Desarrollo y validación de la Escala de Mortalidad Neonatal-9 México para predecir la mortalidad en neonatos críticamente enfermos / Development and validation of the Neonatal Mortality Score-9 Mexico to predict mortality in critically ill neonates

Introducción. Las escalas pronósticas son de utilidad para el médico que ejerce en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales. Existen escalas neonatales validadas, en su mayoría para neonatos de bajo peso al nacer. El objetivo fue crear y validar una escala predictora de mortalidad en neonatos que incluyera nuevas variables pronósticas. Población y métodos. Se realizó el estudio en un hospital materno-infantil de la ciudad de México, del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. En la primera fase, se diseñó un estudio de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte (neonatos ingresados con criterios de gravedad durante el primer día de vida), en el que se identificó y construyó una escala con parámetros graduales de puntuación acumulativa de nueve variables independientes para predecir muerte: peso, acidemia metabólica, lactato, paO2/FiO2, p(A-a) O2, A/a, plaquetas y glucosa sérica. La validación se realizó en una cohorte prospectiva, de las mismas características, tomando como variable de desenlace la mortalidad hasta el séptimo día. Resultados. La cohorte incipiente estuvo conformada por 424 neonatos. Se seleccionaron 22 casos y 132 controles, y se identificaron 9 variables, que conformaron la escala nombrada escala de mortalidad neonatal-9 México. La cohorte de validación estuvo integrada por 227 neonatos. Se registraron 44 (19%) defunciones, con un área bajo la curva de 0,92. Con una puntuación de entre 16 y 18, se reportó un hazard ratio de 85 (11-102), una especificidad de 99%, un valor predictivo positivo de 71% y un valor predictivo negativo de 90%. Conclusiones. La escala propuesta es un instrumento fiable para predecir la gravedad en neonatos.

Introduction. Prognostic scales or scores are useful for physicians who work in neonatal intensive care units. There are several validated neonatal scores but they are mostly applicable to low birth weight infants. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a mortality prognostic score in newborn infants, that would include new prognostic outcome measures. Population and Methods. The study was conducted in a mother and child hospital in the city of Mexico, part of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexican Institute of Social Security). In the first phase of the study, a nested case-control study was designed (newborn infants admitted on the basis of severity criteria during the first day of life), in which a scale was identified and developed with gradual parameters of cumulative score consisting of nine independent outcome measures to predict death, as follows: weight, metabolic acidemia, lactate, PaO2/FiO2, p(A-a) O2, A/a, platelets and serum glucose.Validation was performed in a matched prospective cohort, using 7-day mortality as an endpoint. Results. The initial cohort consisted of 424 newborn infants. Twenty-two cases and 132 controls were selected; and 9 outcome measures were identified, making up the scale named neonatal mortality score-9 Mexico. The validation cohort consisted of 227 newborn infants. Forty-four (19%) deaths were recorded, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.92. With a score between 16 and 18, an 85 (11-102) hazard ratio, 99% specificity, 71% positive predictive value and 90% negative predictive value were reported. Conclusions .The proposed scale is a reliable tool to predict severity in newborn infants.

Heterogeneous methodology of racial/ethnic classification may be responsible for the different risk assessments for prostate cancer between Black and White men in Brazil

Objectives To evaluate if the different results of prostate cancer risk between black and white Brazilian men may be associated with the varying methodology used to define participants as either Blacks or Whites. Patients and Methods We evaluated median PSA values, rate of PSA level ≥4.0 ng/mL, indications for prostate biopsy, prostate cancer detection rate, biopsy/cancer rate, cancer/biopsy rate, and the relative risk of cancer between blacks versus whites, blacks versus non-blacks (browns and whites), non-whites (browns and blacks) versus whites, African versus non-African descendants, and African descendants or blacks versus non-African descendants and non-blacks. Results From 1544 participants, there were 51.4% whites, 37.2% browns, 11.4% blacks, and 5.4% African descendants. Median PSA level was 0.9 ng/mL in whites, browns, and non-African descendants, compared to 1.2 ng/mL in blacks, and African descendants or blacks, and 1.3 ng/mL in African descendants. Indications for prostate biopsy were present in 16.9% for African descendants, 15.9% of black, 12.3% of white, 11.4% for non-African descendants, and 9.9% of brown participants. Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 30.3% of performed biopsies: 6.2% of African descendants, 5.1% of blacks, 3.3% of whites, 3.0% of non-African descendants, and 2.6% of browns. Conclusions Median PSA values were higher for Blacks versus Whites in all classification systems, except for non-white versus white men. The rate of prostate biopsy, prostate cancer detection rate, and relative risk for cancer was increased in African descendants, and African descendants or blacks, compared to non-African descendants, and non-African descendants and non-blacks, respectively. .

