Medicinal and biological values of Callistemon viminalis extracts: History, current situation and prospects

Callistemon viminalis (C. viminalis) is a plant that has been reported to have various medicinal values such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant activities and other pharmaceutical and insecticidal properties. This review covers the potentials, applications and properties of different extracts from different parts (branches, flowers, fruits, bark, leaves) of C. viminalis. Furthermore, the chemical structures of the bioactive compounds were reported for biological activities. All the results supported the traditional uses of C. viminalis in folk medicine. In addition, some researches supported the use of C. viminalis extracts for the preparation of metal oxide nanoparticles.

Medicinal and biological values of Callistemon viminalis extracts: History, current situation and prospects

Callistemon viminalis (C. viminalis) is a plant that has been reported to have various medicinal values such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant activities and other pharmaceutical and insecticidal properties. This review covers the potentials, applications and properties of different extracts from different parts (branches, flowers, fruits, bark, leaves) of C. viminalis. Furthermore, the chemical structures of the bioactive compounds were reported for biological activities. All the results supported the traditional uses of C. viminalis in folk medicine. In addition, some researches supported the use of C. viminalis extracts for the preparation of metal oxide nanoparticles.

Urinary Screening for Detection of Renal Abnormalities in Asymptomatic School Children, Sohag Governorate, Egypt.

Background: Dipstick urine analysis is the most common method for screening children for detecting urinary abnormalities. This study is aimed to estimate the frequency of urinary problems among children aged 6-13 years from five primary schools in different parts of the Sohag Governorate, Egypt. Study Design and Setting: Cross-sectional study carried out by the Pediatrics Department and Community Medicine Departments at Sohag University, Egypt. Study Duration: Study was conducted during the academic year of Egypt 2014-2015. Methods: Urine analysis was performed for 2850 asymptomatic school children [1800 (63%) males and 1050 (37%) females]. Out of which, 1736 (61%) children were from rural areas and 1114 (39%) children were from urban areas. Microscopic examinations were performed for the abnormal dipstick samples after two weeks. Urine culture and other investigations were done to determine the underlining urinary abnormities. Results: The initial urinary screening by dipstick revealed 53 children (1.86%) had urine abnormities. Confirmatory test by complete microscopic examination of urine after 15 days showed that only 38 children (1.33%) still had urinary abnormalities. Twenty-one children (0.74%) had hematuria, three children (0.11%) had proteinuria and 14 children (0.49%) had pyuria. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) were diagnosed in 21 children (14 children with pyuria and seven children with hematuria) in whom further evaluation revealed UTIs. The most common bacteria in positive urine culture samples were gram-negative bacilli in 42.86% children. Conclusion: Small number of asymptomatic renal abnormalities can be detected by dipstick urine screening. The common abnormalities were hematuria, UTIs and proteinuria. Hematuria and UTIs were more common in females than males. Further work is needed to determine value of early detection of renal disorders in childhood in preventing development of end-stage renal diseases.

Infestation status of Aega psora [Linnaeus, 1758] [Isopoda, Cymo-thoidae] skin parasite of the marine fish, Sardine [Sardinella gibbosa] of Port Said Mediterranean Coastal Zone, Egypt

An isopod parasite of family Aegidea was collected from marine fish, Sardinella gibbosa [new hosts] over 2-years period from 2007 to 2008. The fish hosts were captured in the coastal waters of Port Said, Egypt. The Cymothoa sp. and Aega sp. were only collected from skin of the new host, Sardinella gibbosa, and described on the basis of female specimens. The morphological characteristics of were discussed in details. Comparing the present specimens with the previously reported Aega sp. showed that the present material belongs to the type species of the genus: Aega psora [Linnaeus, 1758]. Monthly and seasonal patterns in infestation rates [N==593, W +/- SD [range] =50.09 +/- 3.8 g]. Parasitic specificity and prevalence are given Mean prevalence, P = 24 +/- 5.5 and mean intensity, MI +/- SD =28.44 +/- 16.19 and total number of infestation were estimated 59[10.35]

Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from different infectious diseases

