Diagnostic accuracy of uroflowmetry parameters to predict infravesical obstruction / Exactitud diagnóstica de los parámetros de la flujometría para predecir la obstrucción infravesical

Objective: to evaluate the performance statistics of average flow (Qave), voiding time (Vtime), and time to maximum flow (TQmax), in addition to maximum flow (Qmax), for diagnosis of infravesical obstruction. Methods: we reviewed urodynamic studies performed in men > 40 years. Obstruction was considered a grade 3-6 in the Schäfer nomogram. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), negative likelihood ratio (LR-), and the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve were calculated for the different components of free uroflowmetry. Results: we analyzed 432 studies. Patients with obstruction had lower values of Qmax and Qave, and higher values of Vtime and TQmax. Considering different thresholds, Qmax had sensitivity, specificity, LR + and LR- values of 12-83%, 50-97%, 1.7-4.46 and 0.32-0.9, respectively; Qave had sensitivity, specificity, LR + and LR- values of 65-95%, 21-66%, 1.22-1.94 and 0.19-0.53, respectively; Vtime had sensitivity, specificity, LR + and LR- values of 49-85%, 26-67%, 1.15-1.54, and 0.57-0.74, respectively; TQmax had a sensitivity, specificity, LR + and LR- of 36-81%, 22-72%, 1.04-1.33 and 0.85-0.87, respectively. The areas under the ROC curves for Qmax, Qave, Vtime and TQmax were 0.75 (95% CI = 0.71-0.79, p < 0.001), 0.71 (95% CI = 0.66-0.75, p < 0.001), 0.62 (95% CI = 0.57-0.67, p < 0.001) and 0.55 (95% CI = 0.5-0.6, p = 0.03), respectively. Conclusions: Qave, Vtime, and TQmax showed a statistically significant discriminatory capacity to predict infravesical obstruction, and therefore they have clinical value as a complement to the information provided by Qmax.

Objetivo: evaluar las estadísticas de desempeño del flujo promedio (Qave), el tiempo de evacuación (Vtime) y el tiempo hasta el flujo máximo (TQmax), además del flujo máximo (Qmax), para el diagnóstico de obstrucción infravesical. Métodos: revisamos urodinamias realizadas en hombres > 40 años. La obstrucción se consideró un grado 3-6 en el nomograma de Schäfer. Se calcularon la sensibilidad, la especificidad, la razón de verosimilitud positiva (LR +), la razón de verosimilitud negativa (LR-) y la curva característica operativa del receptor (ROC) para los diferentes componentes de la flujometría libre. Resultados: analizamos 443 estudios. Los pacientes con obstrucción tenían valores más bajos de Qmax y Qave, y valores más altos de Vtime y TQmax. Considerando diferentes umbrales, el Qmax tuvo valores de sensibilidad, especificidad, LR + y LR- de 12-83%, 50-97%, 1.7-4.46 y 0.32-0.9, respectivamente; Qave tuvo valores de sensibilidad, especificidad, LR + y LR- de 65-95%, 21-66%, 1.22-1.94 y 0.19-0.53, respectivamente; Vtime tuvo valores de sensibilidad, especificidad, LR + y LR- de 49-85%, 26-67%, 1.15-1.54 y 0.57-0.74, respectivamente; TQmax tuvo una sensibilidad, especificidad, LR + y LR- de 36-81%, 22-72%, 1.04-1.33 y 0.85-0.87, respectivamente. Las áreas bajo las curvas ROC para Qmax, Qave, Vtime y TQmax fueron 0,75 (95% CI = 0.71-0.79, p < 0,001), 0.71 (95% CI = 0.66-0.75, p < 0,001), 0.62 (95% CI = 0.57-0.67, p < 0,001) y 0.55 (95% CI = 0.5-0.6, p = 0.03), respectivamente. Conclusiones: Qave, Vtime y TQmax mostraron una capacidad discriminatoria estadísticamente significativa para predecir la obstrucción infravesical, por lo que tienen valor clínico como complemento de la información proporcionada por el Qmax.

