¿Cuál es la calidad de vida de los adultos con vitiligo en México? / What is the quality of life of adults with vitiligo in Mexico?

Resumen Introducción: El vitiligo es incurable, lentamente progresivo, su prevalencia varía de 0.4 a 2.0 %. La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) se refiere al bienestar autopercibido asociado a la presencia de una enfermedad y su tratamiento. Métodos: Estudio transversal en un centro dermatológico. Se incluyeron adultos con vitiligo no segmentario (VNS), en tanto que se excluyeron pacientes con otros trastornos pigmentarios y otros tipos de vitiligo. Se aplicó el cuestionario VitiQoL (0 = sin afectación, 90 = máxima afectación), el Vitiligo Extent Score (VES) y el Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI). Resultados: Participaron 492 pacientes, 63 % mujeres. Se obtuvieron 32.6 puntos de promedio en el VitiQoL (IC 95 % = 30.6-34.5). La autopercepción de gravedad y la CVRS se correlacionaron (r = 0.568, p < 0.001). La edad, el sexo femenino, la menor educación y la mayor gravedad autopercibida se asociaron a peor CVRS. La proporción de personas que reportaron una adicción fue similar en los grupos con peor y mejor CVRS (28 % versus 32 %, p = 0.23). Conclusión: La peor CVRS se explica por la autopercepción de gravedad, preocupación por la progresión de la enfermedad, aspecto de la piel y acciones necesarias para evitar la exposición al sol durante la recreación.

Abstract Introduction: Vitiligo is an incurable, slowly progressive skin condition, the prevalence of which ranges from 0.4 to 2.0%. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) refers to self-perceived well-being associated with the presence of a disease and its treatment. Methods: Cross-sectional study at a dermatological center. Adults with non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) were included, while patients with other pigmentary disorders and other types of vitiligo were excluded. The VitiQoL questionnaire (0 = no skin involvement, 90 = maximum skin involvement), the Vitiligo Extent Score (VES) and the Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) were applied. Results: 492 patients did participate; 63% were women. An average score of 32.6 was obtained on VitiQoL (95% CI = 30.6-34.5). Self-perception of severity and HRQoL were correlated (r = 0.568, p < 0.001). Age, the female gender, lower education and higher self-perceived severity were associated with poorer HRQoL. The proportion of subjects who reported an addiction was similar in the worst and best HRQoL groups (28% vs. 32%, p = 0.23). Conclusion: Poorer HRQoL is explained by severity self-perception, concern about disease progression, appearance of the skin and necessary actions to avoid sun exposure during recreation.

Ketamine impact on intraocular pressure of children: a systematic review and qualitative synthesis of evidence / Impacto de la ketamina sobre la presión intraocular en niños: revisión sistemática y síntesis cualitativa de la literatura

Abstract Introduction: Intraocular pressure (IOP) measuring in children is a defiant challenge for ophthalmologists due to the unwillingness to collaborate of patient; therefore, it is necessary to perform these examinations under anesthesia (EUA) in order to facilitate the measuring. Among the anesthetic drugs, ketamine is safe in both children and adults and different studies have stated that it might have lower impact on IOP than other anesthetic drugs. Objective: To determine whether ketamine has any impact on IOP in pediatric patients. Also, defining if this drug can be recommended to perform EUA in children with glaucoma. Methods: Systematic review of literature was conducted including articles published in Ovid, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and LILACS from January 1970 to February 2019. The studies included were those with patients aged under 18 years to whom ocular tonometry had been performed. Intervention consisted on administering ketamine and the primary outcome to be assessed was changes in IOP after ketamine administration. Intra operative and postoperative complications were also assessed as secondary outcomes. Report is made according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. Results: Nine studies were selected for the systematic review. The administration of ketamine and its effects on intraocular pressure values were described in 293 children. Three studies found rising of intraocular pressure and 6 little or clinically not significant changes. Conclusion: In children, there is low-quality evidence that suggests a minimal impact of ketamine on IOP modification. Better quality studies (controlled clinical trials) are required to clearly recommend the use of ketamine to perform EUA in children with glaucoma.