A total of 187 isolates from 470 clinical specimens were collected from three hospitals in El-Minia governorate and identified as 132 Staphylococcus aureus strains and 55 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) strains. Susceptibility of isolates to antimicrobial agents was tested by the agar dilution method. The isolated S. aureus strains showed low resistance to vancomycin (1.5 percent), amikacin (2.3 percent) and gatifloxacin (3.8 percent). Vancomycin was the most effective antibiotic against CoNS. The ampicillin-resistant isolates were tested for â-lactamase production where, 61.7 percent of S. aureus and 42.9 percent of CoNS were positive for â-lactamase enzyme. Beta-lactamase producing strains were screened for their plasmid profile using alkaline lysis method. Some of these strains carried at least one plasmid suggesting plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance. When cells of these strains were exposed to curing agent ethidium bromide, the production of the â-lactamase was lost. Resistance by efflux was studied by a modified fluorometric assay. Addition of uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) increased norfloxacin accumulation in quinolone resistant S. aureus strains, suggesting endogenous energy-dependent efflux. Combinations of ciprofloxacin with four antimicrobial agents against methicillin resistant S.aureus (MRSA) strains were investigated using decimal assay for additivity (DAA) technique. Synergistic interaction was observed between ciprofloxacin and oxacillin. ciprofloxacin plus cefepime and gentamicin appeared to be additive, while ciprofloxacin plus erythromycin was antagonistic.

Captopril and / or melatonin attenuates diabetes induced metabolic disorders and oxidative stress in rats

There is a clear link between diabetes, metabolic disorders and oxidative stress. Hyperglycemia leads to hyperlipidemia, renal dysfunction, free radical generation and alteration of endogenous antioxidants. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the possible protective effect of captopril [CAP] and/or melatonin [MLT] against Streptozotocin [STZ]-induced metabolic disorders, renal dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats. STZ challenge induced diabetic model that was characterized biochemically and histologically. Serum glucose, lipid profile, creatinine, urea, pancreatic tissue contents of glutathione [GSH] and malondialdehyde [MDA] as well as pancreatic catalase [CAT] and superoxide dismutase [SOD] activities were determined. CAP and/or MLT were given in a dose of [10 mg/ kg/day p.o.] for 10 consecutive days prior to STZ [60 mg/ kg as a single dose] treatment followed by 30 consecutive days in previous dose regimen. Results revealed that STZ induced a marked increase in serum glucose, serum triglycerides [TG], total cholesterol [TC] and LDL-cholesterol as well as serum creatinine and urea. On the contrary HDL-cholesterol was markedly decreased in STZ-treated group. Moreover, STZ induced significant decrease in the pancreatic content of GSH and SOD with concomitant increase in MDA content. Administration of CAP or [CAP plus MLT] prior to STZ treatment revealed a marked decrease in serum glucose, TC, TG and LDL as compared to STZ-treated group. Furthermore, treatment with CAP and MLT decreased the elevated serum levels of creatinine and urea. On opposite direction, CAP, MLT and their combinations were significantly increased pancreatic GSH content and SOD activity while decreases pancreatic MDA content when compared to STZ- alone. The biochemical observations were further confirmed histologically. STZ induced degenerative, necrotic changes in the islets of langerhans of pancreas and leukocytic infiltration. Pancreatic degenerative changes were improved by treatment with CAP and MLT. These results confirm that administration of CAP and/or MLT decrease STZ-induced metabolic disorders probably via regulation of oxidant / anti-oxidant balance and by modulation of hyperlipidemia associated with STZ-induced diabetes in rats. CAP, MLT and their combinations presumably due to their antioxidant, free radicals scavenging activity and hypolipidemic effects is highly protective against the biochemical and histopathological changes associated with STZ-induced diabetes

Neuroprotective effect of melatonin against ethanol-induced damage in rat brain stem

