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HIV testing is the first step in HIV prevention and control, the rate of HIV infection is high and the rate of HIV testing is low among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. HIV self-testing provides MSM with a new choice and plays a vital role in expanding the coverage of HIV testing in this population. This paper reviews HIV self-testing and associated factors among MSM in China and provides a reference for promoting HIV self-testing in this population.
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Male , Humans , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Homosexuality, Male , Self-Testing , Sexual and Gender Minorities , HIV Testing , China/epidemiologyABSTRACT
This study aimed to explore the mechanism of Qilongtian Capsules in treating acute lung injury(ALI) based on network pharmacology prediction and in vitro experimental validation. Firstly, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was used to analyze the main chemical components of Qilongtian Capsules, and related databases were used to obtain its action targets and ALI disease targets. STRING database was used to build a protein-protein interaction(PPI) network. Metascape database was used to conduct enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology(GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG). AutoDock software was used to perform molecular docking verification on the main active components and key targets. Then, the RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS) for in vitro experiments. Cell viability was measured by MTT and ROS level was measured by DCFH-DA. NO content was measured by Griess assay, and IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR. The predicted targets were preliminarily verified by investigating the effect of Qilongtian Capsules on downstream cytokines. Eighty-four compounds were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Through database retrieval, 44 active components with 589 target genes were screened out. There were 560 ALI disease targets, and 65 intersection targets. PPI network topology analysis revealed 10 core targets related to ALI, including STAT3, JUN, VEGFA, CASP3, and MMP9. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that Qilongtian Capsules mainly exerted an anti-ALI effect by regulating cancer pathway, AGE-RAGE, MAPK, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. The results of molecular docking showed that the main active components in Qilongtian Capsules, including crenulatin, ginsenoside F_1, ginsenoside Rb_1, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rg_1, ginsenoside Rg_3, notoginsenoside Fe, notoginsenoside G, notoginsenoside R_1, notoginsenoside R_2, and notoginsenoside R_3, had good binding affinities with the corresponding protein targets STAT3, JUN, VEGFA, CASP3, and MMP9. Cellular experiments showed that Qilongtian Capsules at 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg·mL~(-1) reduced the release of NO, while Qilongtian Capsules at 0.25 and 0.5 mg·mL~(-1) reduced ROS production, down-regulated mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and inhibited the inflammatory cascade. In summary, Qilongtian Capsules may exert therapeutic effects on ALI through multiple components and targets.
Subject(s)
Humans , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Ginsenosides , Caspase 3 , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 , Interleukin-6 , Molecular Docking Simulation , Network Pharmacology , Reactive Oxygen Species , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Acute Lung Injury/genetics , Capsules , RNA, Messenger , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacologyABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo observe the pharmacodynamic effects of Cinnamomi Cortex on the incretin effect in the rat model of diabetes mellites （DM） induced by streptozotocin （STZ） and explore the underlying mechanism from glucagon-like peptide-1 （GLP-1） and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 （DPP-4）. MethodForty SD rats were randomly assigned into blank， model， sitagliptin （0.1 g·kg-1）， and low- and high-dose Cinnamomi Cortex （0.45 and 0.9 g·kg-1， respectively） groups. The DM rat model was established by a high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg·kg-1 STZ in other groups except the blank group. The intervention lasted for 8 weeks. The status， body weight， water intake， food intake， and fasting blood glucose （FBG） of the rats were observed and determined. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was employed to reveal the pathological changes of the pancreas， and immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of glucagon in the pancreas. Biochemical assay was employed to measure the serum levels of lipid metabolism indexes such as total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low-density lipoprotein （LDL）， and high-density lipoprotein （HDL）. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to determine the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin， insulin， glucagon， GLP-1， and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide （GIP） in rat serum， and Western blot to determine the protein levels of GLP-1 and DPP-4 in the pancreas. ResultAfter 8 weeks of intervention， the model group showed higher body weight， FBG， TC， TG， LDL， glycosylated hemoglobin， glucagon， insulin， and insulin resistance index and lower HDL， GLP-1， and GIP than the blank group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The Cinnamomi Cortex groups showed lower body weight， FBG， TC， TG， LDL， glycosylated hemoglobin， glucagon， insulin， and insulin resistance index and higher HDL， GLP-1， and GIP than the model group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The Cinnamomi Cortex groups showed recovered morphology of islet cells and no nucleus aggregation. Compared with the model group， the Cinnamomi Cortex groups showed declined levels of glucagon in the center of islet cells. Compared with the blank group， the model group showed up-regulated protein level of DPP-4 and down-regulated protein level of GLP-1 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the high-dose Cinnamomi Cortex groups showed down-regulated protein level of DPP-4 and up-regulated protein level of GLP-1 （P<0.05）. ConclusionCinnamomi Cortex may reduce blood glucose and improve incretin effect to lower the blood glucose level by regulating DPP-4 and GLP-1 in DM rats.