Consideraciones éticas del diagnóstico prenatal de la enfermedad de Huntington / Ethical considerations in the prenatal diagnosis of Huntington's disease

La enfermedad de Huntington (EH) es una condición neurodegenerativa de origen genético por la expansión de repetidos de trinucleótidos que codifican tractos de poliglutamina. Tiene un modelo de herencia autosómico dominante, de inicio en la vida adulta, que suele presentarse entre los 37 y 55 años, con una esperanza de vida de 15 años después de iniciados los síntomas. Se encuentra asociada a la generación de movimientos involuntarios, desarrollo de alteraciones psiquiátricas y deterioro cognitivo. El diagnóstico es clínico y molecular, una vez iniciados los síntomas. Existen dos maneras de realizar una detección temprana en aquellas parejas con sospecha o con diagnóstico confirmatorio de alguno de sus miembros: mediante el abordaje prenatal y preimplantación. La postura actual sobre la realización del diagnóstico antenatal sólo se realiza en aquellas parejas que desean interrumpir el embarazo. En el presente ensayo, se analiza esta postura mediante el principialismo médico, concluyendo lo siguiente: en cuestión de autonomía, no se respeta la integridad del ser humano portador de la enfermedad. No es justo realizar una prueba para determinar la conducta de interrumpir el embarazo cuando existen otras enfermedades con pronósticos similares que no cuentan con la misma oportunidad de diagnóstico. Se viola la beneficencia y la no maleficencia al promover la muerte. Sugerimos que la participación del médico debe impulsar la mejor situación para ofrecer la noticia de la confirmación diagnóstica, preparando a la familia y al paciente en los aspectos emocional, físico y nutricional para el momento en que se inicien los síntomas.

Huntington disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by expanded trinucleotides which encode polyglutamine tracts. The disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with onset in adult life, normally between 37 to 55 years. Once the symptoms have started, life expectancy will be 15 years. The diagnosis is clinical and molecular after the establishment of the symptomatology. It is characterized by involuntary movements, psychiatric illness and cognitive impairment. There are two ways to approach the antenatal diagnosis in couples with familial background: prenatal and preimplantation. The current posture related to antenatal diagnosis is only for couples that desire termination of the pregnancy. This essay discusses this situation through medical principlism, and arrives to the following conclusions: regarding the principles of autonomy and integrity of the human being, the carrier of the disease is not respected. It does not seem fair to perform a test to determine the behavior of ending a life during pregnancy, while there are other diseases with similar prognosis that do not have the same diagnostic possibilities. This violates the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, promoting death. We suggest that medical participation must promote the best conditions to confirm the diagnosis, and prepare both family and patient concerning the emotional, physical and nutritional aspects for the moment of the onset of the symptomatology.

Prevalence and risk factors for scrotal lesions/anomalies in a cohort of Brazilian men ? 40 years of age / Prevalência e fatores de risco de lesões escrotais em uma população de brasileiros com idade ? 40 anos

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for cutaneous lesions of the scrotum and intrascrotal lesions/anomalies among men included in a prostatic cancer screening program in a Brazilian metropolitan city. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study, private outpatient healthcare service. METHODS: 1731 men aged 40 years or over, participating in a prostate cancer screening program conducted by the municipal public employees' healthcare system, underwent systematic urological assessment by a single examiner. RESULTS: The prevalence of scrotal diseases in our sample was 44.7% (773/1731). Tinea cruris occurred in 203 (11.7%) of the participants, with higher risk among diabetics and lower prevalence among nonwhite individuals; scrotal tinea in eight (0.5%), with higher risk among hypertensive men; subcutaneous nodules in 12 (0.7%), especially in individuals with low schooling level; hydrocele in 283 (16.4%), with higher frequency among participants over the age of 60 years, diabetics or individuals with previous histories of nonspecific urethritis; spermatoceles in 174 (10.1%), with greater prevalence among individuals over the age of 60 years or diabetics, and lower frequency among individuals who underwent vasectomy; unilateral testicular hypotrophy/atrophy in 167 (9.7%) and bilateral hypotrophy/atrophy in 93 (5.4%), both occurring more frequently in individuals over the age of 60 years; absence of palpable testicles due to cryptorchidism in 7 (0.4%); and epididymitis/orchitis in 5 (0.3%), with higher prevalence among diabetics. No cases of cancer were identified in this sample. CONCLUSIONS: Scrotal diseases were highly prevalent in this population of Brazilian men. .