Morfología cefalométrica de la sínfisis del mentón en individuos jóvenes de la ciudad de Quito-Ecuador / Cephalometric morphology of chin symphysis in young individuals from the city of Quito-Ecuador

Resumen Introducción: La sínfisis del mentón aporta equilibrio, simetría y armonía al rostro. Por ser una estructura anatómica mandibular muy importante y altamente modificable en cirugía estética, se considera indispensable conocer su morfología y así obtener una correcta interacción en el diagnóstico, pronóstico y terapéutica médico-odontológica. Objetivo: Determinar la morfología sínfisis del mentón en jóvenes adultos de la ciudad de Quito- Ecuador, año 2019, mediante la identificación de las longitudes sagitales y coronales. Metodología: Este estudio tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, tipo descriptivo-observacional, con temporalidad retrospectiva. Se calibraron, analizaron y trazaron 384 radiografías digitales laterales de adultos jóvenes de la ciudad de Quito-Ecuador, año 2019 en el software AutoCAD-2019. Resultados: Existió una elevada frecuencia de la forma geométrica cuadrada (60%) con respecto a la rectangular (40%), adicionalmente se identificó que la figura cuadrada es más frecuente en individuos de sexo femenino y sujetos clase I (56%) y II (70%), además de todos los patrones de crecimiento vertical hipodivergentes (58%), normodivergentes (64%) e hiperdivergentes (57%). Conclusiones: La forma cuadrada de la sínfisis del mentón es mayor que la forma rectangular. Por la originalidad de los resultados, se sugiere realizar nuevos estudios que correlacionen la morfología mentoniana con las diferentes estructuras cráneo-maxilofaciales.

Abstract Introduction: The chin symphysis contributes to the balance, symmetry and harmony of the face. Since it is an important anatomical jaw structure and highly modifiable in aesthetic surgery, it is considered crucial to know its morphology and, thus, obtain a correct interaction in the diagnosis, prognosis and medical-dental therapy. Objective: To determine the symphysis morphology of the chin in young adults in the city of Quito, Ecuador, in the year 2019, through the identification of sagittal and coronal lengths. Methodology: This study had a quantitative approach, descriptive-observational type, with retrospective temporality. We calibrated, analyzed and plotted 384 lateral digital radiographs of young adults from the city of Quito-Ecuador, year 2019 in the software AutoCAD-2019. Results: There was a high frequency of the square geometric shape (60%) in comparison to the rectangular one (40%). Additionally, it was identified that the square figure is more frequent in female individuals and class I (56%) and II (70%) subjects, in addition to all the hypodivergent (58%), normodivergent (64%) and hyperdivergent (57%) vertical growth patterns. Conclusions: The square shape of the chin symphysis is larger than the rectangular shape. Due to the originality of the results, it is suggested to carry out new studies that correlate chin morphology with the different cranio-maxillofacial structures.

Clinimetric analysis of heart failure in Mexican patients / Análisis clinimétrico de la insuficiencia cardiaca en pacientes mexicanos

Abstract Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome characterized basically by a circulatory deficit to cover the metabolic and energetic demands of the body. This condition has a broad spectrum in its clinical presentation, affects the quality of life significantly, impacts the family/social environment, and generates a great demand for health services. The purpose of this research is to report the situational diagnose of patients with HF in Mexico. We evaluated 292 patients, 70.2% were men. Average age was 56.7 +- 14.3 years. Ischemic heart disease is the main etiology (98 patients, 33.9%) followed by hypertensive (22.6%) and idiopathic (23.3%) heart disease. The associated clinical background was obesity (31.1%), systemic hypertension (36.7%), myocardial infarction (26.4%), and dyslipidemia (15.1%). The most common symptom was stress dyspnea (41.4%) and jugular vein engorgement at physical examination (32.5%). Anemia was observed in 1% of patients. The average left ventricular ejection fraction was 29.2 +- 10.6%. Sinus rhythm was the most frequently detected in 84.9%. 19.9% of patients had an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy. 13.7% of patients with QRS > 130 ms. In our population, the meta-analysis global group in chronic heart failure risk score calculated was 16.8 +- 5.7 and for EMPHASIS 3.3 +- 1.5. We observed that age at presentation in HF in this analysis is at least 10 years younger than in other reports. The grade of obesity takes relevance in our group. The association of anemia and HF in Mexico is rare.