Chronic ethanol administration has been found to have neuronal damaging effect through free radical generation. The aim of this study is to determine the possible neuroprotective effect of melatonin [MLT] against ethanol induced neuronal damage in the brain stem of male albino rats. Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group, 35% ethanol-treated group and melatonin [l0mg/kg I. P. for 7 consecutive days] pre-treated ethanol group. Administration of ethanol [35%] orally in drinking water for 30 consecutive days decreased glutathione [GSH], dopamine [DA], norepinephrine [NE] and serotonin [5-HT] contents and superoxide dismutase [SOD] activity. The maximal percentage of decrease was 44%, 34%, 41%, 29% and 40%, respectively. On the other hand; there was a progressive increase in malondialdehyde [MDA] level and DNA fragmentation by 128% and 53%, respectively. Melatonin administration prior to ethanol significantly increased. GSH, DA, 5-HT, and NE contents in brain stem by 53%, 30%, 33%, 33% respectively and SOD activity by 35%. MDA level and DNA fragmentation were markedly reduced by 36% and 30%, respectively. Our data suggest that melatonin is capable of at least partially preventing ethanol -induced neurodegeneration in the brain stem of rats. This effect might be attributed to direct free radical scavenging properties and regulation of antioxidative enzyme activity of melatonin

Mechanism of food additive [monosodium glutamate]- induced obesity a molecular study

There is no question that there is an obesity epidemic in our country, as well as in some other countries. Obesity during pregnancy increases maternal and fetal morbidity and is a risk factor for gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. There are many causes of obesity from them the bad use of food additives, the monosodium glutamate is considered one of the most popular food additives. The results of previous studies on the role of monosodium glutamate in developing of obesity are controversial so the aim of this paper is to determine the role of MSG in developing obesity through studying its effect on Ob gene expression and leptin receptor-b gene expression and to determine its effect on some cardiac disease indicators as apo-A[1] and apo-B. We used in this study 60 pregnant female rats which were divided into 2 groups, control group and group supplemented with monosodium glutamate. In all rats, determination of biochemical parameters as serum glucose, insulin, leptin, total lipids, cholesterol HDL, LDL, VLDL, apo A1, apo B, as well as determination of Ob and leptin receptor-b gene expression were done. Our results indicated that the administration of monosodium glutamate is accompanied with increase of Ob gene expression, leptin, insulin, lipoprotein B, lipogram, glucose and decrease of brain leptin receptor-b gene expression, lipoprotein lipase activity and HDL concentrations. It can be concluded that the administration of MSG may be considered as one of the main causes of obesity by increasing of leptin and insulin resistance and so developing of hyperphagia. Also it is accompanied by increasing the risk of atherosclerosis through development of diabetes mellitus type II and increasing total cholesterol and LDL. Moreover, maternal obesity is a serious condition that significantly impacts health of mothers and their children

Melatonin and N-acetyl cystein protect rats against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage

The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of melatonin [MLT] and/or N-acetylcystein [NAC] against carbon tetrachloride [CCl4] induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Injection of CCl4 [2 ml/kg] to adult female wistar rats produced a significant elevations in alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], serum and liver Malonaldehyde [MDA] and serum nitric oxide [NO]. The maximal percentages of increase were 517%, 237%, 48.1%, 86.64% and 28.31% respectively. On the other hand, there was a marked decrease in serum albumin, by -36.41% and liver contents of reduced glutathione [GSH] by -79.5% after CCl4 treatment. The pineal hormone MLT and NAC were tested for their protective activity when each given alone and in combination together in cirrhotic rats. MLT, NAC and their combinations were significantly decreased levels of serum ALT [-25.5%, -15.7% and -29% respectively], serum AST [-22% for NAC alone and -16% for MLT+NAC], serum MDA [-33%, -30.5% and -43% respectively], liver MDA [-58%, -37% and -67.6% respectively] and serum NO [-21.5%, -17.5% and -26% respectively]. On opposite direction, MLT, NAC and their combinations were significantly increased liver GSH contents by 62%, 35% and 258% respectively. These results suggest that oxidative process occur at the site of cell integrity and are involved in the damage effect of CCl4 and indicate that free radicals may be a major component of liver cirrhosis. Likewise, MLT, NAC and their combination presumably due to their antioxidant and free radicals scavenging activity is highly protective against the biochemical changes associated with CCl4 treatment

effect of cigarette smoking on the standard semen parameters and leukocyte contamination in infertile men