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência e fatores de risco de lesões cutâneas do escroto e de lesões/anomalias intraescrotais entre participantes de programa de rastreamento para câncer de próstata em uma cidade metropolitana brasileira. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal, serviço privado de atendimento ambulatorial à saúde. MÉTODOS: 1.731 homens com idade igual ou superior a 40 anos, participantes do programa de rastreamento de câncer de próstata conduzido pelo sistema de saúde dos funcionários públicos municipais, foram submetidos à avaliação urológica sistemática por um único examinador. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de doenças escrotais nossa amostra foi de 44.7% (773/1731). Tinea cruris ocorreu em 203 (11,7%) dos participantes, com maior risco em diabéticos e menor prevalência em indivíduos não brancos; tinea escrotal em oito (0,5%), com maior risco em homens hipertensos; nódulos subcutâneos em 12 (0,7%), especialmente em indivíduos com baixa escolaridade; hidrocele em 283 (16,4%), com maior frequência nos participantes com mais de 60 anos, diabetes ou história prévia de uretrite inespecífica; espermatoceles em 174 (10,1%), com maior prevalência acima dos 60 anos de idade ou com diabetes, e menor frequência naqueles submetidos a vasectomia; hipotrofia/atrofia testicular unilateral em 167 (9,7%) e hipotrofia/atrofia bilateral em 93 (5,4%), ambas ocorrendo mais frequentemente nos indivíduos com mais de 60 anos; ausência de testículos palpáveis devido à criptorquidia em 7 (0,4%); e epididimite/orquite em 5 (0,3%), com prevalência aumentada em diabéticos. Não foram identificados casos de câncer nesta amostra. CONCLUSÕES: As doenças escrotais foram altamente prevalentes nesta população ...

Reconstrução nasal complexa: opções cirúrgicas numa série de casos / Complex nasal reconstruction: surgical options in a series of cases

INTRODUÇÃO: As reconstruções nasais complexas têm alcançado alto nível de sofisticação, enfatizando-se a necessidade de substituir os tecidos nasais por outros similares. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever uma série de casos de pacientes submetidos a reconstrução nasal complexa secundária a ressecções oncológicas ou trauma. MÉTODO: Foi considerado defeito nasal complexo, e, consequentemente, sua reconstrução, aquele que acometia mucosa, suporte cartilaginoso e pele nasal, simultaneamente. O tipo de reconstrução foi definido de acordo com a localização e o tamanho do defeito, mas sempre incluiu reconstrução da mucosa, suporte cartilaginoso e pele nasal simultaneamente. RESULTADOS: Dez pacientes foram submetidos a reconstrução complexa do nariz, sendo 8 do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 53 anos. A reconstrução da mucosa foi feita com retalho septal condromucoso contralateral, mucoso ipsilateral ou retalho cutâneo malar em cambalhota. O suporte cartilaginoso foi realizado com enxerto de cartilagem septal e conchal e a cobertura cutânea, com retalho paramediano frontal. Não foi observado nenhum caso de hematoma, necrose ou infecção. Os pacientes que tiveram a reconstrução da mucosa realizada com retalhos mucosos referiam que respiravam normalmente, ao contrário dos pacientes submetidos a reconstrução com retalho dermogorduroso em cambalhota, que referiam obstrução ao fluxo aéreo. CONCLUSÕES: A reconstrução de defeitos nasais complexos se constitui num desafio para o cirurgião plástico. A substituição dos tecidos nasais por outros similares promove melhor resultado tanto estético como funcional possível e está associado a baixa incidência de complicações.