Resumen Introducción: La medición de la presión intraocular (PIO) en niños es desafiante para el oftalmólogo debido a la falta de colaboración por parte del paciente; esto hace necesario llevar a cabo estos exámenes bajo anestesia (EBA) para facilitar la medición. Entre los medicamentos anestésicos generales, la ketamina es segura tanto en adultos como en niños, y se ha planteado en varios estudios que puede tener menor efecto sobre la PIO que otros fármacos anestésicos. Objetivo: Determinar si la ketamina tiene un efecto sobre la presión intraocular en población pediátrica. De esta manera, definir si es recomendable utilizar este medicamento para realizar los exámenes bajo anestesia general en niños con diagnóstico de glaucoma. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura de los artículos publicados en Ovid, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane y LILACS desde enero de 1970 hasta febrero de 2019. Se incluyeron aquellos estudios con pacientes menores de 18 años en quienes se realizó tonometría ocular. La intervención fue la administración de ketamina y se evaluó como desenlace primario los cambios en la PIO después de su administración. También se evaluaron las complicaciones intra y posoperatorias como desenlaces secundarios. Se reporta de acuerdo con los lineamientos PRISMA. Resultados: Un total de nueve artículos se incluyeron para la revisión sistemática; en 293 niños se describió la administración de ketamina y medición de presión intraocular después de la misma. Tres estudios encontraron elevación de la PIO y seis refieren cambios mínimos o sin significancia clínica. Conclusiones: En niños existe evidencia de baja calidad que sugiere un impacto mínimo de la ketamina sobre la modificación en la PIO. Se requieren estudios de mejor calidad (ensayos clínicos controlados) que permitan crear una recomendación clara sobre el uso de este medicamento para realizar EBA en niños con glaucoma.

Trasplante de materia fecal en pacientes octogenarios con infección recurrente por Clostridioides difficile / Transplantation of fecal matter in octogenarian patients with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection

Resumen La infección por Clostridioides (previamente Clostridium) difficile se ha convertido en un problema de salud importante debido al aumento en su incidencia, gravedad y recurrencia. En este último escenario, una edad mayor de 65 años ha sido asociada a una evolución más desfavorable. Factores de riesgo como la presencia de una inmunidad alterada, co-morbilidades, malnutrición, polifarmacia y cambios en la microbiota intestinal explicarían este mayor riesgo a mayor edad. El trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF) es una estrategia efectiva en el tratamiento de la infección recurrente por Clostridioides difficile cuando la terapia estándar fracasa. Guías publicadas recientemente sugieren que esta estrategia puede ser utilizada a partir de la segunda recurrencia. Sin embargo, escasos estudios han evaluado los resultados del TMF en pacientes mayores de 65 años y para nuestro conocimiento existe una escasa experiencia nacional en este grupo de pacientes. Presentamos dos casos de TMF en pacientes octogenarios con una infección recurrente por Clostridioides difficile, con una evolución satisfactoria a largo plazo.

Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile infection has become a major health problem due to the increase in its incidence, severity, and recurrence. In this last scenario, age over 65 has been associated with a more unfavorable evolution. Risk factors such as the presence of altered immunity, comorbidities, malnutrition, polypharmacy, and changes in the intestinal microbiota would explain this higher risk in this group of patients. On the other hand, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective strategy in the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection when standard therapy fails. Recently published guidelines suggest that this strategy can be used from the second recurrence. However, few studies have evaluated the results of the FMT in patients over 65 years old, and for our knowledge, there is limited national experience in this group of patients. We present two cases of TMF in octogenarian patients with a recurrent infection due to Clostridioides difficile, with satisfactory recovery at the long term.

