ABSTRACT
RESUMEN El huevo es un alimento altamente nutritivo con potenciales beneficios para la salud. Sin embargo, debido a su elevado contenido de colesterol, su consumo ha sido restringido en la población general. El objetivo de esta revisión es difundir en la comunidad científica la evidencia más reciente sobre los efectos del consumo de huevo específicamente en sujetos con diabetes mellitus. Estudios observacionales muestran que el consumo de hasta un huevo al día no se asocia a una mayor prevalencia de enfermedad cardiovascular en la población general, pero podría aumentar el riesgo entre los diabéticos. Asimismo, algunos de estos estudios han mostrado que un elevado consumo de huevo se asocia a un aumento en la incidencia de diabetes en la población general. Por otro lado, estudios de intervención a corto plazo en este subgrupo muestra que el consumo de huevo no afecta negativamente los factores de riesgo cardiovascular ni control glicémico en estos pacientes. Además, su consumo podría aumentar el impacto del uso de dietas hipocalóricas en la disminución de peso corporal, una importante herramienta en el manejo médico de la diabetes.
ABSTRACT Eggs are a highly nutritious food with potential health benefits. However, because of its high cholesterol content, physicians have recommended consumption restrictions in the general population. The aim of this review is to update the scientific community on the latest research about the impact of egg consumption in subjects with diabetes mellitus. Although several observational studies show that an intake of one egg a day does not increase cardiovascular risk in the general population, however risk may increase among diabetics. Additionally, some prospective cohorts have associated associated higher egg intake with an increased diabetes incidence in the general population. On the other hand, short-term intervention studies have not shown any adverse outcome in terms of cardiovascular risk or glycemic control with egg intake. Moreover, there are studies that suggest a beneficial effect of egg consumption in weight reduction, an important therapeutic tool in diabetes management.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases , Eating , Diabetes Mellitus , EggsABSTRACT
Supraphysiological levels (SFL) of serum folate (SF) derived from flour fortification with folic acid (FA) could be risky among older adults with low vitamin B12 (B12) levels. Aim: To describe and analyze SF and B12 levels in older Chileans and to identify risk groups. Material and Methods: Participants were 1.043 older people aged ≥ 65 years from the National Health Chilean Health Survey 2009-2010 (ChNHS 2009-10), a multistage stratified random sample, representative of the national population. SF (µg/L) and B12 (pg/ml) were determined in fasting samples by competitive chemoluminescence immunoassay. Mean, deciles and percentiles 5 and 95th were calculated. We defined SF categories: < 4.4 (deficit); 4.41-20 (normal) and SFL: 20.01-25.6; 25.6-29 and > 29 µg/L (80th percentile of the distribution) and vitamin B12 categories: ≤ 200 (deficit); 200.1-299.5 (marginal deficit) and > 299.5 (normal). Prevalence rates, multiple and logistic regression models were used and adjusted by sex and age, educational level and residence area. Results: SF and B12 mean and 95th percentiles were 21.2 ± 0.56/38.6 µg/L and 348.4 ± 7.6/637(pg/ml) respectively. Forty nine percent of participants had SFL. Folate and B12 deficiency were present in 0.3 and 8.1% of participants, respectively. Men had significantly lower prevalence of SFL > 29 µg/L (OR adjusted odds ratio 0.47 95% confidence intervals: 0.26-0.84). B12 showed no significant variation by age and sex. The prevalence of SFL associated with B12 deficiency was 4.1%. No statistically significant association was observed between levels of folate and B12. Conclusions: Folate deficit is almost inexistent, but a significant percentage of participants had SFL suggesting the need for revising the current wheat flour fortification levels.