Resumen La insuficiencia cardiaca es un síndrome caracterizado fundamentalmente por un déficit circulatorio para cubrir las demandas metabólicas y energéticas del organismo. Esta entidad tiene un amplio espectro en su presentación clínica, afecta de manera significativa la calidad de vida, impacta en el entorno familiar/social y genera una gran demanda de los servicios de salud. El propósito de esta investigación es reportar el diagnóstico situacional de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) en México. Evaluamos 292 enfermos, 70.2% eran hombres. Con edad promedio 56.7 +- 14.3 años. La principal etiología es la cardiopatía isquémica (33.9%), seguida de la hipertensiva (22.6%) e idiopática (23.3%). Los antecedentes clínicos asociados fueron: obesidad (31.1%), hipertensión arterial sistémica (36.7%), infarto al miocardio (26.4%) y dislipidemia (15.1%). El síntoma con mayor presentación fue la disnea de esfuerzos (41.4%) y a la exploración física la ingurgitación yugular (32.5%). Se observó anemia en 1% de los enfermos. La fracción de expulsión del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) promedio fue de 29.2 + 10.6%. El ritmo sinusal fue el más frecuentemente detectado en 84.9%. El 19.9% de los pacientes tenían instalado un desfibrilador automático implantable (DAI) o tratamiento de resincronización cardiaca (TRC). El 13.7% de los enfermos con QRS mayor de 130 ms. El riesgo (MAGGIC) calculado en nuestro grupo poblacional fue de 16.8 +- 5.7 y para EMPHASIS 3.3 +- 1.5. Observamos que la edad de presentación de la IC en el presente análisis es menor por 10 años en comparación con otros reportes. El grado de obesidad toma relevancia en nuestro grupo. La asociación de anemia e IC en México es poco frecuente.

Measurement uncertainty of dissolution test of acetaminophen immediate release tablets using Monte Carlo simulations

ABSTRACT Analytical results are widely used to assess batch-by-batch conformity, pharmaceutical equivalence, as well as in the development of drug products. Despite this, few papers describing the measurement uncertainty estimation associated with these results were found in the literature. Here, we described a simple procedure used for estimating measurement uncertainty associated with the dissolution test of acetaminophen tablets. A fractionate factorial design was used to define a mathematical model that explains the amount of acetaminophen dissolved (%) as a function of time of dissolution (from 20 to 40 minutes), volume of dissolution media (from 800 to 1000 mL), pH of dissolution media (from 2.0 to 6.8), and rotation speed (from 40 to 60 rpm). Using Monte Carlo simulations, we estimated measurement uncertainty for dissolution test of acetaminophen tablets (95.2 ± 1.0%), with a 95% confidence level. Rotation speed was the most important source of uncertainty, contributing about 96.2% of overall uncertainty. Finally, it is important to note that the uncertainty calculated in this paper reflects the expected uncertainty to the dissolution test, and does not consider variations in the content of acetaminophen.

Transtornos mentais comuns em educadores sociais / Common mental disorders in social educators

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a presença de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) em Educadores Sociais de albergues e abrigos do município de São Paulo. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 104 orientadores socioeducativos, entre 18 e 60 anos (masculino e feminino), que prestam serviço para a Secretaria Municipal de Assistência e Desenvolvimento Social (SMADS). Utilizou-se um Questionário Sociodemográfico, além do Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Resultados Os dados demonstraram que há maior prevalência de mulheres nessa função, a maioria dos profissionais já passou por situações de risco no trabalho, 68,3% (71 sujeitos) apresentaram índices que caracterizam a presença de TMC, e 40,4% das mulheres apresentam sintomas de TMC, enquanto o índice de TMC nos homens foi de 27,9%. Conclusões Neste cenário, observou-se que o público feminino é mais vulnerável à presença de TMC em relação ao público masculino.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the presence of common mental disorders (CMDs) in Social Educator of hostels and housings in the city of Sao Paulo. Methods The sample was composed by 104 Guiding Youth between 18 and 60 years (male and female), who worked at the Municipal Assistance and Social Development in São Paulo. We used a demographic data questionnaire in addition to the Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Results The main results demonstrated a higher prevalence of women in this function; most professionals have experienced risk situations at work; 68.3% (71 individuals) presented indices that characterize the presence of CMDs; 40.4% of women presented CMDs symptoms, whereas the CMDs rate in men was 27.9%. Conclusions In this scenario, we can conclude that the female audience is more vulnerable to the presence of CMDs in comparison to the male audience.