BACKGROUND:Complex nasal reconstruction has reached a high level of sophistication, emphasizing the need to replace nasal tissues with other similar tissues. We aimed to describe a series of patients who underwent complex nasal reconstruction secondary to oncologic resection or trauma. METHODS:Patients simultaneously presenting with mucosa, cartilaginous support, and nasal skin defects were considered to have complex nasal defects and were eligible for reconstruction. The type of reconstruction was established according to the location and size of the defect; however, the procedure always included simultaneous reconstruction of the mucosa, cartilaginous support, and nasal skin. RESULTS: Ten patients underwent complex reconstruction of the nose, including 8 men with a mean age of 53 years. Mucosal reconstruction was performed using a contralateral chondromucosal septal flap, ipsilateral mucosa, or cutaneous malar somersault flap. Cartilaginous support was performed with septal and conchal cartilage grafts and cutaneous coverage with a frontal paramedian flap. There were no cases of hematoma, necrosis, or infection. Patients who underwent mucosa reconstruction with mucosal flaps reported normal breathing, unlike those who underwent reconstruction with a dermal-fat somersault flap and reported air flow obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Reconstruction of complex nasal defects is challenging for plastic surgeons. Replacing the nasal tissue with similar tissue promotes the best possible aesthetic and functional results and is associated with a low incidence of complications.

Prevalence and risk factors for penile lesions/anomalies in a cohort of Brazilian men ≥ 40 years of age

Purpose To report the prevalence and risk factors of penile lesions/anomalies in a Metropolitan Brazilian city. Materials and Methods All participants undergoing prostate cancer screening in the city of Curitiba were systematically examined to identify penile lesions including cutaneous mycosis, sexually transmitted diseases, penile cancer, meatal stenosis, hypospadias, and Peyronie's disease. Outcomes of interest included the prevalence and the relative risk and 95% confidence intervals of the lesions/anomalies according to age, school level, race, personal history of diabetes, arterial hypertension, nonspecific urethritis, and vasectomy. Results Balanoposthitis occurred in 11.8% of all participants, with an increased risk in those with diabetes (RR = 1.73), or past history of nonspecific urethritis (RR = 1.58); tinea of the penis was present in 0.2%; condyloma acuminata in 0.5%; herpes virus infection in 0.4%; urethral discharge in 0.2%; genital vitiligo in 0.7%, with an increased prevalence in non-white men (RR = 4.43), and in subjects with lower school level (RR = 7.24); phimosis in 0.5%, with a nearly 7-fold increased risk in diabetics; lichen sclerosus in 0.3%; stenosis of the external urethral meatus in 0.7%, with a higher prevalence in subjects with lichen sclerosus (RR = 214.9), and in those older than 60 years of age (RR = 3.57); hypospadia in 0.6%; fibrosis suggestive of Peyronie's disease in 0.9%, especially in men older than 60 years (RR = 4.59) and with diabetes (RR = 3.91); and penile cancer in 0.06%. Conclusion We estimated the prevalence and risk factors of commonly seen penile diseases in an adult cohort of Brazilian men. .

Prevalencia de controles prenatales incompletos en un servicio de maternidad y su relación con complicaciones neonatales / Prevalence of prenatal complete care in a Maternity and their relationship to neonatal complications

El control prenatal reduce la morbilidad y mortalidad materna y perinatal, partos prematuros y el número de productos con bajo peso al nacer, a la vez que permite identificar factores de riesgo, lo cual hace posible establecer acciones preventivas y terapéuticas oportunas durante el embarazo. Se considera control prenatal completo (CPC) al que cumple con las siguientes premisas: precoz, periódico, completo y de amplia cobertura. Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de CPC en la población de embarazadas que consultaron al servicio de maternidad del hospital “Ángela I. de Llano” y establecer la relación entre el número de controles y complicaciones neonatales precoces, se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo en el que se analizaron las historias clínicas del periodo junio a diciembre de 2010. Sobre 823 mujeres incluidas en el estudio, el 51% no presentó controles que cumplieran con los criterios de precocidad,cantidad, distribución, integralidad y calidad; las complicaciones neonatales fueron mayores en el grupo de controles incompletos. El 6,2% de los recién nacidos en el grupo sin control presentó bajo peso. El ingreso a neonatología fue del 9,7% en el grupo de controles incompletos y del 4,9% en el de controles completos. El porcentaje de óbitos fetales fue del 1,1% en el grupo de controles incompletos. Puede concluirse que los controles prenatales en la población estudiada se asocian con un mejor control y salud fetal neonatal, menor número de complicaciones y menos óbitos y fetos muertos, lo cual coincide con lo encontrado enotros lugares del país y de Latinoamérica.