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Objective:To explore the experience and true feeling of home care aides during nighttime caring at the first beginning stage of this program, find the difficulty of it and provide constructive suggestions for improvement.Methods:Semi-structed interviews were used to collect the data of 16 home care aides who were taking part in nighttime caring. Colaizzi phenomenological analysis was used to process and analyze the data.Results:Three themes were extracted by classifying and analyzing the details of the interview: the service content of nighttime care was easy, but had many constraint conditions; the caregivers had diversified emotional experience during nighttime care; the elderly would like to enjoy nighttime care, but they were unwilling to pay by themselves.Conclusions:Nighttime caring project deepens the service content of home-based care. But the nighttime care project needs to be standardized. We should establish risk prevention measures to guarantee the benefit and security of both home caregivers and care-receivers, changing the opinions of consumption among the elderly, increasing the amount of subsidy to enlarge the expansion of nighttime care and improve the equality of this caring program.
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Objective:To compare the disinfection effect of three-hole polypropylene infusion bottle stopper by central sterilization method and groove central sterilization method, and to explore the best method of three-hole polypropylene infusion bottle cap disinfection.Methods:A total of 1 088 bottles of three-pore polypropylene infusion bottles from 10 hospitals in Panzhihua City and the surrounding areas of Chengdu were selected for disinfection, and the effects were compared by fluorescent powder tracing method and bacterial culture method respectively. The two methods were divided into two groups: bottle stopper Central Sterilization group and groove Central Sterilization group. Each nurse sterilized two groups of liquid.Results:The total area of fluorescent powder residues after disinfection of 272 bottles of infusion bottles with different specifications M( P 25, P 75) was 0.26 (0, 2.51). The total area of fluorescent powder residues M( P 25, P 75) was 15 (8, 24). There were significant differences in the residual area of fluorescent powder between the two groups after liquid bottle disinfection ( Z=-17.31, P<0.01). Thirty-four positive specimens of bacteria culture, 68 bacterial colonies and 158 bottles of infusion bottles were disinfected by central sterilization of 160 bottles. There were 15 positive samples and 30 colonies of bacteria cultured in the bottle disinfected by groove central disinfection method ( χ 2=2.773, P<0.05). Conclusion:The groove center disinfection method is the best disinfection method for the bottle stopper of three-hole polypropylene infusion bottle.
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Objective@#To compare the disinfection effect of three-hole polypropylene infusion bottle stopper by central sterilization method and groove central sterilization method, and to explore the best method of three-hole polypropylene infusion bottle cap disinfection.@*Methods@#A total of 1 088 bottles of three-pore polypropylene infusion bottles from 10 hospitals in Panzhihua City and the surrounding areas of Chengdu were selected for disinfection, and the effects were compared by fluorescent powder tracing method and bacterial culture method respectively. The two methods were divided into two groups: bottle stopper Central Sterilization group and groove Central Sterilization group. Each nurse sterilized two groups of liquid.@*Results@#The total area of fluorescent powder residues after disinfection of 272 bottles of infusion bottles with different specifications M(P25, P75) was 0.26 (0, 2.51). The total area of fluorescent powder residues M(P25, P75) was 15 (8, 24). There were significant differences in the residual area of fluorescent powder between the two groups after liquid bottle disinfection (Z=-17.31, P<0.01). Thirty-four positive specimens of bacteria culture, 68 bacterial colonies and 158 bottles of infusion bottles were disinfected by central sterilization of 160 bottles. There were 15 positive samples and 30 colonies of bacteria cultured in the bottle disinfected by groove central disinfection method (χ2=2.773, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The groove center disinfection method is the best disinfection method for the bottle stopper of three-hole polypropylene infusion bottle.