Morfología cefalométrica de la sínfisis del mentón en individuos jóvenes de la ciudad de Quito-Ecuador

Introducción: La sínfisis del mentón aporta equilibrio, simetría y armonía al rostro. Por ser una estructura anatómica mandibular muy importante y altamente modificable en cirugía estética, se considera indispensable conocer su morfología y así obtener una correcta interacción en el diagnóstico, pronóstico y terapéutica médico-odontológica. Objetivo: Determinar la morfología sínfisis del mentón en jóvenes adultos de la ciudad de Quito- Ecuador, año 2019, mediante la identificación de las longitudes sagitales y coronales. Metodología: Este estudio tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, tipo descriptivo-observacional, con temporalidad retrospectiva. Se calibraron, analizaron y trazaron 384 radiografías digitales laterales de adultos jóvenes de la ciudad de Quito-Ecuador, año 2019 en el software AutoCAD-2019. Resultados: Existió una elevada frecuencia de la forma geométrica cuadrada (60%) con respecto a la rectangular (40%), adicionalmente se identificó que la figura cuadrada es más frecuente en individuos de sexo femenino y sujetos clase I (56%) y II (70%), además de todos los patrones de crecimiento vertical hipodivergentes (58%), normodivergentes (64%) e hiperdivergentes (57%). Conclusiones: La forma cuadrada de la sínfisis del mentón es mayor que la forma rectangular. Por la originalidad de los resultados, se sugiere realizar nuevos estudios que correlacionen la morfología mentoniana con las diferentes estructuras cráneo-maxilofaciales.

Introduction: The chin symphysis contributes to the balance, symmetry and harmony of the face. Since it is an important anatomical jaw structure and highly modifiable in aesthetic surgery, it is considered crucial to know its morphology and, thus, obtain a correct interaction in the diagnosis, prognosis and medical-dental therapy. Objective: To determine the symphysis morphology of the chin in young adults in the city of Quito, Ecuador, in the year 2019, through the identification of sagittal and coronal lengths. Methodology: This study had a quantitative approach, descriptive-observational type, with retrospective temporality. We calibrated, analyzed and plotted 384 lateral digital radiographs of young adults from the city of Quito-Ecuador, year 2019 in the software AutoCAD-2019. Results: There was a high frequency of the square geometric shape (60%) in comparison to the rectangular one (40%). Additionally, it was identified that the square figure is more frequent in female individuals and class I (56%) and II (70%) subjects, in addition to all the hypodivergent (58%), normodivergent (64%) and hyperdivergent (57%) vertical growth patterns. Conclusions: The square shape of the chin symphysis is larger than the rectangular shape. Due to the originality of the results, it is suggested to carry out new studies that correlate chin morphology with the different cranio-maxillofacial structures.

Calidad de vida y discapacidad por dolor cervical en jóvenes universitarios de la facultad de ciencias médicas

