ABSTRACT
Background: Healthcare-associated infective endocarditis (HCA-IE), a severe complication of medical care, shows a growing incidence in literature. Objective: To evaluate epidemiology, etiology, risk factors for acquisition, complications, surgical treatment, and outcome of HCA-IE. Methods: Observational prospective case series study (2006-2011) in a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Results: Fifty-three patients with HCA-IE from a total of 151 cases of infective endocarditis (IE) were included. There were 26 (49%) males (mean age of 47 ± 18.7 years), 27 (51%) females (mean age of 42 ± 20.1 years). IE was acute in 37 (70%) cases and subacute in 16 (30%) cases. The mitral valve was affected in 19 (36%) patients and the aortic valve in 12 (36%); prosthetic valves were affected in 23 (43%) patients and native valves in 30 (57%). Deep intravenous access was used in 43 (81%) cases. Negative blood cultures were observed in 11 (21%) patients, Enterococcus faecalis in 10 (19%), Staphylococcus aureus in 9 (17%), and Candida sp. in 7 (13%). Fever was present in 49 (92%) patients, splenomegaly in 12 (23%), new regurgitation murmur in 31 (58%), and elevated C-reactive protein in 44/53 (83%). Echocardiograms showed major criteria in 46 (87%) patients, and 34 (64%) patients were submitted to cardiac surgery. Overall mortality was 17/53 (32%). Conclusion: In Brazil HCA-IE affected young subjects. Patients with prosthetic and native valves were affected in a similar proportion, and non-cardiac surgery was an infrequent predisposing factor, whereas intravenous access was a common one. S. aureus was significantly frequent in native valve HCA-IE, and overall mortality was high. .
Fundamento: A endocardite infecciosa associada aos cuidados de saúde (EI-ACS) é uma complicação grave associada aos cuidados médico-hospitalares, com uma incidência crescente na população. Objetivo: Avaliar a EI-ACS com relação à sua epidemiologia, etiologia, fatores de risco de aquisição, complicações, tratamento cirúrgico e quadro clínico. Métodos: Este estudo de caráter observacional e prospectivo avaliou uma série de casos reportados entre 2006 e 2011 em um hospital público no Rio de Janeiro. Resultados: Cinquenta e três pacientes com EI-ACS de um total de 151 casos de endocardite infecciosa (EI) foram incluídos no estudo, dos quais 26 (49%) eram do sexo masculino (idade média de 47 ± 18,7 anos), e 27 (51%) eram sexo feminino (idade média de 42 ± 20,1 anos). Quadros clínicos agudos de EI ocorreram em 37 casos (70%) e quadros subagudos em 16 casos (30%). A válvula mitral foi afetada em 19 casos (36%), e a valva aórtica em 12 casos (36%). As válvulas cardíacas protéticas foram afetadas em 23 casos (43%), e as válvulas cardíacas nativas em 30 casos (57%). O acesso venoso profundo foi usado em 43 pacientes (81%). Hemoculturas negativas foram observadas em amostras de 11 pacientes (21%). Nas hemoculturas positivas, Enterococcus faecalis foi identificado em 10 casos (19%), Staphylococcus aureus em 9 casos (17%) e Candida sp. em 7 casos (13%). Febre ocorreu em 49 pacientes (92%), esplenomegalia em 12 pacientes (23%), novo sopro de regurgitação valvar em 31 pacientes (58%) e proteína C reativa elevada em 44 pacientes (83%). O ecocardiograma apresentou critérios principais em 46 casos (87%). Trinta e quatro pacientes (64%) foram submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. A mortalidade ocorreu em 17 casos (32%). Conclusão: EI-ACS afeta ...