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Folic Acid Deficiency/blood , Folic Acid/blood , /blood , Chile/epidemiology , Folic Acid Deficiency/epidemiology , Health Surveys , Odds Ratio , Population Surveillance , Prevalence , Risk Factors , /epidemiologyABSTRACT
Pregnant women are normally screenedfor Gestational diabetes (GDM) at week 24 of pregnancy. Howeversome women develop the disease later on their pregnancies. No study has analyzed women developing GDM later in pregnancy. Objective: To analyze data on a cohort study and compare women diagnosed with GDM in second and third trimester of pregnancy with women without GDM. Results: GDM women diagnosed during their first two trimesters of pregnancy were older (p = 0.0008) and had higher body mass Índex (BMI) (p = 0.0007) than non GDM women. However, the only risk factor in women diagnosed in their third trimester of pregnancy was having first degree relatives with type 2 DM and this was independent of age and BMI (OR of2.7, 95 percent CI 1.2 - 6.0). Conclusions: Women who develop GDM in their second trimester of pregnancy have known risk factors for diabetes mellitus such as age and higher BMI, however, the only recognised risk factor between non GDM women and women developing GDM late in pregnancy is family history of type 2 DM. Two populations ofGDM may exist andfuture studies should focus on analysing short and long term complications ofthese women to support the need to diagnosed and treat them all.
La pesquisa para diabetes gestacional (DG) se realiza normalmente en la semana 24 de embarazo. Sin embargo, muchas mujeres desarrollan la enfermedad más tardíamente durante el embarazo. No hay estudios analizando DG en tercer trimestre del embarazo. Objetivo: Analizar los datos de una cohorte para comparar mujeres con DG diagnosticada en segundo y tercer trimestre del embarazo con mujeres sin DG. Resultados: Las mujeres diagnosticadas en los primeros dos trimestres del embarazo eran mayores (p = 0,0008) y tenían mayor índice de masa corporal (IMC) (p = 0,0007) que las mujeres sin DG. El único factor de riesgo en mujeres diagnosticadas en el tercer trimestre del embarazo fue tener antecedentes familiares de DM, lo cual fue independiente de la edad e IMC (OR: 2,7, 95 por ciento CI 1,2 - 6,0). Conclusiones: Mujeres con DG diagnosticada en el segundo trimestre del embarazo tienen distintos factores de riesgo que mujeres diagnosticadas más tardíamente. Es posible que existan dos poblaciones de DG según el período de diagnóstico, por lo que debiera estudiarse si las complicaciones de estos dos subgrupos justifican el diagnóstico y tratamiento de ambos.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Diabetes, Gestational/diagnosis , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Pregnancy Trimester, Third , Body Mass Index , Cohort Studies , Educational Status , Risk Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
The type of diet consumed by individuals has been associated with the development of some chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, diabetes, and others. Populations that consume diets rich in fruits and vegetables and drink wine in moderation, as the Mediterranean, have a higher life expectancy and less chronic diseases than other occidental populations. We carried out an intervention study in humans to evaluate the effect of a Mediterranean diet (MD), an Occidental diet (OD) and their supplementation with red wine, on biochemical, physiological and clinical parameters related to atherosclerosis and other chronic diseases. For 3 months, two groups of 21 male volunteers each, received either a MD or an OD; during the second month, red wine was added isocalorically, 240 ml/day. At days 0, 30, 60 and 90, clinical, physiological and biochemical evaluations were made. In this article we report on the results obtained in plasma fatty acids profile that includes saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), ómega-6 fatty acids, ómega-3 fatty acids and ómega-6/ómega-3 ratio. Other results have been published previously. Plasma fatty acid percentages in the OD group, compared to the MD group, did not show differences in SFA, but the OD group showed lower levels of MUFA and ómega-3 fatty acids, and higher levels of PUFA and ómega-6 fatty acids, with a higher ómega-6/ómega-3 ratio than the MD group. Wine supplementation reduced MUFA and increased PUFA in both dietary groups, suggesting that wine could improve a diet with a good ómega-6/ómega-3 ratio. Volunteers on MD showed a better fatty acid profile than those on OD, suggesting a lower cardiovascular risk. Moderate consumption of wine improves this profile in the MD group.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Diet, Mediterranean , Dietary Fats , Fatty Acids , Wine , Cardiovascular Diseases , Energy Intake , Hemostasis , Risk Factors , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Food intake in Chile has changed markedly in the last decades, showing an increase in fat consumption and presently a small fruit and vegetables intake. A parallel is made between the Chilean and Mediterranean diet (mainly the one from Spain, Italy, and Greece), both currently and from 50 years ago. The main differences and similarities are based on food availability. Although Chilean diet seems to be approaching the traditional Mediterranean diet of the 60's, there is concern about changes that are moving away from Chilean traditional diet and towards a western one. A new food pyramid for Chile is proposed based on the traditional Mediterranean-type diet.