INTRODUCCIÓN: La consulta por dolor cervical (DC) es muy frecuente en elprimer nivel de atención, y afecta a dos tercios o más de la población general enalgún momento de su vida. Se experimenta por primera vez en la infancia o laadolescencia tomando un curso episódico, convirtiéndose en un predictor de lamorbilidad de esta dolencia en el adulto. OBJETIVOS: Determinar la fiabilidad yvalidez del instrumento, describir la intensidad y prevalencia de DC, establecer laCalidad de Vida Referida a Salud (CVRS), la discapacidad cervical y su influenciaen actividades de la vida diaria, y analizar la relación entre intensidad y discapacidadpor DC, y la CV en la población de estudio. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudioobservacional, descriptivo y correlacional, de diseño transversal, en alumnos del 2doaño de la FCM, de quienes se valoró: CVRS, discapacidad cervical y dolor. Lasvariables fueron estudiadas por el método de datos categorizados y análisis deregresión. Se consideró una significación de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Participaron 465estudiantes de 20,8±0,11 años, de los cuales el 57,73% fueron mujeres. Losinstrumentos demostraron alta validez y fiabilidad. La prevalencia puntual de DC fuedel 86,06%, con una intensidad del entre leve y moderada sin diferencias entre lossexos. La CVRS mostró ser mejor percibida en varones, sin cambios en el últimoaño. El 39,87% de la población tenía discapacidad leve y moderada, mayormente enmujeres, en actividades de lectura, concentración, generando cefalea. El análisismultivariado asoció las variables estudiadas de manera coherente, destacado losestados de mayor o menor CVRS percibida, con los diferentes grados dediscapacidad y la presencia o no de DC. CONCLUSIÓN: La población de estudiopresenta una prevalencia elevada de dolor cervical de intensidad baja a moderada,sobre todo en mujeres. El DC y su rol emocional podrían afectar capacidades básicasen los estudiantes que condicionarían el desempeño de su rol académico.

INTRODUCTION: The query for neck pain (NP) is very common in primary care,affecting two-thirds or more of the general population at some point in their lives. Itis first experienced in childhood or adolescence taking an episodic course, becominga predictor of morbidity of this medical condition in adults. OBJECTIVES: Todetermine the reliability and validity of the instrument, describe the intensity andprevalence of neck pain (NP), found Health-Related to Quality of Life (HRQoL),neck disability and their influence on activities of daily living, analyze therelationship between intensity and disability DC, and HRQoL in the studypopulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive andcorrelational study, with cross-sectional design, in the 2nd year students of the FCM,who are assessed: HRQOL, disability and cervical pain. The variables were studiedby the method of categorical data and regression analysis, a significance of 0.05 wasconsidered. RESULTS: A total of 465 students from 20.8 ± 0.11 years, of which57.73% were women. The instruments demonstrated high validity and reliability.The point prevalence of NP was 86.06%, with an intensity of mild and moderatepain, with no difference between the sexes. The HRQoL proved to be betterperceived in males, unchanged over the last year. The 39.87% of the population hadmild to moderate disabilities, mostly in women, in reading activities, concentration,causing headache. Multivariate analysis associated variables studied consistentlyhighlighted states of varying perceived HRQoL, with varying degrees of disabilityand the presence or absence of NP. CONCLUSION: The study population has ahigh prevalence of neck pain of low to moderate intensity, especially in women. TheNP and emotional role could affect basic skills in students that condition theperformance of their academic role.

LOCALIZACIÓN DE FOCOS ECTÓPICOS DURANTE FIBRILACIÓN AURICULAR PERMANENTE, MEDIANTE UN NUEVO ÍNDICE OHF. ESTUDIO DE SIMULACIÓN / ECTOPIC FOCI LOCATION DURING PERMANENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION USING A NEW INDEX OHF. A SIMULATION STUDY / LOCALIZAÇÃO DE FOCOS ECTÓPICOS DURANTE FIBRILAÇÃO ATRIAL PERMANENTE EM UM NOVO ÍNDICE OHF. ESTUDO DE SIMULAÇÃO