To investigate sperm quality and levels of seminal leukocytes in a group of infertile men with history of cigarette smoking. A prospective clinical study. Sohag University Hospital. Fifty two infertile men were enrolled in this study during the period from June, 2004 to December, 2005. After thorough history taking and examination, they were allocated to 4 groups. Infertile smokers [n = 20] divided into 2 groups, group 1[n=12] who had normal genital examination and group 3 [n=8] who had varicocele and infertile men who were non-smokers [n = 32] divided into 2 groups, group 2 [n=21] who had normal genital examination and group 4 [n=l 1] who had varicocele. A healthy fertile non-smokers [n = 13] as a control group. Genital examination, Scrotal Doppler Ultrasound when needed and standard semen analysis. Sperm parameters [concentration, motility and normal forms] and seminal leukocytic counts. Smoking was associated with 48% increase in seminal leukocyte concentrations [P < 0.0001], On the other hand, abnormal genital examination was associated with 29% decrease in sperm concentration, a correlation which was statistically significant [P = 0.005], Differences in standard sperm variables between infertile smokers and non-smokers men were not statistically significant. Our study demonstrates a strong correlation between smoking and increased seminal leukocytic counts. Smoking metabolites may cause sub-clinical inflammation of the male reproductive tract and recruitment of leukocytes. Activation of these leukocytes may result in oxidative stress and damage to the sperm

Electron microscopical study of the possibility of recovery of the kidney of albino mice following the injection by the NSAID Diclofenac Sodium [Rheumarene]

The NSAIDs are heterogeneous group of chemical compounds, being useful for the prophylaxis of many cases of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and other inflammatory disorders. Nonetheless, many reports referred to their deleterious effects on some body organs. The present investigation aims to illustrate the noxious impacts following administration the NSAID "rheumarene" on the ultrastructutre of the kidney of albino mice as well as the possibility of recovery or regeneration after drug abstinence. Fifty adult male albino mice were divided into five groups. Group I served as a control group. Group II was injected intramuscularly with the therapeutic dose [1.5 mg/kg body weight] of the NSAID "rheumarene" for two weeks. Group III was treated with the therapeutic dose of the NSAID "rheumarene" for three weeks. Group IV was injected with double the therapeutic dose of the NSAID "rheumnarene" for three weeks. Group V was given the therapeutic dose for three weeks and then left untreated for further 6 weeks in order to see the possibility of recovery after drug withdrawal. After each treatment period, kidney specimens were processed, examined by TEM and showed the following results. The renal corpuscles illustrated devastation of the parietal epithelial cells of Bowmnanis capsules, dilatation of the glomerular capillaries and focal fusion of the podocytes secondary f processes. The proximal and distal convoluted tubular cells showed erosion of the microvilli of their apical borders and aggregation of hyaline and cellular casts in the tubular lumen and swelling of the mitochondria in treated group II. The results were more extensive in treated groups III and IV. In recovering group [V], the renal corpuscles partially restored their normal construction in spite of the presence of deteriorated glomerular capillaries. The proximal and distal convoluted tubular cells manifested rather normal microvilli of their apical borders and few tubular casts were still located in their lumina.Their cytoplasm showed deteriorated mitochondria as well as some lysosomes. Such alterations of the ultrastructure of the kidney is not easy to recover rapidly after drug withdrawal and it may take very long period to attain such complete regeneration

Double-blind randomized comparison of epidural co-analgesics on the postoperative analgesic consumption

Pain mediators are responsible for the peripheral and central sensitization. Preempetive treatment will prevent the establishment of hypersensitivity by blocking the sensory input that induces the central sensitization. This prospective double blind study was carried out on 45 adult patients who underwent upper abdominal operations. All patients were assigned into 3 groups according to the drug injected epidurally. [Plain bupivacaine [group I], Ketamine + plain bupivacaine [group II]. and clonidine + plain bupivacaine [group III]],. 15 minutes before the general anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of epidural ketamine and clonidine as co-analgesics on postoperative analgesic consumption for upper abdominal surgery Measurements for efficacy of preemptive analgesia evaluated by visual analogue scale [VAS] and Prince Henry score [PHS]. sedation score, mood state, cumulative postoperative analgesic consumption and the time of the first need of fentanyl Monitoring of vital signs and recording of possible side effects were performed on the postanesthesia care unit VAS was significantly less in group III at most times of measurements until 2 hr postoperatively. PHS showed less significant reading in groups I and III compared to group II at 15 min and 6 hr postoperatively. Sedation score was significantly higher in group III compared to group II, I and II at 15, 30 min. respectively. Mood score was significantly high in group II and III. No significant side effects and respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and ECG were within normal range in the three groups. The total amount of fentanyl requirements in the first 24 hrs postoperatively was significantly less in group III compared to group I and II. The time of first need of fentanyl was't changed significantly between the three groups. In conclusion the preemptive analgesic effect of epidural clonidine combined with plain bupivacaine with lack of vcnak ventilatory effects makes clonidine a potenlially useful drug for the reduction of postoperative narcotic consumption or in other words for the postoperative pain management

