Comparison between selective head cooling and whole-body cooling in neonatal therapeutic hypothermia / Comparação entre resfriamento seletivo da cabeça e resfriamento de corpo inteiro na hipotermia terapêutica neonatal

INTRODUCTION: Experimental evidence, as well as improved clinical studies of the reduction of brain injury and, improves the neurological outcome, in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) occurring in therapeutic hypothermia (TH). OBJECTIVE: To verify the potential of hypothermic hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) therapy in neonatal asphyxia, based on literature data, comparing the benefits between selective head cooling (SHC) and whole-body cooling (WBC), see that the use of TH as a standard treatment in newborns with moderate or severe HIE has been adopted. METHODS: A search was performed in the PubMed and SciELO databases of human studies, using the keywords "Therapeutic Hypothermia", "Induced Hypothermia", and "Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy", "Selective cooling of the head", "Total body cooling" and its variables. RESULTS: Eleven articles were selected to compose the review, after detailed reading. There is a consensus, that the reduction of the risk of death or disability at 18 months of life in neonates with moderate to severe HIE, occurs to TH through the techniques of WBC or SHC. It was found in the studies that there is no difference in terms of adverse effects between the two methods. As for radiological changes, such as hypoxic-ischemic injuries and the incidence of seizures after cooling, they are more frequent with SHC. CONCLUSION: Both WBC and SHC demonstrated neuroprotective properties, although WBC provides a broader area of brain protection. However, no significant differences were found between the methods in terms of adverse effects and beneficial short or long-term results.

INTRODUÇÃO: Evidências experimentais, assim como estudos clínicos, sugerem a redução da lesão cerebral e melhora do desfecho neurológico, em recém-nascidos com encefalopatia isquêmica hipóxica (EHI) submetidos à hipotermia terapêutica (HT). OBJETIVO: Verificar a potencialidade da terapia hipotérmica de encefalopatia hipóxico-isquêmica (EHI) na asfixia neonatal, com base em dados da literatura, comparando os benefícios entre o resfriamento seletivo da cabeça (RSC) e o resfriamento de corpo inteiro (RCI), visto que o uso de hipotermia terapêutica (HT) como tratamento padrão em recém-nascidos com EHI moderada ou grave tem sido amplamente adotada. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed e SciELO de estudos em humanos, utilizando-se as palavras-chave "Therapeutic Hypothermia", "Induced Hypothermia", "Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy", "selective head cooling", "whole body cooling" e suas respectivas variáveis. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 11 artigos para compor a revisão, após leitura detalhada. É consenso, a redução do risco de morte ou incapacidade aos 18 meses de vida nos neonatos com EHI moderado a grave, submetidos à HT através das técnicas de RCI ou RSC. Constatou-se diante dos estudos que não há diferença em termos de efeitos adversos entre os dois métodos. Quanto às alterações radiológicas, as lesões hipóxico-isquêmicas e incidência de convulsões após o resfriamento são mais frequentes com o RSC. CONCLUSÃO: Tanto RCI quanto o RSC demonstraram propriedades neuroprotetoras, embora o RCI proporcione uma área de proteção cerebral mais ampla. No entanto, não foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre os métodos quanto a efeitos adversos e a resultados benéficos em curto e longo prazo.

Occurrence of larvae of trypanorhynch cestodes in snappers (Lutjanidae) from northeast Brazil / Ocorrência de larvas de cestodas trypanorhyncha em vermelhas (Lutjanidae) do nordeste do Brasil

Abstract Three species of snappers from artisanal, small-scale fisheries were examined for the presence of parasites. A total of 139 lutjanid fish were collected: 69 specimens of Lutjanus analis, 47 specimens of Lutjanus vivanus, and 23 specimens of Lutjanus synagris. Encysted plerocercoid of trypanorhynch cestodes found at necropsy in the viscera of snappers were sampled for parasitological analysis. These plerocercoid larvae belong to the genera Floriceps, Pseudogrillotia , and Oncomegas. Although these parasites do not have any zoonotic potential, fish with heavy loads of plerocercoids are rejected during inspection as they compromise meat hygiene. Our findings suggest that light larval cestode infections in lutjanids would not lead to consumer rejection of the food product. The occurrence of Floriceps sp. in L. analis and in L. synagris, of Pseudogrillotia sp. in L. vivanus and in L. synagris , and of Oncomegas sp. in L. synagris are new findings in these fish species. These parasites are new to these fish species and have not been reported in snappers from the northeast coast of Brazil. The results contribute to the existing body of knowledge about the parasitic fauna of fish and its distribution along the coastline of Brazil.