Prenatal care reduces morbidity and both maternal and perinatal mortality, premature births and the number of products with low birth weight; additionally, it helps to identify risk factors making possible to establish appropriate preventive and therapeutic actions during pregnancy. Prenatal care is considered complete with the following premises: early, periodic, complete and comprehensive coverage. To determine the prevalence of complete prenatal care (CPC) among pregnant women and to establish the relationship between the number of controls and early neonatal complications, we performed a retrospective study analyzing the medical records of the Service of Maternity of the Hospital “Angela I. Llano”, in a period from June to December 2010.Among 823 studied women, the 51% had no controls that met the criteria of precocity, quantity, distribution, integrity and quality, so we can also see that neonatal complications were higher in the group of controls incomplete. We found that the 6.2% of newborns in the uncontrolled group had low birth weight. The entrance to the nursery was 9.7% in the control group and 4.9% among the incomplete control group.The percentage of stillbirths was 1.1% in the incomplete control group. In conclusion, we found that prenatal care was associated with better fetal control and neonatal health, fewer complications, deaths and stillbirths, which agree with that found elsewhere in the country and Latin America

The significance of biological, environmental, and social risk factors for prostate cancer in a cohort study in Brazil

To evaluate the significance of several risk factors for prostate cancer in a cohort of Brazilian men.

Subjects and methods: Men ≥ 40 years-old participating in a prostate cancer screening program between December 2006 and April 2011 in the city of Curitiba, Brazil, were evaluated to determine the prevalence, relative risk (RR) and 95% CI of prostate cancer according to age, race, ethnicity, family history of prostate cancer, educational level, and history of vasectomy, increased blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and urethritis.

In 2121 men included in this study, prostate cancer prevalence was 0.6% for men between 40-49 years versus 2.0% (adjusted RR = 2.58), 7.7% (adjusted RR = 5.76), and 8.4% (adjusted RR = 4.88) for men 50-59 years, 60-69 years, and ≥ 70 years, respectively (p < 0.05 to all). The prevalence of cancer was 5.1% in blacks versus 3.3% in whites (adjusted RR = 1.56, p > 0.05); 6.1% in African descendants, in comparison to 3.0% in non-African descendants (adjusted RR = 3.17, p < 0.05); 5.1% in men with a positive family history, compared to 2.5% in those with no family history (adjusted RR = 1.55, p > 0.05); and 4.8% in participants with incomplete elementary school level or lower, compared to 2.2% in men with complete elementary school level or higher education (adjusted RR = 1.85, p > 0.05). Men with/without history of vasectomy, increased blood pressure, diabetes, and urethritis had a prostate cancer prevalence of 0.8%/3.0% (adjusted RR = 0.23, p > 0.05), 3.8%/2.2% (adjusted RR = 1.16, p > 0.05), 3.7%/2.6% (adjusted RR = 1.39, p > 0.05), and 2.6%/2.6% (adjusted RR = 0.99, p > 0.05), respectively.

Risk factors associated with an increased prevalence of prostate cancer in this cohort ...

The prevalence of prostate cancer in Brazil is higher in Black men than in White men: systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Black men have a higher incidence of prostate cancer compared with White men in several countries. In Brazil, most studies reported a similar prevalence of prostate cancer between Blacks and Whites as a result of the high race mixture of the population. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review with meta-analysis of the prevalence of prostate cancer in Black versus White, Brown versus White, and Black versus Brown Brazilian men. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This systematic review included cohort, cross sectional and case-control studies comparing the prevalence of prostate cancer between races in Brazil. It was performed using an electronic search of references in bibliographic databases, and dissertations and theses databases from several Brazilian hospitals, universities, and schools of medicine. Meta-analysis was conducted using the RevMan software from the Cochrane Collaboration. To control for potential confounding variables, sensitivity analyses excluding case-control and cross sectional studies were performed. MEASUREMENTS: The outcomes of interest included the number of participants, prevalence of prostate cancer, and odds ratio of cancer between Black and White men, Brown and White men, and Black and Brown men. Results and Limitations: Twelve studies approaching the prevalence of prostate cancer in Black or Brown vs. White men in Brazil were identified, totalizing 41388 participants. The prevalence of prostate cancer was 9.6% in Black vs. 5.6% in White men (OR 1.58), 10.1% in Black vs. 6.7% in Brown men (OR 1.43), and 6.7% in Brown vs. 6.6% in White men (OR 1.14). Limitations of this review reflect the complexity and ambiguity in the definition of who is Black and who is not in such an heterogeneous population like the Brazilian people. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review with meta-analysis demonstrates a higher prevalence of prostate cancer in Black men compared to White or Brown Brazilian men. The prevalence of prostate cancer is similar in Brown versus White men.

