a mean14.208 +/- 0.1914cm. The difference in weight and diameter of placenta in PIH was found statistically significant when compared with weight and diameter of normal placentae. The birth weight of new born babies in control group was 1.8 kg to 3.6 kg with mean of 2.790+/- 0.0689kg. In PIH group the fetal weight was 1.4 kg to 3.0 kg with mean weight of 2.195 +/-0.0703kg

Conclusion: fetal outcome in terms of birth weight of newborn to mother having PIH and calcification of placentae [grossly and microscopically] was poor as compared to control group

pattern of urinary tract symptoms during pregnancy

During pregnancy remarkable changes occur, in structure and functions of urinary tract. These changes often predispose to the development of urinary tract disorder or may predispose to worsening of renal disease and its sequelae. Our objective was to determine the pattern of urinary tract symptoms during pregnancy. This descriptive study included 520 pregnant patients, out of 2134 admitted in the antenatal and labour wards of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unit-III, Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad from 1st April 2006 to 31st March 2007. Women with history of diabetes, chronic renal failure or complaining of urinary symptoms before index pregnancy were excluded. Other variables of study were urinary symptomatology. All women underwent complete examination of urine through various tests including culture and sensitivity. During the study period, 520 patients were analyzed. Out of these, 49 [9.4%] patients were diagnosed as having urinary problems. Urinary tract infections were diagnosed in 34 out of 520 [6.5%] gravidas, acute renal failure in 11 [2.1%], nephrolithiasis in 2[0.4%], acute urinary retention in 2[0.4%] of patients. Majority of the patients belonged to the age group 21-25 years. Majority were multi gravidas and in the third trimester. Data analysis of our study showed that 316[60.8%] of the study population reported the symptom of frequency of micturition. Stress incontinence and voiding difficulties were reported by 37% and 35.2% respectively. Common urinary problems in pregnancy are urinary tract infections, acute renal failure, nephrolithisis, and acute retention of urine. Common symptoms are frequency of micturition, stress incontinence and voiding difficulties