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Objective To evaluate the association of the SYK gene promoter-803A T polymorphism and breast cancer sus ceptibility during Han descent female population in Beijing area.Methods In this case control study,genotype of SYK (A＞T at-803,rs290987) was determined by polymerase chain reaction combined with DNA direct sequencing in blood samples of 57 breast cancer cases and 60 age matched bealthy controls.They were all female.Genotype and allele frequency distribu tions of 803A T were determined and analyzed.ELISA test was performed to detect the serum level of SYK in the two groups.Results The frequencies of the T allele and TA+TT genotypes of the 803A＞T were found to be significantly higher in the breast cancer patients in contrast to the healthy individuals of the control group(x2 =5.348,P=0.021).Pa tients with the T allele (TA+TT) had a 2.87-fold risk of developing breast cancer compared with those with the A allele (AA) (OR=2.87;95％ CI=1.27～6.49).The test group had significantly decreased level of SYK in serum compared to normal controls (F 33.278,P＜0.01).Conclusion This study revealed that the genotype TA and TT of the SYK gene-803 loci of Han female population in the Beijing area are the risk factors for the breast cancer.
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Objective To investigate serum levels of soluble matrix lysin 2 (sST2) in patients with different stages of heart failure and its relationship with prognosis. Methods Data of 300 patients with heart failure of stages A, B, C and D were included in this study. Thirty-three cases of healthy elderly population for physical examination were used as control group. The general information, echocardiography and related biochemical tests containing sST2 and NT-proBNP were collected in the two groups. The survival periods of patients were evaluated according to the Seattle heart failure mode (SHFM). Patients were followed up for 1 year to record the occurrence of adverse events. Results The sST2 level was higher in heart failure group than that of control group. The sST2 level began to increase in stage B, and which increased with the development of cardiac function staging. The sST2 levels were significantly higher in stages B, C and D than those of stage A, and which were significantly higher in stage D than those of stages B and C (P<0.05). There were significantly higher incidence rates of adverse events, left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in the patients with high sST2 level than those of patients with lower sST2 level (P<0.05). Values of sST2, NT-proBNP, LVEDD and LVMI were significantly higher, and values of LVEF and SHFM life expectancy were significantly lower, in patients with adverse events than those of patients without adverse events (P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between sST2 and LVEF, and positive correlation between sST2 with NT-proBNP, LVEDD and LVMI (P<0.05). The size under ROC curve, which was used to predict the cardiovascular endpoint events judged by sST2 was 0.665 (95％CI:0.574-0.757, P<0.01), and the one by NT-proBNP was 0.790 (95％ CI: 0.731-0.848, P<0.01). The best cut-off value of predicting the clinical adverse events was 139.27μg/L by sST2 and 855.35μg/L by NT-proBNP. Conclusion The serum level of sST2 is early indicator of heart failure, which not only reflects the severity of ventricular remodeling but also is one of indicators to estimate the prognosis of heart failure in one year.
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Objective To investigate the performance of laparoscopic camera navigation training for medical students using the virtual reality simulator .Methods Ten medical clerks ( group A ) , 10 medical interns ( group B ) and 10 first year surgical residents (group C) are randomly enrolled in this study , and 10 surgical attendings (group D) are enrolled as control group .The performance of pre-training and post-training is analyzed .Results The performance of pre-training and post-training in the same group was significant improved ( P<0.05) and there was significant differ-ence among group A , B and C, also there was significant difference between the training group and the surgical at -tendings (control group) (P<0.05), respectively.Conclusions The laparoscopic camera navigation skills can be improved by laparoscopic virtual reality simulator especially for the medical interns and surgical residents .
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Objective To develop a simple microfluidic chip technology for analyzing platelet adhesion and aggregation under the condition of physiological flow .Methods The basic structure of the proposed microfluidic chip was a straight microchannel , where a sample pool and an outlet were located on each side respectively .The fluid dynamic behavior ,of the fluid in the microchannel was analyzed by theoretical calculation and finite element numerical analysis software ANSYS . The microchannel was first coated with type Ⅰ collagen protein.Then,blood flowed through the microchannel at 200 s-1 venous physiological shear rate and 1000 s-1 arterial physiological shear rate respectively .The behavior of the fluorescence labeled platelet adhesion and aggregation was recorded by fluorescence microscopy .Results Theoretical calculation and finite element numerical analysis showed that the microchannel with a width of 700 μm and a height of 70 μm ( aspect ration 10:1 ) had a uniform fluidic shear rate distribution .Compared with those at the 200 s-1 shear rate, the initial adhesion time, aggregation rate and the maximum surface cover rate of the platelet were significantly reduced at the 1000 s-1 shear rate ( P<0.05 ) .At the 1000 s-1 shear rate, tirofiban, an anticoagulant drug , significantly reduced the platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner and the IC 50 was 23.8 nmol/L.Conclusion The technology developed in this paper can dynamically assay platelet adhesion and aggregation under the condition of physiological flow . The proposed microfluidic methods have the advantage of simple implementation and low sample cousumpation , and can be used for point-of-care detection of human platelet function , assay of the efficacy of anticoagulant drugs and for inspection of the thrombin behaviors of small animal models .
