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Background@#Third molar extraction is the most commonly performed minor oral surgical procedure in outpatient settings and requires regional anesthesia for pain control. Extraction of the maxillary molars commonly requires both posterior superior alveolar nerve block (PSANB) and greater palatine nerve block (GPNB), depending on the nerve innervations of the subject teeth. We aimed to study the effectiveness of PSANB alone in maxillary third molar (MTM) extraction. @*Methods@#A sample size comprising 100 erupted and semi-erupted MTM was selected and subjected to study for extraction. Under strict aseptic conditions, the patients were subjected to the classical local anesthesia technique of PSANB alone with 2% lignocaine hydrochloride and adrenaline 1:80,000. After a latency period of 10 min, objective assessment of the buccal and palatal mucosa was performed. A numerical rating scale and visual analog scale were used. @*Results@#In the post-latency period of 10 min, the depth of anesthesia obtained in our sample on the buccal side extended from the maxillary tuberosity posteriorly to the mesial of the first premolar (15%), second premolar (41%), and first molar (44%). This inferred that anesthesia was effectively high until the first molars and was less effective further anteriorly due to nerve innervation. The depth of anesthesia on the palatal aspect was up to the first molar (33%), second molar (67%), and lateromedially; 6% of the patients received anesthesia only to the alveolar region, whereas 66% received up to 1.5 cm to the mid-palatal raphe. In 5% of the cases, regional anesthesia was re-administered. An additional 1.8 ml PSANB was required in four patients, and another patient was administered a GPNB in addition to the PSANB during the time of extraction and elevation. @*Conclusion@#The results of our study emphasize that PSANB alone is sufficient for the extraction of MTM in most cases, thereby obviating the need for poorly tolerated palatal injections.
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Introduction: Seizure has been recognized since antiquity and probably as old as man himself. Seizures are common disordersfound all over the world and are encountered frequently during medical practice in variety of settings.Materials and Methods: Patients presenting with a history of seizures were included in the study. Patient and eyewitness wereinterviewed regarding history, and clinical examination was done as mentioned in pro forma.Conclusion: Seizure being a medical emergency, its etiological determination is quite important in expediting the managementand helping in the prevention of seizures. Etiological spectrums of seizures vary from region to region which includesneuroinfection, CVA, tumor, metabolic, poisoning, and alcohol withdrawal.
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Background and Objectives: Magnesium deficiency is proposed as a factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.Hypomagnesemia can be both a cause and a consequence of diabetic complications. The aim of our study was to know therelationship between magnesium levels and diabetes, association with level of control of diabetes, and magnesium levels inrelation to complications of diabetes.Method: This study was undertaken at MGM Hospital, Warangal from August 2014 to October 2015. Atotal of 75 cases of type 2diabetes mellitus were taken for the study after satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Furthermore, 35 non-diabeticpatients admitted during this period were also included in the study under the control group. All the patients were evaluated indetail, and serum magnesium levels were estimated using calmagite method.Results: The serum magnesium levels among cases and controls were 1.88 ± 0.28 mg/dl and 2.1 ± 0.29 mg/dl, respectively. Themean serum magnesium levels in patients with controlled diabetes were 2.04 mg/dl and 1.73 mg/dl in patients with uncontrolleddiabetes. Significant association was found between hypomagnesemia and diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. There was nosignificant association between magnesium levels and diabetic neuropathy, ischemic heart disease, and peripheral vascular disease.Conclusion: There was a significant reduction in serum magnesium levels in diabetics compared to the controls. There was asignificant correlation between magnesium levels and level of control of diabetes. Uncontrolled diabetics had a low of seriummagnesum. Low magnesium levels were mainly associated with diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. Duration of diabetesand high levels of fasting blood sugar also had an association with low magnesium levels.
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The present work investigates the formulation and biopharmaceutical estimation of gastric floating drug delivery system [GFDDS] of propranolol HC1 using semi-synthetic polymer carboxymethyl ethyl cellulose [CMEC] and a synthetic polymer polyethylene oxide [PEO]. A central composite design was applied for optimization of polymer quantity [CMEC or PEO and sodium bicarbonate concentration as independent variables. The dependent variables evaluated were:% of drug release at 1 hr [D[1hr]],% drug release at 3 hr [D[3hr]] and time taken for 95% of drug release [t[95]]. Numerical optimization and graphical optimization were conducted to optimize the response variables. All observed responses of statistically optimized formulations were in high treaty with predicted values. Accelerated stability studies were conducted on the optimized formulations at 40 +/- 2[degree]C/75% +/- 5% RH and confirm that formulations were stable. Optimized formulations were evaluated for in vivo buoyancy characterization in human volunteers and were found buoyant in gastric fluid. Gastric residence time was enhanced in the fed but not the fasted state. The optimized formulations and marketed formulation were administered to healthy human volunteers and evaluated for pharmacokinetic parameters. Mean residence time [MRT] was prolonged and AUC levels were increased for both optimized floating tablets when compared with marketed product. High relative bioavailability obtained with optimized gastric floating tablets compared to commercial formulation, indicated the improvement of bioavailability
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The present investigation targets to develop a simple, specific, sensitive and accurate reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method in human plasma for the estimation of metformin HCl and propranolol HCl from bulk drug and also from the marketed products. Human plasma samples were subjected to correct procedure for protein precipitation by methanol and protein free plasma samples were directly injected into HPLC C18 column. Chromatographic determination was performed on a reversed phase C18 column (3.9 mm X 300 mm, particle size 5 μm) using a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1M pH 4.5 potassium dihydrogenortho phosphate buffer (mL) (40:60) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and maintained at a pressure of 140 to 150 Kg/cm2. The retention time for metformin HCl and propranolol HCl was found to be 9.084 min and 6.132 min respectively at 232 nm without any interference of endogenous compounds in the plasma. The method was linear in the range between 50-2000 ng/mL. The peak areas were reproducible as indicated by low coefficient of variation. It was found that the excipients in the tablet dosage form do not interfere in the quantification of active drug by proposed method.