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Endocarditis/epidemiology , Age Distribution , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Cross Infection/surgery , Echocardiography , Endocarditis/microbiology , Endocarditis/surgery , Hospitals, Public , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The use of central venous catheters (CVC) and broad-spectrum antibacterials are among the main risk factors for the development of candidemia in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). It is known that some antibacterials increase the resistance of these yeasts to azole antifungals. Thus, the aim of this research was to determine whether yeast present in CVC colonizations previously exposed to cell-wall targeted antibacterials benefit from a reduction in susceptibility to fluconazole and voriconazole, facilitating their ability to form biofilms. Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. guilhermondii were seeded into antibacterial (cefepime, meropenem, vancomycin, and piperacillin-tazobactam) gradient plates produced in Mueller-Hinton Agar. The susceptibility to fluconazole and voriconazole and the biofilm formation of the yeasts were tested before and after exposure to the antibacterials. None of the antibacterials exerted a significant effect on the in vitro susceptibility of the yeasts to the antifungal agents or on their ability to form biofilms. These results suggest that increased candidemia in ICU patients is not attributable to possible alterations in the yeasts, but is more likely caused by a weakening of the patient's general condition after long exposure to infection.
O uso de cateter venoso central (CVC) e antibióticos de amplo espectro estão entre os principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da candidemia em pacientes internados em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI). É conhecido que alguns antibióticos aumentam a resistência das leveduras aos antifúngicos azólicos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se leveduras presentes em colonização de CVC expostas a antibióticos que atuam em parede celular se beneficiam de uma redução na suscetibilidade ao fluconazol e voriconazol e se obtêm maior capacidade de formar biofilme. Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata,C. parapsilosis e C. guilhermondii foram semeadas em placas de Mueller-Hinton Agar, com gradientes de antibióticos (cefepima, meropenem, vancomicina e piperacilina-tazobactam). A suscetibilidade e a formação de biofilme das leveduras foram testadas antes e após a exposição aos antibióticos. Nenhum dos antibióticos provocou alterações detectáveis in vitro sobre a suscetibilidade das leveduras aos antifúngicos ou à capacidade de formar biofilme. Estes resultados sugerem que o aumento da candidemia na UTI não seria atribuído a possíveis alterações provocadas nas leveduras e sim pelo enfraquecimento da condição geral do paciente após longa exposição à infecção.
Subject(s)
Candida/classification , Cell Wall/classification , Biofilms/classification , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Disease Susceptibility , Central Venous Catheters , Antifungal AgentsABSTRACT
Rhabdomyoma is a rare benign tumor derived from skeletal muscles. Laryngeal rhabdomyomas are even rarer, with only approximately 40 reported cases in world literature. Laryngeal rhabdomyomas usually are seen as masses covered by mucosa. They are often solitary asymptomatic tumors, but symptoms such as hoarseness can occur. The radiologic features are usually those typical of benign neoplasms, showing well-delineated borders. The differential diagnoses for laryngeal masses include cysts, laryngoceles, and benign and malignant neoplasms. The diagnosis is usually made using histopathologic findings, but in some cases some difficulties can be found. Immunohistochemical staining is of great value in the differentiation of similar tumors. Treatment of rhabdomyoma is surgical excision. Objective To describe a case of rhabdomyoma of the larynx attended at Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro. Case Report: A 35-year-old man presented with progressive hoarseness in the preceding year. Laryngoscopy showed a large submucosal tumor at the supraglottic region of the larynx. The neck computed tomography scan confirmed the submucosal mass, with distinct borders. The patient was taken to the operating suite, where endoscopic extirpation of the mass was performed. Initial histologic diagnosis was suggestive of paraganglioma, which was not confirmed by studies with immunohistochemical markers, and diagnosis was changed to adult-type rhabdomyoma. The patient recovered well. His voice returned to normal after 3 months. Discussion: Although muscle tumors of the larynx are very rare, rhabdomyoma should be considered when there is a submucosal mass in the larynx...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Laryngeal Neoplasms , Rhabdomyoma/diagnosis , Hoarseness , LarynxABSTRACT
En este estudio se evaluó la incidencia de las especies de Candida de la cavidad oral sana de una población infantil desnutrida. Diversas especies de Candida fueron encontradas, C. albicans fue aislada en 29.4%, posteriormente se identificó una como C dubliniensis por PCR usando cebadores específicos para esta especie.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Candida , Candida albicans , Mouth , Nutritional Sciences , Pediatrics , VenezuelaABSTRACT
Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a unidade leito-dia em AIDS no que se refere ao fluxo de pacientes e cuidadores atendidos na unidade, bem como a frequência e o tempo dispendido para a realização dos procedimentos...