Resumo Três espécies de pargos de pescaria artesanal e de pequena escala foram examinadas quanto à presença de parasitas. Um total de 139 peixes lutjanídeos foram coletados: 69 espécimes de Lutjanus analis, 47 de Lutjanus vivanus e 23 de Lutjanus synagris. Cistos de plerocercóides de cestodas Trypanorhyncha encontrados durante a necrópsia nas vísceras de pargos foram amostrados para análise parasitológica. Estas larvas plerocercóides pertencem aos gêneros Floriceps, Pseudogrillotia e Oncomegas. Embora esses parasitas não tenham qualquer potencial zoonótico, peixes com elevadas cargas de plerocercóides são rejeitados durante a inspeção, pois comprometem a higiene da carne. Os achados sugerem que baixas infecções por essas formais larvais de cestodas em lutjanídeos não levariam a rejeição do consumidor quanto ao produto alimentar. A ocorrência de Floriceps sp. em L. analis e em L. synagris, de Pseudogrillotia sp. em L. vivanus e em L. syngaris, e de Oncomegas sp. em L. synagris são novas descobertas nestas espécies de peixes. Estes parasitas são novos para essas espécies de peixes e não foram relatados em pargos da costa nordeste do Brasil. Os resultados contribuem para o conhecimento existente sobre a fauna parasitária do peixe e sua distribuição ao longo do litoral do Brasil.

Spatial temporal study of scorpion envenomation in the state of Sergipe, Brazil / Estudo espacial e temporal dos envenenamentos por escorpiões no estado de Sergipe, Brasil

This is a descriptive, retrospective study using a quantitative approach based on secondary data from records related to scorpion envenomation from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN ­ Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação) from 2004 to 2014. The goal was to determine the frequency of scorpion envenomation in the eight territories of the state of Sergipe and to examine spatial differences and environmental influences on envenomation. The study was conducted in the state of Sergipe, Brazil and analysed the relationship between locations most affected by scorpion stings and anthropogenic changes. The following variables were analysed: month and year of the envenomation, territory, area of the envenomation and population according to Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). Territorial changes were observed in the neighbourhood of Santos Dumont, in the municipality of Aracaju, that were caused by human occupation in the years 2003, 2009 and 2014. To analyse the climatic influences on the frequency of scorpion stings, we used the normal temperature and normal rainfall in the municipalities of Sergipe, especially in Canindé de São Francisco, Nossa Senhora das Dores and Aracaju, provided by the National Institute of Meteorology and Technology (INMET ­ Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e Tecnologia). A total of 8021 accidents with poisonous animals occurred in Sergipe between 2004 and 2014, of which 5133 (63.99%) involved scorpions; 80% of scorpion envenomation in Sergipe occurred in urban areas, with significant differences in the distribution per zone between the territories (P<0.01). The territory of Grande Aracaju (87.9%) had the highest frequency on scorpion envenomation in urban areas, Alto Sertão (55.9%) had the highest frequency in rural areas, and the municipality of Aracaju had 58.11% of all cases of scorpion stings in Sergipe. The neighbourhood of Santos Dumont was the most affected in the municipality of Aracaju, with 219/2983 cases. Regarding preventive measures aimed at the population, it is recommended that individuals maintain cleanliness in the vicinity of their households, avoid accumulating construction waste, use wall coatings, use protective screens in drains and sewers, and seal septic tanks; individuals may also preserve the scorpions' predators.

Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo de abordagem quantitativa com base em dados secundários, extraídos das notificações de envenenamentos por escorpião no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) no período de 2004 a 2014. O objetivo foi determinar a frequência de envenenamentos por escorpiões nos oito territórios sergipanos, verificando as diferenças espaciais nas ocorrências e as influências ambientais sobre os envenenamentos. O estudo foi realizado no Estado de Sergipe, Brasil, e analisou a relação entre localidades mais acometidas por acidentes escorpiônicos e modificações antrópicas. As variáveis analisadas foram: ano e mês do envenenamento, território, zona de ocorrência e população segundo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Verificaram-se as modificações territoriais no bairro Santos Dumont, no município de Aracaju, causadas pela ocupação humana nos anos de 2003, 2009 e 2014. Para analisar as influências climáticas nas frequências de envenenamentos por escorpiões, utilizou-se as normais de temperatura e normais de pluviosidade dos municípios de Sergipe, em especial Canindé do São Francisco, Nossa Senhora das Dores e Aracaju, fornecidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e Tecnologia (INMET). Verificou-se a ocorrência de 8021 casos de acidentes com animais peçonhentos em Sergipe no período entre 2004 e 2014, dos quais 5133 (63,99%) envolveram escorpiões; 80% dos casos de acidentes escorpiônicos em Sergipe, ocorreram em zona urbana, com diferenças estatísticas na distribuição por zona entre os territórios (p0,01). O território da Grande Aracaju (87,9%) apresentou a maior frequência de envenenamentos em zona urbana; o Alto Sertão (55,9%) obteve a maior frequência em zona rural; o município de Aracaju concentrou 58,11% de todos os casos de acidentes escorpiônicos de Sergipe. O bairro Santos Dumont foi o mais acometido do município de Aracaju com 219/2983 casos. Em relação às medidas preventivas voltadas à população é recomendável orientar sobre a manutenção da limpeza no entorno dos domicílios; evitar resíduos de construção civil; realizar o acabamento das paredes através de revestimentos; utilizar telas protetoras nos ralos de esgotos e manter fossas sépticas lacradas, além de preservar os predadores dos escorpiões.

Asociación entre consumo de alcohol, tabaco, depresión y ansiedad en estudiantes de enfermería de Sinaloa / Association between alcohol consumption, tobacco, depression and anxiety in nursing students from Sinaloa

El abuso de consumo de alcohol y tabaco, representan un problema de salud pública de alto impacto social y económico, los adolescentes replican los patrones de los adultos con quienes conviven regularmente y que a edades cada vez más tempranas han incrementado el consumo de estas sustancias. La depresión y la ansiedad son también un problema de salud pública que afecta las actividades diarias de la población, manifestándose trastornos emocionales como: tristeza, culpa, inutilidad, inseguridad, miedo, preocupación, pensamientos negativos, entre otros; que pueden desencadenar en el consumo de alcohol y tabaco. Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación del consumo de alcohol, tabaco, depresión y ansiedad. Material y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio epidemiológico en alumnos que cursan la carrera de licenciatura en enfermería en la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. El diseño fue de tipo cuantitativo, observacional, transversal, prospectivo, de tipo correlacional causal. Un instrumento auto aplicado con datos sociodemográficos; consumo de alcohol ­instrumento AUDIT-; consumo de tabaco -instrumento FAGESTROM-; depresión -instrumento CES-D- y ansiedad ­instrumento HAMILTON. La descripción de los resultados principales y sociodemográficos fueron analizados usando medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, así como pruebas no paramétricas como el estadístico ji-cuadrado de Pearson, para probar asociación entre las variables de interés. Finalmente, se estimaron los riesgos (razón de momios, OR) de consumo de alcohol o tabaco considerando la depresión y ansiedad como variables independientes para ello se usó un análisis de regresión logística. El valor p < 0.05 fue considerado estadísticamente significativo. Todos los análisis se realizaron con el software estadístico Stata Intercooled versión 13.1 Resultados. La muestra quedó constituida por 277 alumnos de tres unidades académicas de enfermería de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. El 41.9% (n=116) fueron alumnos de enfermería Culiacán, el 32.5% (n=90) de enfermería Los Mochis, y el resto de Mazatlán. El 73 % (n=202, IC95%: 67.3 ­ 78.1) de los participantes correspondió al sexo femenino. El consumo de alcohol estuvo presente en el 55.6% de los participantes, siendo mayor en los hombres. El consumo de tabaco fue referido por el 2.1% de los alumnos. El 26.7% de los alumnos presentaron depresión y las mujeres en un 28.70 % (n=58), en mayor proporción que los hombre 21.30 % (n=16). El 15.2% presentó rasgos de ansiedad. El consumo de alcohol estuvo asociado con el consumo de tabaco (p=0.035) y depresión (p=0.012).El nivel de depresión se asoció con el nivel de consumo de tabaco (p=0.007) y ansiedad (p=0.000). Los alumnos con algún nivel de ansiedad (leve o moderada) tienen más riesgo de padecer efecto deprimido (OR=8.8) o somático (OR=31.6) en comparación con aquellos que no presentan síntomas de ansiedad, p<0.05. La asociación entre grado escolar y consumo de alcohol resultó estadísticamente significativo, p=0.009; el riesgo de consumo de alcohol es mayor en los alumnos de cuarto grado en comparación con los de primero. Conclusión. Los alumnos de enfermería de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa presentan rasgos de ansiedad, depresión, consumo de alcohol y tabaco con evidencia significativa de asociación entre las variables principales y algunas variables sociodemográficas. El consumo de alcohol es más frecuente en los alumnos de cuarto grado.