La fibrilación auricular (FA), en ciertos casos, es mantenida por focos ectópicos de actividad automática, organización espacio temporal y de alta frecuencia. La ablación de estos sitios da como resultado la terminación de la FA en un alto porcentaje en paciente con FA paroxística, sin embargo, en pacientes con FA permanente estos sitios son difíciles de reconocer debido a la capacidad de las aurículas remodeladas para ser activadas a altas frecuencias. Es necesario un método más preciso para acotar mejor estas zonas. En el presente trabajo se plantea desarrollar un nuevo índice, a partir de los índices de frecuencia dominante (DF) e índice de organización (IO), para la identificación de estas zonas. Para esto, se simularon episodios de FA permanente mantenidos por focos ectópicos de actividad continua en tres diferentes regiones, implementando un modelo 3D de aurícula humana. Se obtuvieron electrogramas en toda la superficie auricular y se calculó su DF and IO. El índice OHF (Organization High Frequency), se calculó como el producto entre el valor de la DF y del IO de cada uno de los electrogramas y se crearon mapas de falso color sobre el modelo 3D. Los resultados muestran que el índice OHF es capaz de identificar el foco ectópico de actividad continua durante episodios de FA permanente simulados.

Atrial fibrillation in some cases is maintained by ectopic foci with automatic activity, spatiotemporal organization and high frequency. Ablating these sites results in the AF termination in a high percentage of patients with paroxysmal AF, however, in patients with permanent AF these sites are difficult to recognize due to the ability of the remodeled atria to be activated at high frequencies. A more accurate method is needed to delimit better these areas. In the present work, we developed a new index, based on dominant frequency (DF) and organization index (OI), to identify these areas. For this, we simulated permanent AF episodes maintained by ectopic foci with continuous activity in three different regions, implementing a 3D model of human atrium. Electrograms were obtained across the atrial surface and its DF and IO were calculated. The OHF index (Organization High Frequency), was calculated as the product of the DF and IO values of individual electrograms and we created false color maps in the 3D model. The results show that the OHF index is able to identify ectopic foci of continuous activity during simulated permanent AF episodes.

A fibrilação atrial (FA), em alguns casos, é mantida por focos de actividade ectópica automático, organização e espaço de alta frequência temporal. Ablação desses locais determina a resolução da FA em uma alta porcentagem de pacientes com FA paroxística, no entanto, em pacientes com fibrilação atrial permanente desses sites são difíceis de reconhecer devido à capacidade dos átrios remodelado para ser ativado em alta frequências. Essas áreas para melhor abordagem é necessário um limite mais preciso. Neste artigo propõe-se a desenvolver uma freqüência novos índices com base em índice dominante (DF) e índice de organização (OI) para a identificação dessas áreas. Para isso, episódios de FA permanente mantido por focos ectópicos de atividade contínua em três regiões diferentes, implementando um modelo 3D de átrios humanos foram simulados. Eletrocardiogramas foram obtidos ao longo da superfície auricular e calculado o DF e IO. O OHF (Organização High Frequency) índice foi calculado como o produto do valor do DF e IO de eletrocardiogramas individuais e falsos mapas de cores do modelo 3D é criado. Os resultados mostram que o índice de OHF é capaz de identificar o foco ectópico de actividade contínua durante episódios de FA permanentes simulados.

Current status of Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Ecuador

A review of national and international publications on paragonimiasis in Ecuador, epidemiological records from the Ministry of Public Health and unpublished research data was conducted to summarise the current status of the parasite/disease. The purpose of the review is to educate physicians, policy-makers and health providers on the status of the disease and to stimulate scientific investigators to conduct further research. Paragonimiasis was first diagnosed in Ecuador 94 years ago and it is endemic to both tropical and subtropical regions in 19 of 24 provinces in the Pacific Coast and Amazon regions. Paragonimus mexicanus is the only known species in the country, with the mollusc Aroapyrgus colombiensis and the crabs Moreirocarcinus emarginatus, Hypolobocera chilensis and Hypolobocera aequatorialis being the primary and secondary intermediate hosts, respectively. Recent studies found P. mexicanus metacercariae in Trichodactylus faxoni crabs of the northern Amazon. Chronic pulmonary paragonimiasis is commonly misdiagnosed and treated as tuberculosis and although studies have demonstrated the efficacy of praziquantel and triclabendazole for the treatment of human infections, neither drug is available in Ecuador. Official data recorded from 1978-2007 indicate an annual incidence of 85.5 cases throughout the 19 provinces, with an estimated 17.2% of the population at risk of infection. There are no current data on the incidence/prevalence of infection, nor is there a national control programme.