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The aim of the present research is to formulate and evaluate the gastroretentive floating drug delivery system of antihypertensive drug, propranolol HCl. Gastroretentive floating tablets (GRFT) were prepared by using a synthetic hydrophilic polymer polyethylene oxide of different grades such as PEO WSR N-12 K and PEO 18 NF as release retarding polymers and calcium carbonate as gas generating agent. The GRFT were compressed by direct compression strategy and the tablets were evaluated for physico-chemical properties, in vitro buoyancy, swelling studies, in vitro dissolution studies and release mechanism studies. From the dissolution and buoyancy studies, F 9 was selected as an optimized formulation. The optimized formulation followed zero order rate kinetics with non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The optimized formulation was characterised with FTIR studies and observed no interaction between the drug and the polymers.
O objetivo da presente pesquisa é o de formular e avaliar o sistema de liberação de fármaco gastrorretentivo flutuante, contendo o anti-hipertensivo, cloridrato de propranolol. Comprimidos gastrorretentivo flutuantes (GRFT) foram preparados utilizando um polímero hidrofílico sintético, o óxido de polietileno, de diferentes graus, tais como GE WSR N-12 K e GE 18 NF, como polímeros de retardamento de liberação, e carbonato de cálcio, como agente gerador de gases. Os GRFT foram comprimidos por compressão direta e avaliados para determinação das propriedades físico-químicas, flutuabilidade in vitro, estudos de inchamento, de dissolução in vitro e de mecanismo de liberação. Dos testes de dissolução e de flutuabilidade, selecionou-se F 9 como formulação otimizada. A formulação otimizada seguiu cinética de ordem zero, com mecanismo de difusão não-Fickiano. Essa formulação foi caracterizada por estudos de FTIR, não se observando interação entre o fármaco e os polímeros.
Subject(s)
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Drug Liberation , Tablets/chemistry , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/classificationABSTRACT
The aim of the present investigation is to obtain a programmed drug delivery from a novel system containing a fast release and prolonged release tablet [PRT] placed into a capsule to achieve the biphasic release pattern of lornoxicam. Fast release tablets [FRT] with 3.25 mg were prepared with different diluents and varying concentrations of disintegrant and binders. Hydrogenated castor oil and hydrogenated vegetable oil are used to modulate drug release for the development of PRT with a 12.25 mg dose calculated as a zero-order principle. The compressed tablets were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters like hardness, friability, drug content uniformity, weight variation and in-vitro drug release studies. The optimized FRT and PRT tablets were placed in the size 2 capsule to attain biphasic release in which the immediate rapid release was obtained by the FRT followed by slow release from the PRT for 24 hours. The optimized 'tablet in capsule' [TCHV] [containing 3%w/w of HVO] followed first-order release with a Non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. FT-IR studies revealed no interaction between the drug and polymers. There were no marketed dosage forms of lornoxicam with biphasic release; hence, the present study indicated the applicability of the 'tablets in capsule' technique in the design of biphasic release systems of lornoxicam
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The purpose of this research was to develop and evaluate effervescent gastric floating tablets of propranolol HCl. The oral delivery of antihypertensive propranolol HCl was facilitated by preparing an effervescent floating dosage form which could increase its absorption in the stomach by increasing the drugs gastric residence time. In the present work, effervescent floating tablets were prepared with a hydrophilic carrier such as polyethylene oxide (PEO WSR N 60K and PEO WSR 303) as a release retarding agent and sodium bicarbonate as a gas generating agent. The prepared tablets were evaluated for all their physicochemical properties, in vitro buoyancy, drug release and rate order kinetics. From the results, P9 was selected as an optimized formulation based on their 12 h drug release, minimal floating lag time and maximum total floating time. The optimized formulation followed first order rate kinetics with erosion mechanism. The optimized formulation was characterized with FTIR studies and no interaction between the drug and the polymers were observed.
El propósito de la presente investigación fue desarrollar y evaluar tabletas flotantes, efervescentes de HCL propranolol. La administración oral del antihipertensivo HCL propranolol se facilitó mediante la preparación de una forma de dosificación flotante y efervescente que permitiría su absorción en el estómago, mediante el aumento del tiempo de residencia gástrico de la droga. En el presente trabajo, las tabletas flotantes efervescentes fueron preparadas con un portador hidrofílico, tal como el óxido de polietileno (PEO WSR N 60K and PEO WSR 303), como agente retardador y bicarbonato de sodio como un agente generador de gas. Se evaluaron todas las propiedades fisicoquímicas de las tabletas preparadas, su flotación in vitro y su tasa de orden cinético. Se seleccionó el P9 a partir de los resultados obtenidos, como una fórmula óptima, basados en la liberación de la droga a las 12 h, tiempo mínimo de retraso para flotación y máximo tiempo total de flotación. La formulación optimizada siguió una tasa cinética de primer orden con mecanismo de erosión. Esta fórmula óptima se caracterizó mediante estudios FITR y no se observó ninguna interacción entre la droga y los polímeros utilizados.