Patient positioning during digital rectal examination of the prostate: preferences, tolerability, and results

PURPOSE: To evaluate the preferred position used by Brazilian Urologists to perform DRE, the position that Brazilian patients prefer or think it is less embarrassing to have a DRE, and to evaluate the results of DRE with patients in left lateral decubitus, modified lithotomy, standing-up, or the physician will have them place their elbows on the table and squat down slightly. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Brazilian Urologists were contacted by e-mail, and 200 patients answered a questionnaire while undergoing prostate cancer screening. RESULTS: The preferred position was modified lithotomy position reported by 63.4 percent of Urologists, and left lateral position reported by 42.7 percent of the patients. Total DRE time was lower in the standing-up position. Pain and urinary urgency scores were similar regardless of the position used, and bowel urgency score was higher in patients squatting down. Patients were similar in terms of age and PSA level, but there was a significant difference between the standard deviations of estimated prostate weight in left lateral position. There were no differences in prostate asymmetry, positive DRE, or incomplete palpation of the prostate rates among different examination positions. CONCLUSIONS: Despite individual subjective preferences, a faster examination time in the standing-up position, and higher bowel urgency scores in patients with their elbows placed on the table and squatting down slightly, there were similar rates of prostate asymmetry, positive DRE, and incomplete palpation of the prostate, and comparable patient tolerability among different examination techniques.

Costo-efectividad en la detección de influenza H1N1: datos clínicos versus pruebas rápidas / Cost-effectiveness in the detection of influenza H1N1: clinical data versus rapid tests

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el desempeño de los datos clínicos y la prueba rápida (PR) en el diagnóstico de influenza H1N1, y analizar el costo-beneficio que representa el uso de esta herramienta diagnóstica. MÉTODOS: Se aplicó la PR a pacientes que acudieron a cuatro hospitales en la ciudad de México con sintomatología similar a influenza (SSI) durante el período octubre y noviembre de 2009. Se comparó el desempeño diagnóstico de la SSI más la PR contra el de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en transcripción reversa en tiempo real (rRT-PCR). La rRT-PCR fue procesada en un laboratorio de referencia y cegado al resultado de la PR. Además, se llevó a cabo una evaluación económica a partir de la cual se estimó el impacto presupuestal relacionado con la utilización de la PR RESULTADOS: Se incluyó a 78 pacientes, de los cuales 39 fueron positivos para influenza H1N1 y 6 para influenza A estacional, de acuerdo al resultado de la rRT-PCR. La SSI mostró una sensibilidad de 96 por ciento y una especificidad de 21 por ciento, la PR de 76 por ciento y 82 por ciento y el conjunto de SSI más PR de 96 por ciento y 100 por ciento, respectivamente. El Cociente de Verosimilitud positivo de la SSI-cefalea fue de 31,5 y el de SSI-odinofagia fue de 330. El uso de PR mostró un ahorro de US$ 12,6 por cada caso sospechoso. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de la PR como auxiliar en el diagnóstico de influenza H1N1 incrementa la certeza y reduce el costo promedio por paciente sospechoso e infectado.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the performance of clinical data and the rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT) in diagnosing influenza H1N1, and analyze the cost-benefit of using this diagnostic tool. METHODS: The RIDT was used for patients who came to four hospitals in Mexico City with an influenza-like illness (ILI) in October and November 2009. The diagnostic performance of the ILI clinical data and the RIDT was compared to that of the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test. The rRT-PCR test was conducted in a reference laboratory and blinded to the results of the RIDT. An economic evaluation also was conducted to estimate the budgetary impact of using the RIDT. RESULTS: The study included 78 patients, 39 of whom tested positive for influenza H1N1 and 6 tested positive for seasonal influenza A, according to the results of the rRT-PCR. The ILI clinical data yielded a sensitivity of 96 percent and specificity of 21 percent; the RIDT yielded a sensitivity of 76 percent and specificity of 82 percent; and the ILI clinical data and RIDT together yielded a sensitivity of 96 percent and specificity of 100 percent. The positive likelihood quotient for ILI-headaches was 31.5 and that of ILI-odynophagia, 330. The use of RIDT yielded savings of US$12.6 per each suspected case. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the RIDT to aid in the diagnosis of influenza H1N1 increases certainty and lowers the average cost per suspected and infected patient.