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Objective Analyzes the condition of serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D (25OHD)level of partial middle and old age physical examinations in Yinchuan area.Methods Tested the level of serum 25OHD of 1 520 cases of senile medical with electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA)in October 2013 to September 2014 in Yinchuan,NingXia.exclusion of liv-er,kidney,cancer,diabetes and other diseases,and statistical analysis of each age group and one year 25-(OH)D distribution. Compared gender and 50~59,60~69,>70 years at different ages and spring,summer,autumn,winter four seasons 25OHD level distribution.Results All the mean level was 14.67±8.26 ng/ml.The lack and deficiency of Vitamin D account was 80.66%,and the female was 84.49% significantly higher than the male 74.96% (t=2.03,P<0.05).Used divide subjects into fore groups:the lack (42.76%),the deficiency (37.90%),nomal (13.68%)and good (5.66%)by the level of serum 25OHD.Vitamin D nutritional status was different in person of different ages.Fuither linear correlation analys showedgative correlation between the level of serum 25OHD and age (r=0.16,P<0.01).There was seasonal variation in the level of ser-um 25OHD (F=19.30,P<0.001).It was highest in summer,and lower in spring and winter.Conclusion Vitamin D of middle-aged and old people in Yinchuan was general deficiency,which should pay more attention and actively treatment to these patients.
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Objective To develop a simple microfluidic chip technology for analyzing platelet adhesion and aggregation under the condition of physiological flow .Methods The basic structure of the proposed microfluidic chip was a straight microchannel , where a sample pool and an outlet were located on each side respectively .The fluid dynamic behavior ,of the fluid in the microchannel was analyzed by theoretical calculation and finite element numerical analysis software ANSYS . The microchannel was first coated with type Ⅰ collagen protein.Then,blood flowed through the microchannel at 200 s-1 venous physiological shear rate and 1000 s-1 arterial physiological shear rate respectively .The behavior of the fluorescence labeled platelet adhesion and aggregation was recorded by fluorescence microscopy .Results Theoretical calculation and finite element numerical analysis showed that the microchannel with a width of 700 μm and a height of 70 μm ( aspect ration 10:1 ) had a uniform fluidic shear rate distribution .Compared with those at the 200 s-1 shear rate, the initial adhesion time, aggregation rate and the maximum surface cover rate of the platelet were significantly reduced at the 1000 s-1 shear rate ( P<0.05 ) .At the 1000 s-1 shear rate, tirofiban, an anticoagulant drug , significantly reduced the platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner and the IC 50 was 23.8 nmol/L.Conclusion The technology developed in this paper can dynamically assay platelet adhesion and aggregation under the condition of physiological flow . The proposed microfluidic methods have the advantage of simple implementation and low sample cousumpation , and can be used for point-of-care detection of human platelet function , assay of the efficacy of anticoagulant drugs and for inspection of the thrombin behaviors of small animal models .
