Why are the rates of cesarean section in Brazil higher in more developed cities than in less developed ones?

The objective of the present study was to investigate factors associated with cesarean sections in two cities located in different regions of Brazil and to determine factors that explain the higher cesarean section rate in the more developed city, Ribeirão Preto, compared to the less developed one, São Luís. Data from two cohort studies comprising 2846 women in Ribeirão Preto in 1994, and 2443 women in São Luís in 1997/1998 were used. Adjusted and non-adjusted risk estimates were calculated using a Poisson regression model. The cesarean section rate was 33.7 percent in São Luís and 50.8 percent in Ribeirão Preto. Adjusted analysis in a joint sequential model revealed a 51 percent higher risk of cesarean section in Ribeirão Preto compared to São Luís (prevalence rate ratio (PRR) = 1.51). Adjustment for category of hospital admission reduced the PRR to 1.09, i.e., this variable explained 82 percent of the difference in the cesarean section rate between the two cities. Adjustment for the variable "the same physician for prenatal care and delivery" reduced the PRR to 1.07, with the "physician" factor explaining 86 percent of the difference between rates. When simultaneously adjusted for the two variables, the PRR decreased to 1.05, with these two variables explaining 90 percent of the difference in the cesarean section rate between the two cities, and the difference was no longer significant. The difference in the cesarean section rate between the two Brazilian cities, one more and one less developed, was mainly explained by the physician factor and, to a lesser extent, by the category of hospital admission.

Do socioeconomic factors explain why maternal smoking during pregnancy is more frequent in a more developed city of Brazil?

The prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in Ribeirão Preto, a rich Brazilian city, was significantly higher (21.4 percent) than in São Luís (5.9 percent), a less developed city. To assess which variables explain the difference in prevalence of smoking during pregnancy, data from two birth cohorts were used, including 2846 puerperae from Ribeirão Preto, in 1994, and 2443 puerperae from São Luís, in 1997/98. In multivariable analysis, risk of maternal smoking during pregnancy was higher in São Luís for mothers living in a household with five or more persons (OR = 1.72, 95 percentCI = 1.12-2.64), aged 35 years or older (OR = 1.98, 95 percentCI = 0.99-3.96), who had five or more children (OR = 2.10, 95 percentCI = 1.16-3.81), and whose companion smoked (OR = 2.20, 95 percentCI = 1.52-3.18). Age of less than 20 years was a protective factor (OR = 0.55, 95 percentCI = 0.33-0.92). In Ribeirão Preto there was association with maternal low educational level (OR = 2.18, 95 percentCI = 1.30-3.65) and with a smoking companion (OR = 3.25, 95 percentCI = 2.52-4.18). Receiving prenatal care was a protective factor (OR = 0.24, 95 percentCI = 0.11-0.49). Mothers from Ribeirão Preto who worked outside the home were at a higher risk and those aged 35 years or older or who attended five or more prenatal care visits were at lower risk of smoking during pregnancy as compared to mothers from São Luís. Smoking by the companion reduced the difference between smoking rates in the two cities by 10 percent. The socioeconomic variables in the model did not explain the higher prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the more developed city.

Inadequate utilization of prenatal care in two Brazilian birth cohorts

Data for two birth cohorts from two Brazilian municipalities, Ribeirão Preto in 1994 and São Luís in 1997/1998, were used to identify and compare factors associated with inadequate utilization of prenatal care and to identify factors capable of explaining the differences observed between the two cities. Prenatal care was defined as adequate or inadequate according to the recommendations of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The chi-square test and Poisson regression were used to compare differences in the inadequacy of prenatal care utilization. The percentage of inadequacy was higher in São Luís (34.6 percent) than in Ribeirão Preto (16.9 percent). Practically the same variables were associated with inadequacy in both cities. Puerperae with lower educational level, without a companion or cohabiting, who delivered in public health units, younger than 20 years, multiparae and smokers, with low family income presented higher percentages of inadequate prenatal care utilization. However, the effects of some variables differed between the two cities. The risk for inadequate use of prenatal care was higher for women attended in the public health sector in São Luís and for cohabiting women in Ribeirão Preto. The effect of the remaining factors studied did not differ between cities. The category of admission accounted for 57.0 percent of the difference in the inadequate use of prenatal care between cities and marital status accounted for 45.3 percent of the difference. Even after adjustment for all variables, part of the difference in the inadequacy of prenatal care utilization remained unexplained.

Hemoglobina E alfa-2 beta-2(26) glutamico-lisina (Hb E alfa-2 beta-2(26). Glu-Lis). / Hemoglobin E alpha2 beta2(26) glutamic-lysine (Hb E alpha2 beta2(26) Glu leads to Lys)

Descrevemos uma familia brasileira de ascendencia indiana, com Hb E. Esta paciente tem um dos avos paternos natural da India e os avos maternos originarios da Escandinavia, Suecia. A identificacao desta hemoglobina permitiu elucidar a origem racial. A Hb E, que tem a mesma mobilidade da Hb C e O em pH alcalino, foi diferenciada desta pela eletroforese em agar pH 6,2, segundo Robbinson onde a Hb E tem mobilidade similar a da Hb A1. O estudo do "Fingerprinting" demonstrou tratar-se da Hb E alfa-2 beta-2(26) Glu-Lys, como foi descrita por Hunt & col. e Frischer & col. Os dois casos estudados nao apresentavam anemia e os pacientes levam vida normal