Subject(s)
Humans , Nursing Services , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/nursingABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: avaliar o uso do escore CRIB (Clinical Risk Index for Babies) em todos os recém-nascidos internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) e comparar seus resultados com peso ao nascer e idade gestacional. MÉTODOS: estudo observacional, envolvendo todos os recém-nascidos internados na UTIN do Hospital Universitário de Taubaté. As variáveis foram escore CRIB, peso ao nascer, idade gestacional, uso de surfactante, cateterização umbilical, asfixia neonatal e óbito. Foram comparadas as médias do escore CRIB, peso ao nascer e idade gestacional segundo óbito. Foram estimados os valores da sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo e risco relativo e criadas curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) para CRIB, peso ao nascer e idade gestacional. Utilizou-se da técnica t de Student e qui-quadrado de tendência linear. A significância estatística foi alfa = 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: óbito esteve associado a maiores valores do CRIB; houve tendência de mais casos com asfixia, uso de surfactante, cateterização umbilical e óbitos com as classes maiores do CRIB. A curva ROC relativa ao CRIB foi maior que as relativas ao peso ao nascer e idade gestacional. CONCLUSÕES: o escore CRIB foi bom preditor do óbito quando aplicado em todos os RN.
Subject(s)
Infant Mortality , Infant, Newborn , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Birth Weight , Gestational AgeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether left ventricular end-systolic (ESD) diameters £ 51mm in patients (pt) with severe chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) are predictors of a poor prognosis after mitral valve surgery (MVS). METHODS: Eleven pt (aged 36±13 years) were studied in the preoperative period (pre), median of 36 days; in the early postoperative period (post1), median of 9 days; and in the late postoperative period (post2), mean of 38.5±37.6 months. Clinical and echocardiographic data were gathered from each pt with MR and systolic diameter 51mm (mean = 57±4mm) to evaluate the result of MVS. Ten patients were in NYHA Class III/IV. RESULTS: All but 2 pt improved in functional class. Two pt died from heart failure and infectious endocarditis 14 and 11 months, respectively, after valve replacement. According to ejection fraction (EF) in post2, we identified 2 groups: group 1 (n=6), whose EF decreased in post1, but increased in post2 (p=0.01) and group 2 (n=5), whose EF decreased progressively from post1 to post2 (p=0.10). All pt with symptoms lasting £ 48 months had improvement in EF in post2 (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: ESD 51mm are not always associated with a poor prognosis after MVS in patients with MR. Symptoms lasting up to 48 months are associated with improvement in left ventricular function
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Mitral Valve Insufficiency , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left , Analysis of Variance , Chronic Disease , Diastole , Postoperative Period , Preoperative Care , Systole , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To describe the cardiac findings in children with AIDS, the follow-up with treatment and the correlation between clinical and pathological features. METHODS: We studied prospectively 25 children with clinical-laboratorial diagnosis of AIDS, ages between 3 months and 11 years, even those without cardiac symptoms. We classified the signs of AIDS following that of CDC-Atlanta 1994. Eight children died and it was done necropsy in six with macro and microscopic examinations. RESULTS: Fifteen cases had already complications of AIDS and were classified as C2 and C3, 5 as B2, 3 B1 and 2 as A1. Beside the symptoms related to the disease and infections we found signs of congestive heart failure III and IV (NYHA) in 5 children, pericardial effusion in 5, (one of them had cardiac tamponade). In the electrocardiogram (EKG), 8 children had repolarization abnormalities. In 1st echocardiogram (ECHO) we found some features of dilated myocardiopathy in 8 (6 were asymptomatic) 5 of those had pericardial effusion, one child had huge amount of pericardial liquid and also increased measures of intraventricular septum and posterior wall of left ventricle by ECHO and confirmed by necropsy examination. All cases of diagnosis of myocardiopathy received treatment with captopril and 4 also received furosemide and digoxina. Even under oral treatment three of them had deterioration of heart failure but after combined anti-retroviral drugs they showed better cardiac functions. From the six necropsied cases, two had increased heart weight without myocarditis, one had toxoplasma pancarditis and other one had fibrocalcic vasculopathy. CONCLUSION: We found several assymptomatic cases already with decreased ventricular function. Some worsened of heart failure even under apropriate treatment and showed better cardiac index after combined anti-retroviral drugs.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Heart Diseases , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Prospective Studies , Heart Diseases , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosisABSTRACT
A 36-old-woman was admitted with an infectious syndrome, respiratory insufficiency and vasculitis. There was a history of chronic intravenous drug abuse, sexual promiscuity and rheumatic heart disease. She had HIV positive tests. The vasculitis and heart failure worsened and the patient died of stroke. At autopsy it was found histologic evidence of AIDS, rheumatic heart disease with Aschoff nodes, infective endocarditis with cerebral abscesses and thalamic infarction
Paciente do sexo feminino com 36 anos de idade, vida sexual promíscua e usuária de drogas endovenosas, com passado de cardite reumática, foi internada com síndrome infecciosa, insuficiência respiratória, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva e vasculite. A pesquisa para anticorpo anti-HIV foi positiva em teste realizado. Houve agravamento da vasculite e da insuficiência cardíaca e evolução para o óbito com acidente vascular cerebral. À necropsia constatou-se quadro anatomopatológico de síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA), cardiopatia reumática com nódulos de Aschoff e, ainda, endocardite infecciosa com abcessos cerebrais e infarto hemorrágico no tálamo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Endocarditis, Bacterial , Rheumatic Heart Disease/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Rheumatic Heart Disease/pathology , Rheumatic Nodule/pathologyABSTRACT
PURPOSE--To analyze myocardial abnormalities in patients of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with clinical and pathological correlation. METHODS--We selected 50 cases, retrospectively, age ranged from 3 months to 40 years, all of them had myocardial changes and the data of clinical records fulfilled our protocol. Cases of others cardiac diseases were not included. RESULTS--The pathological findings were: myocarditis in 33 (11 had severe myocarditis) and degenerative hystological lesions in 17. The etiologic agents detected were: Toxoplasma in 11, Cryptococcus in 7 and Cytomegalovirus in 3. In 12 cases we could not find any agent. In 15 cases occurred others lesions: endocarditis, pericarditis and sarcoma of Kaposi. It was noted tachycardia in 15 cases, decrease of heart sounds in 12, arterial hypotension in seven, systolic murmur in 8, galop rhythm in 7, pericardial friction rub in 3, arrhythmia in 2. Four patients had congestive heart failure. The EKG showed sinus tachycardia in 18, ST and T changes in 10, low voltage in 5, ST segment elevation in 5 and extrasystoles in 3 cases. The echocardiogram findings were: pericardial effusion in 9 cases and 9 had ventricular dysfunction. CONCLUSION--The cardiac lesions were very important even in patients without clinical signals. We need others prospective studies with viral identification trying to detect specific lesions of HIV
Objetivo - Analisar as alterações miocárdicas na síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida e correlacionar os achados clínicopatológicos. Métodos - Foram selecionados, retrospectivamente, 50 pacientes entre 4 meses e 40 anos de idade, que apresentavam lesões miocárdicas à histologia e cujos prontuários continham os dados do protocolo. Foram in cluídos aqueles com lesões cardíacas de outra etiologia. Resultados - Os achados anatomopatológicos foram miocardite em 33 (66%) casos, sendo grave em 11 e lesões degenerativas em 17. Os agentes etiológicos foram Toxoplasma em 11, Criptococcus em 7, Citomegalovírus em 3 e inespecífica em 12. Em 15 casos havia também outras lesões como endocardite, pericardite e sarcoma de Kaposi. Quanto aos achados clínicos observamos taquicardia em 15 casos, hipofonese de bulhas em 12, hipotensão arterial em 7, sopro sistólico em 8, ritmo de galope em 7, atrito pericárdico em 3 e arritmia cardíaca em 2. Quatro pacientes tiveram sinais de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. O ECG mostrou taquicardia sinusal em 18, distúrbio de repolarização em 10, baixa voltagem em 5, supradesnivelamento de ST em 5 e extra-sistolia em 3. Ao ecocardiograma 9 apresentaram derrame pericárdico e 9 diminuição de contratilidade ou da função ventricular. Conclusão - As lesões cardíacas foram expressivas mesmo em pacientes sem sinais clínicos para tal. São necessários mais estudos com métodos de identificação viral para tentar detectar as lesões miocárdicas pelo HIV.