Mycofloral contamination of Acassia seeds collected from Saudi Arabia [Southern Region]

Thiry two fungal species belonging to fourteen genera were identified from seven samples of Acassia seeds. The highest total count [154 colonies/gm dry seed] was recorded from Acassia oerlota seeds AspergiIlus, Penitcllium, Mucor and Fusarium were almost, the most frequent gemera. Among the tested seeds, the least contaminated sample was Acassia garrardii [63 colonies/gm dry weight dry weight seeds]

Effect of hypotensive technique using sodium nltroprusslde on hemodynamlc, acid base balance and serum cortisol level in major orthopedic surgery

This study was carried out on 20 healthy adult patients who were undergone major orthopedic surgery. Patients were premedicated by atropine sulphate and pethidine hydrochloride. Anaesthesia was induced by thiopentone sodium. Cuffed endotracheal tube was inserted after succinyl choline injection. Anaesthesia was maintained by nitrous oxide, oxygen, pancuronium and controlled ventilation. After stabilization of anaesthesia sodium nitroprusside 0.01% in 5% dextrose was infused at a rate of 20-40 drops/min.to maintain systolic blood pressure around 80 mmHg. It was found that the heart rate increased significantly and mean arterial pressure decreased significantly during infusion. The serum cortisol level was significantly increased, Pa02 was significantly decreased with a significant increase in Pac02. There were no significant change in PH, standard bicarbonate and base excess. At the end of operation, all the studied parameters returned to their preoperative values without any complication or residual effects

modified trehalose-mannitol-phosphatase agar for differentiation of staphylococcus epidermidis and staphylococcus saprophytics from other coagulase-negative staphylococci

Trehalose-mannitol agar was used instead of trehalose-mannitol phosphatase agar for differentiating of staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus from other coagulase negative staphylococci. Staphylococcus epidermidis showed a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 89.6% and a positive predictive value of 95.7%. Addition of 5mu g novobiocin disk to the medium differentiates staphylococcus saprophyticus with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 97% and a positive predictive value of 86.2%. Trehalose-mannitol- agar is considered as a simple and less expensive medium that yields reliable results

Effects of labetalol and diltiazem on the intraocular pressure responses to tracheal intubation

The effects of labetalol and diltiazem on intraocular pressure [IOP] during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation were investigated in 30 patients, scheduled for elective extraocular ophthalmic operations. Anaesthesia was induced by thiopentone Na followed by succinylcholine to facilitate tracheal intubation, anaesthesia was maintained by oxygen, and Halothane 1-2% manual inflation of the lungs, then spontaneous respiration. Pretreatment with labetalol [0.2 mg/Kg] 4 minutes before intubation lead to attenuation of the mean heart rate [MHR], and mean arterial pressure [MAP] changes, although these changes were still significant [t=6.79, 8.84]. Pretreatment with diltiazem [0.3 mg/Kg] 2 minutes before intubation lead to attenuation of the MHR, and MAP. These changes were still significant [t=5.58, 7.41]. The attenuation of MHR, MAP were less in labetal group than in diltiazem group. Both drugs produced a significant reduction in IOP at intubation, 2.5 and 5 minutes after intubation in relation to the preoperative value. The decrease in IOP was less in labetalol group than in diltiazem group. In conclusion, single dose of IV labetalol and diltiazem before intubation is a practical and effective method of attenuating hypertension, tachycardia and ocular hypertension in response to tracheal intubation

Gastric pull-up operation for restoration of alimentary continuity after resecting hypopharyngeal or oesophageal cancer