Introduction: Alcohol and tobacco abuses have important negative social and economical impacts on social health. In this sense, many times, teenagers replicate the substance abuse behavior patterns of the adults whom they live with. Depression and anxiety are health problems which affect daily living as well. Some depression and anxiety related conditions include sadness, guilt, uselessness, insecurity, fear, concer, and negative thinking, which, possibly as feedback loops, can further increase the abuse of substances. Objective: To assess the associations among alcohol and tobacco consumption, depresion, and anxiety. Materials and Methods: An epidemiological study was conducted with pregrade nursing students of the Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Mexico. The study design is quantitative, observational, transversal, prospective, and cause-correlational. The instruments used were: a specific one for social-demographic data; AUDIT (alcohol consumption); FAGESTROM (tobacco use); CES-D (depresion); and HAMILTON (anxiety). Central tendencies and dispersions were calculated, as well as non-parametric tests including Pearson´s, in order to explore the associations among the variables of interest. Odds ratios regarding alcohol or tobacco consumption, having depression and anxiety as independent variables, were calculated using logistic regression analysis. A p < 0.05 value was considered statistically significant. All calculations were performed using Stata Intercooled version 13.1. Results: The sample was finally constituted by 277 nursing students from 3 academic nursing units of the Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Mexico. 41.9% (n = 116) were students from the city of Culiacan, 32.5% (n = 90) were students from the city of Los Mochis, and the remaining students were from the city of Mazatlan. 73% of the participating students were female. Alcohol consumption was present in 55.6% of the participants, being this more prevalent among male students. Tobacco consumption was reported by 2.1% of the participants. 26.7% of the total sample showed depresion (58 female, and 16 male). 15.2% showed anxiety traits. Alcohol consumption was associated with tobacco consumption (p = 0.035) and depresion (p = 0.012). The level of depression was associated with the level of tobbaco use (p = 0.007) and the level of anxiety (p = 0.000). Students showing some level of anxiety (mild or moderate) had more risk of developing depressive (OR = 8.8) or somatic (OR = 31.6) problems in comparison with the students who did not show symptoms of anxiety (p < 0.05). The association between school grade and alcohol consumption turned out to be statistically significant (p = 0.009). The risk of falling into alcohol consumption was higher among 4th grade students in comparison with 1st grade students. Conclusion: Nursing students from the Autonomous University of Sinaloa show anxiety and depression traits, as well as alcohol and tobacco consumption patterns, which, possibly, are all interconnected.

Reproduction of the non-native fish Lepomis gibbosus (Perciformes: Centrarchidae) in Brazil