Experiencia del trasplante de microbiota fecal a través de colonoscopía en el tratamiento de la infección por Clostridium difficile recurrente / Fecal microbiota transplantation through colonoscopy for Clostridium difficile recurrent infection: report of eight cases

Background: Most cases of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) respond to a standard course of antibiotics, however recurrent CDI is becoming common and alternative therapeutic strategies are needed. In this scenario, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been suggested. Aim: To describe the efficacy and safety of FMT for the treatment of recurrent CDI. Patients and Methods: Review of medical records of all patients with recurrent CDI treated with FMT between April 2013 and April 2017. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted including details of treatment prior to FMT, rate of FMT treatment success and clinical course during follow-up period. Telephone surveys were conducted to determine patient satisfaction. Results: Eight patients aged 19 to 82 years (six women) underwent FMT. They experienced a median of four previous episodes of CDI (range 3-8). The mean duration of CDI was 18 days (range 3-36) before FMT. All procedures were performed by colonoscopy. Effectiveness with one session of FMT was 100%. During the follow-up period (median 24 months, range 7-55), two patients developed CDI, one of them after using antibiotics. Adverse events were reported in three patients. Two had bloating and one patient with Crohn's disease and a history of bacteremia had an episode of Escherichia coli bacteremia. All patients would use FMT again if necessary. Conclusions: FMT through colonoscopy appears to be a safe, effective and long-lasting therapy in cases of recurrent CDI.

Coinfección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana y micobacterias en un hospital universitario de alta complejidad en Colombia / Co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus and mycobacteria in a tertiary referral hospital in Colombia

Antecedentes: La coinfección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y micobacterias tiene un efecto dual; el riesgo de enfermedad extrapulmonar y diseminada por micobacterias se incrementa y la progresión de la enfermedad VIH se acelera. La tuberculosis (TB) es la entidad que más amenaza la vida en estos pacientes. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo. Objetivo: Determinar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y el perfil de resistencia en los pacientes con coinfección VIH y micobacterias. Resultados: De 159 pacientes con diagnóstico de infección por VIH, 44 (27,7%) tenían coinfección por micobacterias. La edad promedio fue de 36,7 años ± 11,3. El 86% fueron hombres. Al ingreso 66% tenía síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA), 20% historia de TB y 11% historia de otras enfermedades de transmisión sexual. El 50% tenía linfocitos T CD4 <50/mm³. Las principales comorbilidades fueron neoplasias hematológicas 11%, insuficiencia cardiaca 4,5% y enfermedad linfoproliferativa 4,5%. La incidencia anual fue de 4,6%. Las formas diseminadas fueron el 54% de los casos. Se identificó M. tuberculosisen 77,3%, micobacterias no tuberculosas (MNT) en 18,3% y en el 4,5% no fue posible establecerla especie. El 2,5% de los aislamientos de M. tuberculosis fueron multifarmacorresistentes (TB-MDR) y en 18,2% se identificó resistencia a un solo fármaco o resistencia combinada. En el 54%de los pacientes se documentó compromiso pulmonar. La letalidad fue del 9,1%. Conclusión: En nuestros pacientes, la infección por M. tuberculosis es la más frecuente y es llamativa la alta prevalencia de resistencia al menos a un fármaco y la TB-MDR. Las infecciones por MNT son cada vez más frecuentes. Las formas diseminadas y extrapulmonares son muy importantes. La incidencia anual es alta.

Background: Co-infection with the human inmunodeficiency virus (HIV) and mycobacteria hasa synergistic effect; the risk of extrapulmonary and disseminated mycobacterium disease isincreased and the progression of HIV disease is accelerated. Tuberculosis (TB) is the entity thatis most life threatening to these patients. Methodology: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study. Objective: To determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and the resistanceprofile in patients coinfected with HIV and mycobacteria. Results: Of 159 patients diagnosed with HIV, 44 (27.7%) patients were co-infected with myco-bacteria. The average age was 36.7 years ± 11.3. Some 86% were men. At admission, 66% hadacquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 20% a history of TB and 11% a history of othersexually transmitted diseases. A total of 50% reported a count of CD4 lymphocytes less than50 cells/mm 3 . Major comorbidities were haematological malignancies in 11%, heart failure in4.5%, and lymphoproliferative disease in 4.5%. The annual incidence was 4.6%. Disseminatedforms were found in 54% of cases. M. tuberculosis was identified in 77.3%, non-tuberculousmycobacteria (NTM) in 18.3% and in 4.5%, it was not possible to establish the species. Some2.5% of isolates of M. tuberculosis were multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and 18.2% were resistantto a single drug or had combined resistance. There was documented pulmonary involvement In54% of patients. Mortality was 9.1%. Conclusion: In our patients, infection with M. tuberculosis was the most common and the highprevalence of resistance to at least one drug and MDR-TB was striking. NTM infections are becoming more common. The extra-pulmonary and disseminated forms are common, and annual incidence is high.