Gastric pull-up operation was used in 12 patients. They were 6 males 6 females. Most of them were in the 6th decade, with a range of 30-70 years. Six patients had advanced postcricoid carcinoma, involving the cervical oesophagus. Four patients had carcinoma of the middle 1/3 of the oesophagus [2 of which involving the lower 1/3] and 2 cases of carcinoma of the lower 1/3. The operative technique, postoperative follow-up and complications and histopathological examination were studied. The results of this study showed that this technique is satisfactory for immediate and effective restoration of the alimentary tract in cases of postcricoid carcinoma involving the cervical oesophagus, upper and lower oesophageal cancer and carcinoma of the middle 1/3 when it is localized to the oesophagus and assessed to be so at operation by digital evaluation

pattern of acute intestinal obstruction in Egypt

A total of 251 patients admitted to casualty unit of Kasr El-Aini Hospitals through one year were studied. Their ages ranged from 3 days to 81 years. They were 167 males and 84 females with male to female ratio of 1.98: 1. The commonest age groups affected were the adults [38.64%] and infants [29.48%], with a relatively similar rate of affection of the cases below one year [38.24%], and those between 15 to 65 years [38.46%]. The main causes intestinal obstruction were the complicated hernia [49%], intussusception [25.89%] and adhesive intestinal obstruction [8.36%]. Detailed prescription of the different forms was mentioned. It was found that out of 251 cases, 240 patients patients [95.65%] were treated surgically, of which 32 cases [12.74] needed resection anastomosis. Gangrene of the bowel and omentum was found in 27 cases [10.8%] and showed good correlation with late presentation, rising temperature, faeculent vomiting, tenderness and rebound tenderness. Morbidity was encountered in 31 cases [12.35%] of which the main complications were chest infection [70.96%] and wound infection [19.35%]. Similarly out of the 14 mortalities [5.57%] met with, 9 deaths [64.28%] were due to severe uncontrolled chest infection and 3 deaths [21.42%] due to fluid and electrolyte imbalance

Campaña de difusión del diagnóstico y prevención del cancer de colon y recto: planificación y evaluación de sus resultados / Campaign of diffusion of the diagnosis and prevention of colon and rectal cancer: planning and evaluation of its results

El cáncer colo-rectal es muy frecuente en Argentina. Es el tercer cáncer más frecuente luego del de piel y mama en la ciudad de Rosario. Nuestra población usualmente ignora los síntomas del cáncer colónico y el diagnóstico precoz es infrecuente. Las Sociedades de Gastroenterología, Cancerología y Colonoproctología de Rosario organizaron una camapña de disfusión durante julio, agosto y setiembre de 1985 en Rosario en Rosario y sus alrededores (población: 1.300.000) por medio de afiches, mensajes en los diarios, radios y especialmente por televisión, describiendo en la posibilidad de prevención por diagnóstico y extirpación de pólipos. Afiches y panfletos fueron distribuidos en lugares públicos y cartas información fueron enviadas a todos los médicos de Rosario. Se realizó un Curso Internacional de Actualización sobre cáncer de colon y recto. Los resultados de la campaña fueron evaluados a través del Registro de Tumores de Rosario e instituciones privadas. Desde setiembre de 1984 hasta febrero de 1985 la incidencia mensual de pólipos y cáncer fue revisada. El promedio mensual de cáncer de colon y recto fue de 39; antes de la campaña 41, durante la misma 49 y después de ella 26. El promedio de incidencia mensual de pólipos fue de 18,9. Antes de la campaña 17,5, durante la misma 27,5 y después de ella 13,8. Estos resultados fueron estudiados estadísticamente por el test paramétrico de Mann y Whitney. Durante la campaña se observó un incremento levemente significativo (p=0,05) de cáncer y pólipos diagnosticados. Se concluye que la campaña logró sus objetivos de difusión pública pero se considera que es necesario insistir con campañas más extensas y periódicas

Haemophilus Influenza in acute otitis media among Jeddah citizens, Saudi Arabia

The occurrence of Haemophilus influenzae in acute otitis media of different age groups was studied. Haemophilus influenzae was isolated from 18.7% of all cases with a significant frequency among children 2-5 years old [26.7%]. B-lactamase producing strains were present in 17.2% of all strains without significant difference among different age groups. Type b strains were detected in 1.2% of all cases and from 6.9% of the isolated strains