Minas Gerais is the fourth largest Brazilian state, and has an estimate of 354 native fish species. However, these fish species may be threatened, as this state has the highest rank of fish introductions reported for Brazil and South America. As one from the total of 85 non-native species detected, Lepomis gibbosus was introduced in the 60s to serve both as foragefish and to improve sport fishing. In this study, we evaluated the establishment of L. gibbosus in a shallow lake in the city of Ouro Preto, Doce River basin, state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. We collected fish with fishing rods every two months from March 2002-February 2003. Fragments of gonads from a total of 226 females and 226 males were obtained and processed following standard histological techniques; then 5-7μm thickness sections were taken and stained in hematoxylin-eosin. Besides, for each specimen, the biometric measurements included the standard length (SL) and body weight (BW); and the sex ratio was obtained. The reproductive cycle stages were confirmed by the distribution of oocytes and spermatogenic cells. The type of spawning was determined by the frequency distribution of the reproductive cycle stages and ovarian histology. Based on the microscopic characteristics of the gonads, the following stages of the reproductive cycle were determined: one=Rest, two=Mature, three=Spawned for females or Spent for males; males and females in reproduction were found throughout the study period. Post-spawned ovaries containing oocytes in stages one (initial perinucleolar), two (advanced perinucleolar), three (pre-vitellogenic), four (vitellogenic) and post-ovulatory follicles indicated fractionated-type spawning in this species. The smallest breeding male and female measured were 4.6 and 4.9cm standard length, respectively, suggesting stunting. The sex ratio did not vary between males and females along the year and bimonthly, being 1:1. Moreover, L. gibbosus appears to be at stage three of biological invasion: establishment through reproduction. We suggest to deliver information about “non-native species” through lectures in schools, colleges/ universities, NGOs, government and environmental agencies in the cities and villages, in order to try to prevent environmental degradation by the introduction of non-native fish such as L. gibbosus in the region. We also recommend high fines for redhanded, and the import ban of non-native fish species to the region.

Se analiza el establecimiento del pez introducido Lepomis gibbosus en una laguna natural de la ciudad de Ouro Preto, Cuenca del Rio Doce, provincia de Minas Gerais, región sureste de Brasil. Cada dos meses se realizaron muestreos con anzuelo y línea, entre marzo 2002-febrero 2003 y se capturaron 226 hembras y 226 machos. Se encontraron hembras y machos en actividad reproductiva durante todo el muestreo. Ovarios con signos de desove con oocitos de diferentes tallas y folículos post-ovulatorios indicaron la puesta parcial para L. gibbosus. La hembra y macho en reproducción más pequeños tenían entre 4.6cm y 4.9cm de longitud, que caracteriza el enanismo. La proporción sexual fue 1:1 y no presentó diferencias bimensuales ni anuales. De las cinco fases del proceso de bioinvasión, se confirmó que L. gibbosus se encuentra en la fase tres, llamada establecimiento a través de la reproducción. Se sugiere aclaración sobre la temática “especie foránea” para evitar la degradación del ambiente con la introducción de peces foráneos en la región.

Composition and seasonality of mollusks from the upper Paraná river, Brazil, and their potentiality as intermediate hosts for digeneans - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v30i3.5018 / Composição e sazonalidade dos moluscos do alto rio Paraná, Brasil, e sua potencialidade como hospedeiros intermediários de digenéticos - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v30i3.5018

This study analyzes the composition and seasonality of mollusk species as potential intermediate hosts for digenean trematodes, and also supplies information regarding the possible infections by diplostomidae in that community, in lentic environments of the upper Paraná river floodplain. Ten species of mollusks were collected and analyzed, with noticeable seasonality in the density and abundance of mollusks, significantly correlated with water temperature. The highest values observed were in the period between November 2002 and February 2003. Only Biomphalaria peregrina was characterized as a host for diplostomidae, given that 32 cercariae of Hysteromorpha triloba were found in this species in March 2003.

Este trabalho analisa a composição e a sazonalidade das espécies de moluscos potenciais hospedeiros intermediários de trematódeos digenéticos, bem como fornece informações a respeito das possíveis infecções por diplostomídeos nesta comunidade, em ambientes lênticos da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Foram coletadas e analisadas dez espécies de moluscos, e houve nítida sazonalidade na densidade e abundância dos moluscos, correlacionada significativamente com a temperatura da água. Os maiores valores observados foram entre os meses de novembro de 2002 a fevereiro de 2003. Apenas Biomphalaria peregrina caracterizou-se como hospedeiro para Diplostomidae, pois nesta espécie foram encontradas 32 cercárias de Hysteromorpha triloba em março de 2003.