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Objective To analyze the prevalence of diabetes and its impact on the quality of life (QOL) among Jingpo ethinic residents in Yunnan province.Methods Questionnaire survey and fasting blood glucose (FBG) testing were conducted among 1367 Jingpo residents aged ≥ 35 years selected with random sampling method in Mangshi municipality of Dehong prefecture in Yunnan province.The Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used in the survey.Results The prevalence rate of diabetes among the Jingpo residents was 4.1％,and 4.2％ for males,4.0％ for females.Among Jingpo diabetic patients,mean scores for the domains of physical functioning (PF),role physical (RP),bodily pain (BP),general health (GH),vitality (VT),social function (SF),role emotional (RE),mental health (MH),physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) were (84.64 ±16.81),(53.13 ±45.24),(71.70 ± 24.28),(49.46 ± 21.38),(65.09 ± 11.02),(90.08 ± 14.00),(79.17 ± 39.98),(70.29 ± 13.73),(57.12 ± 9.39) and (55.07 ± 6.58),respectively.The identified diabetic patients had significantly lower QOL scores for the doamins of PF,RP,BP and PCS than their counterparts,respectively (P＜0.05).The results of the multiple linear regression analysis showed that older Jingpo residents had lower scores in the domain of PCS and MCS (P＜0.01);men has lower scores in the domain of PCS and MCS than women (P＜0.01);the higher the level of education,the higher the scores of PCS and MCS (P＜0.01);married Jingpo residents had higher scores in domain of PCS than those of unmarried and divorced (P＜0.01);the diabetic patients had lower scores of PCS than their counterparts (P＜0.01).Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the health education for the elderly and people with low level of education,and improve the management of patients with diabetes,so as to effectively improve the QOL of Jingpo ethnic minority residents.
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Objective:To investigate the significance of 25 ( OH )-vitamin D in its diagnostic value of primary biliary cirrhosis. Methods:44 cases with PBC,41 cases with Hepatitis B cirrhosis and 110 normal people as control group were all analyzed bi-ochemical results and significance of serum 25 ( OH )-vitamin D. We Used receiver operator characteristic curve ( ROC ) to analyze serum 25(OH)-vitamin D in its diagnostic value of primary biliary cirrhosis. Results:Biochemical results of TBIL,DBIL,IBIL,GLB, AST,ALT,ALP,γ-GT were higher in PBC than that in normal people and Hepatitis B cirrhosis. While the serum 25(OH)-vitamin D of PBC was much more lower than that in normal and people and Hepatitis B cirrhosis. The difference between them were statistical difference(P<0. 05). The area under the ROC curve of PBC was 0. 926,it showed serum 25(OH)-vitamin D diagnosis for PBC had quite value. When the cut-off level of serum 25(OH)-vitamin D was 17. 275 ng/ml,the sensitivity for the diagnosis was 92. 8%,the re-spectively was 84. 1%. Conclusion:Serum 25(OH)-vitamin D diagnosis for PBC has quite value,the cut-off level of serum 25(OH)-vitamin D is 17. 275 ng/ml.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of citalopram on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and proto-oncogene protein (C-fos) and cell apoptosis in frontal cortical neurons of rat after stress.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty four healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8): control group, stress group (treated with saline, ig) , experimental group (treated with Citalopram 4 mg/kg x d for 28 days, ig). Rats were forced to swim to establish chronic stress model. The protein expression levels of PCNA and C-fos were tested by immunohistochemistry assay. TUNEL assay was used to test cell apoptosis. Nikon image analysis software was used to determine the number of positive cells in each index.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, the stress group showed a smaller amount of PCNA-positive cells, a larger number of C-fos positive cells, and the volume of positive cells was significantly reduced. Compared with the stress group, the PCNA positive cells were increased significantly, the C-fos positive cells and TUNEL positive cells were decreased significantly, nuclear condensation phenomenon in frontal cortical neurons and the staining was significantly lighter in experimental group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Citalopram significantly antagonize PCNA, C-fos protein expression and cell apoptosis of rat prefrontal cortical neurons caused by chronic stress, which might be the one of mechanisms of citalopram for prevention and treatment of psychosis caused by chronic stress.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Apoptosis , Citalopram , Pharmacology , Frontal Lobe , Cell Biology , Immunohistochemistry , Neurons , Cell Biology , Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen , Metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos , Metabolism , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Stress, PhysiologicalABSTRACT
AlM:To find better ways of treating ocular alkali burn, and to reduce the suffering of patients and social burden.METHODS:Totally 100 patients were graded according to the degree of chemical burns to four major groups, each half were randomly divided into the control group and the treatment group. Control group underwent conventional treatment. ln addition to conventional therapy, patients in each treatment group were also added a Breviscapine intravenous injection of 40mg daily. Corneal recovery time, changes in vision, degree of corneal opacity, number of corneal neovascularization and other complications were observed. Curative effects were analyzed statistically. RESULTS:There was no significant difference in levelⅠgroup between control group and treatment group ( P>0. 05); There were significantly different in level Ⅱ, Ⅲand Ⅳ group ( P CONCLUSlON: Breviscapine in the treatment of ocular alkali burns can shorten the course of treatment, reduce corneal scarring, and improve vision.