On cognitive ecology and the environmental factors that promote Alzheimer disease: lessons from Octodon degus (Rodentia: Octodontidae)

Cognitive ecologist posits that the more efficiently an animal uses information from the biotic and abiotic environment, the more adaptive are its cognitive abilities. Nevertheless, this approach does not test for natural neurodegenerative processes under field or experimental conditions, which may recover animals information processing and decision making and may explain, mechanistically, maladaptive behaviors. Here, we call for integrative approaches to explain the relationship between ultimate and proximate mechanisms behind social behavior. We highlight the importance of using the endemic caviomorph rodent Octodon degus as a valuable natural model for mechanistic studies of social behavior and to explain how physical environments can shape social experiences that might influence impaired cognitive abilities and the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease. We consequently suggest neuroecological approaches to examine how key elements of the environment may affect neural and cognitive mechanisms associated with learning, memory processes and brain structures involved in social behavior. We propose the following three core objectives of a program comprising interdisciplinary research in O. degus, namely: (1) to determine whether diet types provided after weaning can lead to cognitive impairment associated with spatial memory, learning and predisposing to develop Alzheimer disease in younger ages; (2) to examine if early life social experience has long term effects on behavior and cognitive responses and risk for development Alzheimer disease in later life and (3) To determine if an increase of social interactions in adult degu reared in different degree of social stressful conditions alter their behavior and cognitive responses.

Trasplante de microbiota fecal en infección recurrente por Clostridium difficile: Experiencia local a partir de un caso clínico / Fecal microbiota transplantation in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: Report of one case

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has an incomparable efficacy to treat recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, with near 90% of success. We report a 57 years old woman who developed an antibiotic associated diarrhea with a positive polymerase chain reaction test for Clostridium Difficile toxin. She was successfully treated with Vancomycin trice but diarrhea recurred. Therefore a fecal microbiota transplant was performed using solid stools from a relative, diluted in saline and instilled in the distal ileon, with a good clinical response, without recurrence of diarrhea, during a 6-month follow-up.

Trasplante de microbiota fecal: primer caso reportado en Chile y revisión de la literatura / Fecal microbiota transplantation: first case report in Chile and review

Clostridium difficile (CD) infection is increasing in frequency and severity in in-hospital and outpatient clinical settings, with a recurrence that can reach 30% after first episode. The recurrences are usually treated with longer courses of metronidazole or vancomycin. Other treatments have been used, such as probiotics, fidaxomicin, rifaximin, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies against toxins A and B. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a promising strategy in this group of patients, with effectiveness greater than 90%. We present the first case reported in Chile of this therapeutic strategy in a patient with Crohn's disease and recurrent CD infection who presented after the fecal transplantation an Escherichia coli bacteremia, suggesting the need for caution in the use of this strategy. 10 months after the FMT the patient presented a new episode of E. coli bacteremia and two episodes of diarrhea due to CD infection, treated both of them with vancomycin with good clinical response.

La infección por Clostridium difficile (CD) está aumentando en frecuencia y gravedad tanto a nivel intrahospitalario como ambulatorio, con una recurrencia que puede alcanzar hasta 30% después de un primer episodio. Los cuadros recurrentes son generalmente tratados con cursos prolongados de metronidazol y/o vancomicina. Otras terapias han sido sugeridas como el uso de probióticos, fidaxomicina, rifaximina, inmunoglobulina y anticuerpos monoclonales para toxina A y B. El trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF) ha emergido como una estrategia promisoria en este grupo de pacientes con una efectividad mayor a 90%. Presentamos el primer caso reportado en Chile de esta estrategia terapéutica en un paciente con enfermedad de Crohn y CD recurrente, quien presentó una bacteriemia por Escherichia coli post-TMF, sugiriendo la necesidad de tener precaución con el uso de esta estrategia. El paciente presentó a los 10 meses post-TMF un nuevo episodio de bacteriemia por E. coli y dos episodios de diarrea por CD siendo tratados ambos cuadros con vancomicina con buena respuesta clínica.