Considerations on the effect of anti-sandfly antibodies on biological parameters of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)

A imunização de hospedeiros vertebrados com componentes derivados de vetores pode se constituir numa estratégia alternativa para o controle de doenças transmitidas por insetos. No presente estudo avaliamos o efeito de anticorpos antiflebótomos sobre alguns parâmetros biológicos de fêmeas de Lutzomyia longipalpis, vetor de leishmaniose visceral. Coelhos foram imunizados com extratos de tubos digestivos de fêmeas alimentadas com açúcar (GS), fêmeas alimentadas com sangue (GB), carcaças de fêmeas alimentadas com açúcar (CS) ou carcaças de fêmeas alimentadas com sangue (CB), e coelho imunizado por repetidas picadas de fêmeas de flebótomos (BITE). Os soros imunes de coelhos apresentaram títulos aumentados quando comparados com os soros pré-imunes, e bandas específicas foram detectadas por meio de Western Blot. A análise dos parâmetros biológicos revelou um decréscimo na fecundidade no grupo de fêmeas alimentadas em coelho imunizado com GB e BITE. A longevidade e a mortalidade foram estudadas em fêmeas com postura (paridas) e fêmeas sem postura (nulíparas). Fêmeas nulíparas que se alimentaram em coelho imunizado por repetidas picadas morreram em maior percentual. A análise da mortalidade, após a postura dos ovos, revelou um pico no quinto dia em todos os grupos, mas em fêmeas que se alimentaram em coelho submetido a repetidas picadas, foi antecipada para o terceiro dia.

Considerations on the effect of anti-sandfly antibodies on biological parameters of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)

The immunization of vertebrate hosts with vector components may be an alternative for the control of diseases transmitted by insects. In the present study we evaluated the effects of anti-sandfly antibodies on some of the biological parameters of female Lutzomyia longipalpis, a vector of visceral leishmaniasis. Rabbits were immunized with extracts of gut from blood-fed (GB) or sugar-fed (GS) females, carcass of sugar-fed (CS) or blood-fed (CB) females, and with repeated sandfly bites (BITE). Immune sera showed increased antibody titers compared to pre-immunized animals, and specific bands were detected by Western Blot. An analysis of biological parameters revealed a decline in fecundity in the group of females fed on rabbits immunized with GB and BITE. Longevity and mortality were studied in females with oviposition (parous) and without oviposition (nulliparous). Nulliparous females that fed on rabbits immunized with bites died in the highest percentage. A mortality analysis after egg laying revealed a peak on the fifth day in all the groups, but females fed on rabbit subjected to repeated bites showed a shift towards the third day.

A imunização de hospedeiros vertebrados com componentes derivados de vetores pode se constituir numa estratégia alternativa para o controle de doenças transmitidas por insetos. No presente estudo avaliamos o efeito de anticorpos antiflebótomos sobre alguns parâmetros biológicos de fêmeas de Lutzomyia longipalpis, vetor de leishmaniose visceral. Coelhos foram imunizados com extratos de tubos digestivos de fêmeas alimentadas com açúcar (GS), fêmeas alimentadas com sangue (GB), carcaças de fêmeas alimentadas com açúcar (CS) ou carcaças de fêmeas alimentadas com sangue (CB), e coelho imunizado por repetidas picadas de fêmeas de flebótomos (BITE). Os soros imunes de coelhos apresentaram títulos aumentados quando comparados com os soros pré-imunes, e bandas específicas foram detectadas por meio de Western Blot. A análise dos parâmetros biológicos revelou um decréscimo na fecundidade no grupo de fêmeas alimentadas em coelho imunizado com GB e BITE. A longevidade e a mortalidade foram estudadas em fêmeas com postura (paridas) e fêmeas sem postura (nulíparas). Fêmeas nulíparas que se alimentaram em coelho imunizado por repetidas picadas morreram em maior percentual. A análise da mortalidade, após a postura dos ovos, revelou um pico no quinto dia em todos os grupos, mas em fêmeas que se alimentaram em coelho submetido a repetidas picadas, foi antecipada para o terceiro dia.

El desarrollo humano en la formación profesional de enfermería / Human development in formation of professional nursing staff

El propósito de la presente investigación fue identificar si se aplican y cómo se aplican las actitudes básicas de la relación de ayuda en el "enfoque centrado en la persona" durante la práctica clínica de los alumnos de enfermería. Se trabajó con 22 alumnos en un estudio cualitativo con orientación etnográfica utilizando la observación participante y entrevista no estructurada, mediante audio grabaciones y notas de campo. Los aspectos evaluados fueron: empatía, interés positivo incondicional, congruencia y respeto. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, quedó de manifiesto que el proceso de formación teórica que sustenta el desarrollo del ser humano acrecentando sus valores como persona y profesional, se reflejan en el proceso de atención, situación encontrada al ser referida por las alumnos en las entrevistas y corroborado a través de la observación. Lo anterior demuestra que, dentro del proceso de formación de licenciados en enfermería, el desarrollo humano propicia una actitud diferente ante el paciente, y éste nota la diferencia, manifestándola mediante la satisfacción en la atención.