Perdida auditiva neurosensorial autoinmune / Autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss

Las hipoacusias pueden responder a problemas conductivos, nuerosensoriales o mixtos. La perdida de audición conductiva es la consecuencia de un problema en la conducción del sonido del oído externo al oído interno, lo cual puede deberse a lesiones o alteraciones en las membranas y/o huesos del oído. La perdida auditiva neurosensorial (PANS) es producida por el daño en las estructuras neurosensoriales ubicadas en el órgano de Corti o en las diferentes estructuras que conforman la vía auditiva hasta la corteza temporal.

Distracción osteogénica alveolar experimental con dispositivo simple / Experimental single device alveolar ridge distraction

Con el objetivo de desarrollar un dispositivo simple con tornillos de distracción para aumentos del rebordealveolar deficitario mediante distracción osteogénica e investigar las reacciones locales de los tejidos serealizó en el Centro de Experimentación Animal del ISCM-Camagüey un ensayo preclínico unicéntrico aleatorizado en 10 perros Beagles certificados y distribuidos por el método de lotería en dos grupos, experimental y control, desde enero a diciembre de 2003. El procedimiento utilizado constó de cuatro etapas: extracción de los premolares mandibulares y alveoloplastia en ambos grupos, para crear un área atrófica que permaneció sin tratamiento en el grupo control. A las 12 semanas osteotomías en el grupo experimental para construir un segmento de transporte rectangular y colocación del distractor. Previo período de latencia de sietedías elongación ósea vertical a 1.0 mm/ día durante siete días, y fijación durante ocho semanas. Se realizóevaluación radiográfica e histológica en el sitio de distracción y control. Se logró un aumento verticalpromedio de 6.53 ± 0.21 mm después de completar la distracción y de 5.81 ± 0.43 mm al concluir el períodode consolidación, se apreció en el sitio una osteogénesis satisfactoria con hueso maduro. En el grupo controlla atrofia alveolar siguió su curso natural, se apreciaron fenómenos de cicatrización y remodelado óseo con una pérdida vertical de 1.05 ± 0.5 mm al evaluarse radiográficamente. Histológicamente no se apreciarondiferencias morfológicas entre los tejidos del sitio quirúrgico y los circundantes. El dispositivo intraoral dedistracción en estudio es una técnica novedosa, y los resultados obtenidos son todavía variables, peroexperimentalmente resultó eficaz y fiable para conseguir un determinado volumen de masa ósea en unaposición predeterminada

Psicopatología en familiares de tres generaciones: un estudio epidemiológico en la Ciudad de México / Psychopathology across three family generations: an epidemiological study in Mexico City

OBJETIVO: Estimar el riesgo para desarrollar psicopatología entre padres e hijos a lo largo de tres generaciones. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó el método del "estudio de la historia familiar". Para el estudio se utilizaron datos de una encuesta probabilística de hogares efectuada en 1995 en la Ciudad de México. Los probandos fueron adultos entre los 18 a 65 años de edad (n=1 932) a quienes se entrevistó utilizando la Entrevista Internacional Diagnóstica Compuesta. Además, se obtuvo información acerca de antecedentes psiquiátricos en sus padres empleando el método y los criterios diagnósticos de la historia familiar. Finalmente, en aquellos adultos con hijos de entre 4 a 16 años viviendo en el mismo hogar (n=925) se les aplicó un cuestionario para detectar la presencia de psicopatología en cada uno de sus hijos, obteniéndose información acerca de 1 686 niños y adolescentes. Para estimar el riesgo de morbilidad entre generaciones y la interacción entre éstas, se distinguió cuando sólo hubiera antecedentes en los abuelos, solamente en los padres y cuando estaban presentes en los abuelos y en los padres. La probabilidad de ser "caso" se obtuvo a partir de la razón de momios resultante de los análisis de regresión logística siguiendo tres diferentes modelos: el clásico, el con efectos aleatorios y el con ecuaciones de estimación generalizada con varianza robusta. RESULTADOS: La probabilidad de presentar psicopatología es entre dos a tres veces mayor cuando hay trastornos psiquiátricos en los padres. La probabilidad es mayor cuando existe comorbilidad entre diferentes tipos de trastornos. CONCLUSIONES: El riesgo para desarrollar psicopatología entre las generaciones es al menos moderado y relativamente estable. Los resultados sugieren que, en general, la transmisión de psicopatología entre las generaciones es acorde con la de un modelo genético mixto.