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Objective In order to further enhance the repeatability and comparability for antinuclear antibody testing results in clinical laboratory,explore the reliable preparation method,and develop the quality control serum that is capable of meeting the needs of routine antinuclear antibody testing.Methods According to selection requirements,the serum from patient which is used to test antinuclear antibody was selected,and then we prepared the quality control serum.through evaluation of index in appearance of serum,aseptic level,uniformity and stability in intra-assay and inter-assay etc,the study optimized the method and condition for preparation,also confirmed the performance of prepared quality control serum.Results Prepared quality control serums are able to preserved stable at-20 ℃ 270 d,it can be keep stable more than 8 h after rewarming at room temperature.There are no significant differences between the commercialization of quality control performance and the freez-thawed uniformity and stability in intra-assay and inter-assay,it are keep consistent to result that before freezing testing.Conclusions Suitable methods and experimental conditions are explored for preparation of antinuclear antibody testing quality control substance.Each batch of prepared quality control substance has good uniformity and stability.The prepared quality control serum are able to meet needs of antinuclear antibody testing,and meet quality control requirements.
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Stranging the communication between the clinical laboratory and clinical department,is useful to promote and enhance the quality of tests and clinical examination.The communication work organization and implementation has been effectively guaranteed by managing communication theories and multiple pathways of communication means to strengthen clinical laboratory and clinical department communication.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the association between baseline pulse pressure (PP) level and new-onset cardio-cerebrovascular events in diabetic population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Physical examination data between July 2006 to October 2007 from a total of 101 510 employees of Kailuan Group were reviewed, 8306 subjects with a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or with confirmed diabetes diagnosis and were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Subjects were followed up for 38-53 (48.1 ± 3.1) months and the cardio-cerebrovascular events were obtained every six months, association between baseline PP and new-onset cardio-cerebrovascular events in the diabetic population were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Incidences of total cardio-cerebrovascular events in the PP groups were 3.4%, 2.8%, 4.5%, 6.4%, respectively. Incidences of cerebral infarction events and myocardial infarction were 2.1%, 1.6%, 2.9%, 3.9% and 1.1%, 0.7%, 1.0%, 1.7%, respectively. (2) Multivariate Cox's proportional hazards regression analysis indicated that baseline PP group was the risk factor for total cardio-cerebrovascular events, cerebral infarction events and myocardial infarction, and the risk for all the events of the PP ≥ 60 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) group was increasing. The values of RR(95%CI) were 1.88 (95%CI 1.34-2.65, P < 0.01), 1.92 (95%CI 1.23-2.99, P < 0.01) and 1.52 (95%CI 0.82-2.81, P > 0.05) after adjust the other factors.(3) In line with increasing level of baseline PP, age, BMI, SBP, DBP, HDL-C, and hs-CRP levels significantly increased in this diabetic population (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The level of high baseline PP is a risk factor for new-onset cardio-cerebrovascular events in diabetic population.</p>
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Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Blood Pressure , Physiology , Cardiovascular Diseases , Diabetes Mellitus , Follow-Up Studies , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) cause serious infections that are difficult to treat. We carried out this study to determine the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of linezolid when combined with minocycline against VRE strains, to determine the mechanism of drug resistance in vitro, and to provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of drugs against VRE.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of linezolid and minocycline against 30 Enterococci (E.) isolates (including 20 VRE strains) were determined by the broth microdilution method. Drug interactions were assessed by the checkerboard microdilution tests and confirmed by time-kill studies. Two vancomycin-susceptible strains N27 and N40 (linezolid MIC, 2 g/ml; minocycline MIC, 4 µg/ml) and control strains E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and ATCC 51299 were also tested. The MPCs of linezolid and minocycline (alone and combined) were determined using the agar dilution method. Strains showing stable resistance were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of domain V of the 23S rRNA gene.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Checkerboard titration studies revealed synergistic effects of combination therapy in 26.7% of 30 E. isolates. Antagonism was not observed. The G2576U mutation was detected in stable linezolid-resistant strains of ATCC 29212, N40, and N27 before and after resistance screening, and MIC values increased with the number of G2576U mutations. The MPC of linezolid against E. decreased dramatically when combined with minocycline, and vice versa.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Linezolid or minocycline alone produce resistant strains; however, their joint use may reduce the MPC of each agent against VRE, thereby decreasing resistant mutants and bacterial infections.</p>