This investigation was directed to application of the basic attitudes on the aid relation of the person-centered approach and how they were given. This investigation was done during the clinic practice of 22 nursing students, trough a qualitative study with ethnographic orientation using the participating observation and non-structured interview, with resources as audio recordings and notes. The evaluated aspects were: empathy, unconditional positive interest, coherence and respect. According with the obtained results, it was concluded that the process of the theoretical formation, that sustains the human development, increasing its values as a person and professional, are reflected in the nursing process, situation referred by the students in the interviews and corroborated throughout the observation. This showed that inside of nursing bachelor formation process, the human development causes different attitudes in front of patients, and they know the difference, declaring it by means of the satisfaction in the delivery of care.

Characterization of constitutive and putative differentially expressed mRNAs by means of expressed sequence tags, differential display reverse transcriptase-PCR and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR from the sand fly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis

Molecular studies of insect disease vectors are of paramount importance for understanding parasite-vector relationship. Advances in this area have led to important findings regarding changes in vectors' physiology upon blood feeding and parasite infection. Mechanisms for interfering with the vectorial capacity of insects responsible for the transmission of diseases such as malaria, Chagas disease and dengue fever are being devised with the ultimate goal of developing transgenic insects. A primary necessity for this goal is information on gene expression and control in the target insect. Our group is investigating molecular aspects of the interaction between Leishmania parasites and Lutzomyia sand flies. As an initial step in our studies we have used random sequencing of cDNA clones from two expression libraries made from head/thorax and abdomen of sugar fed L. longipalpis for the identification of expressed sequence tags (EST). We applied differential display reverse transcriptase-PCR and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR to characterize differentially expressed mRNA from sugar and blood fed insects, and, in one case, from a L. (V.) braziliensis-infected L. longipalpis. We identified 37 cDNAs that have shown homology to known sequences from GeneBank. Of these, 32 cDNAs code for constitutive proteins such as zinc finger protein, glutamine synthetase, G binding protein, ubiquitin conjugating enzyme. Three are putative differentially expressed cDNAs from blood fed and Leishmania-infected midgut, a chitinase, a V-ATPase and a MAP kinase. Finally, two sequences are homologous to Drosophila melanogaster gene products recently discovered through the Drosophila genome initiative

Amibiasis cutanea: cultivo y caracterizacion enzimatica de una cepa. / Cutaneous amebiasis: culture and enzymatic characterization of a strain

Se describe el caso de una lactante de 13 meses de edad con lesiones ulcerativas en piel de region vulvar y perineal. De dichas lesiones se obtuvo Entamoeba histolytica que se cultivo en un medio monoxenico y luego se caracterizo como del zimotipo II segun Sargeaunt. Igualmente se demostro la presencia de una cepa del mismo zimotipo en las heces de un familiar. Se concluye que la cepa mencionada fue la responsable de las lesiones y que en regiones de alta incidencia de amibiasis intestinal, se debe tener presente esta posibilidad diagnostica. Es el primer informe sobre la caracterizacion enzimatica de Entamoeba histolytica aislada de lesiones cutaneas. Los resultados demuestran que esta cepa se clasifica en el mismo grupo II en el cual Sargeaunt ha incluido los trofozoitos patogenos que ulceran la mucosa del intestino

Alterations in the morphology of the external genitalia of Panstrongylus megistus (Burm., 1835), caused by treatment with a juvenile hormone analogue (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae).

Sao dsecritas as alteracoes observadas na genitalia externa de adultoides e ninfas extranumenarias de sexto estadio de Panstrongylus megistus, produzidas pela acao do analogo do hormonio juvenil N-(2,5-diclorofenil)-3,7-dimentil-2,6-octadienilamina. Na maioria dos machos observou-se parametros atrofiados e falo mal constituido. Estas alteracoes de um modo geral, eram mais pronunciadas quanto maior fosse o grau de juvenilizacao dos insetos analizados. Nas femeas o conjunto das placas genitais apresentou-se sempre completo porem com alteracoes principalmente nos gonocoxitos do oitavo e nono segmento, como tambem nas gonapofises do nono segmento