Relación del trauma sonoro con hipertensión arterial e hipercolesterolemia en el personal aeronáutico con licencia tipo I en el CEMAC Quito: desde 1994 hasta julio del 2001 / Relation of the sonorous trauma with arterial hypertension and hipercolesterolemia in the aeronautical personnel with license type I in the Exempt CEMAC: from 1994 to July of 2001

El presente es un estudio retrospectivo de tipo descriptivo-analítico sobre el trauma sonoro y su relación con la hipertensión arterial y la hipercolesterolemia en el personal aeronáutico con licencia tipo I, que se realizó sus exámenes en el CEMAC de Quito. El universo de estudio estuvo compuesto por 520 personas, del cual se extrajo una muestra de 150 individuos mediante un método aleatorio simple. Del total de esta muestra hemos encontrado la presencia de trauma sonoro en 68 individuos que corresponden al 45,33 por ciento. Los restantes 82 personas constituyen el grupo control. Se encontró una relación directa entre la existencia de trauma sonoro y el aumento de la edad, también resultó positiva la relación entre el trauma sonoro y el número de horas de vuelo...

Cistinúria - relato de caso e revisäo de literatura / Cystinuria - report of case and revision of literature

Cistinúria é uma doença genética autossômica recessiva, que na forma heterozigota leva a moderadas excreçöes dos aminoácidos cistina, lisina, arginina e ornitina na urina, e na forma homozigota leva à perda maciça dos quatro aminoácidos na urina e alto risco de formaçäo de cálculos renais. Descrevemos aqui o caso de uma criança, com história familiar de formaçäo de cálculos renais, que começou a eliminá-los aos 2 meses de idade, sendo diagnosticada e tratada 4 meses depois. Atualmente, com 4 anos de idade, apresenta funçäo renal normal, teve um episódio de infecçäo urinária e eliminou 10 cálculos após o início do tratamento. Foi submetida a procedimemto cirúrgico para retirada de um cálculo. Nos últimos 3 anos, sob tratamento, näo houve eliminaçäo ou evidência de formaçäo de cálculos renais.(au)

Experiencia con cuatro sitemas de implante coclear / Experience with four different types of cochlear implants

Cuatro tipos de implante coclear fueron evaluados en sordos prelingüísticos, para determinar si los resultados ameritaban continuar su uso; estos fueron un implante extracoclear de 8 electrodos, un sistema de procesador multicanal de un solo electrodo, que podría ser colocado intra o extracoclearmente, y un sistema intracoclear de 22 electrodos. Se encontró que (1) Los implantes extracocleares tienen mayor tendencia a fallar que los intracocleares; y (2) Los implantes monoelectrodos usados, tanto en posición intra como extracoclear, no proporcionan beneficios adecuados a sujetos con sordera de aparición en la etapa prelingüal.

El análisis de la desnutrición como causa múltiple de muerte / Malnutrition as a cause of death

Con el objeto de describir la frecuencia de la desnutricón como causa múltiple de muerte, se realizó un análisis de los certificados de defunción de los niños menores de cinco años que fallecieron en los meses de abril y mayo de 1985 en el Distrito Federal, México. Mediante un diseño de mortalidad proporcional e incluyendo todas las causas listadas en el certificado de defunción, se estudió la asociación entre desnutrición e infección. Se encontró que la frecuencia de la enfermedad infecciosa como causa básica de muerte fue casi ocho veces mayor cuando coexistió la desnutrición como causa múltiple que cuando no se reportó como tal, resultando estadísticamente significativa la diferencia (RM = 7.9, IC 95 por ciento 5.0 - 12.7, p = 0.00000). Se discute la relevancia de estudiar otras causas consignadas en el certificado de defunción, principalmente aquellas que son frecuentes entre la población pero que no se registran comúnmente como causa básica de muerte

With the purpose of describing the role of malnutrition at death time, an analysis of multiple causes of death in children under five years-old was performed on deaths which ocurred during April and May 1985 in Mexico City. A proportional mortality analysis was done taking in consideration all the causes listed on the death certificate, not only the underlying causes. The number of deaths associated to malnutrition was greater by multiple cause than by underlying cause (OR = 7.9, 95% CI 5.0 - 12.7, p = 0.00000). The importance of considering multiple causes of death, mainly when there are frequent diseases which are some times recorded as underlying cause of death, is also discussed.