Aedes aegypti spreading in South America: new coldest and southernmost records

The geographic distribution of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) in South America has been expanding during the last decades. Herein we present two new distribution records that extend its southern limits towards localities with extremer environmental conditions than reported to date. San Antonio Oeste constitutes the southernmost finding for the continent (40º44'S), whereas Tandil is the infested locality with the coldest mean annual temperature in Argentina (14.17ºC). The projection of a previous distribution model for Ae. aegypti predicts these two cities as positive and suggests several other localities with suitable conditions for vector proliferation beyond its assumed distribution limits.

Assessment of Culex pipiens bioforms in the world's southernmost distribution limit

The mosquito Culex pipiens s.s. L. occurs as two bioforms that differ in physiology and behaviour affecting virus transmission cycles. To assess the occurrence of Cx. pipiens bioforms in the southernmost limit of its distribution, specimens were collected aboveground in southern Buenos Aires Province and east Patagonia, Argentina. Ten larvae and 25 adults were individually processed and identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of Ace-2 and CQ11 loci. Culex quinquefasciatus Say (one larva, two adults), Cx. pipiens f. molestus (one larva, one adult) and one adult of hybrid origin were identified in Buenos Aires Province; only Cx. pipiens f. molestus was recorded in Patagonia (eight larvae, 21 adults). The potential absence of bioform pipiens and its implications in arbovirus enzootic cycles is discussed.

Lesiones verrucosas en la cara de una niña preescolar / Verrucous lesions on the face of a preschool girl

La leishmaniasis cutánea es una enfermedad parasitaria granulomatosa crónica que se transmite por la picadura de flebótomos infectados, esta patología afecta a todos los grupos etarios y los menores de 12 años constituyen únicamente el 10%, las manifestaciones clínicas dependerán de factores como el estado inmune y la especie de Leishmania, la forma clínica de leishmaniasis cutánea representa el 99% en los pacientes pediátricos siendo así la más frecuente, el diagnóstico se basa en criterios clínicos, epidemiológicos y de laboratorio. El tratamiento en la edad pediátrica puede hacerse con antimoniato de meglumina con buena respuesta como en los casos que presentamos a continuación

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a chronic granulomatous parasitic disease that is transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies, this pathology affects all age groups and those under 12 years constitute only 10%, the clinical manifestations depend on factors such as the immune status and the species of leishmania, the clinical form of cutaneous leishmaniasis represents 99% in pediatric patients being the most frequent, the diagnosis is based on clinical, epidemiological and laboratory criteria. Treatment in the pediatric age can be done with meglumineantimonate with good response as in the cases presented below.

Distribution of the members of the Pipiens Assemblage in the sympatric area from Argentina: which is where and when?

Given their medical and veterinary relevance, the members of the Pipiens Assemblage are a worldwide target of ecological research. The distribution of Culex pipiens s.s. and Cx. quinquefasciatus converge in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where hybrids have been detected. Each member of the assemblage exhibits a distinct eco-physiological behaviour that can affect its efficiency in pathogen transmission. Our aim was to identify the environmental drivers for the spatio-temporal distribution of each member, focusing on latitudinal and urbanisation gradients. Immatures of mosquitoes were surveyed in artificial containers found within 11 public cemeteries, raised up to the adult stage and identified by their male genitalia. The distribution of each member was associated with the environment in a Generalized Linear Model. The variable accounting for most of the heterogeneity was latitude; Cx. quinquefasciatus was collected more frequently at northern cemeteries, whereas Cx. pipiens and hybrids were more likely at the southern extreme. The urbanisation gradient was also associated with the occurrence of Cx. quinquefasciatus and hybrids at the high and low end, respectively. Other relevant variables were cemetery total area, the proportion with graves and the presence of plastic flowers in the containers. The spatial distribution of the members of the Pipiens Assemblage within the sympatric region in South America is driven by environmental features. The information presented herein provides essential baseline data for surveillance programs and control activities.

Presencia curricular de la Psicología de la Actividad Física y del Deporte en los planes de estudio de pregrado y posgrado de Educación Física versus Psicología, en México / A presença da disciplina psicologia da atividade física e do esporte nos currículos de graduação e de pós-graduação em Educação Física e em Psicologia, em universidades mexicanas / Curriculum presence of physical activity and sport psychology in undergrade and graduate Physycal Education versus Psychology curriculum, in Mexican universities

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la presencia curricular de las unidades de aprendizaje de Psicología de la Actividad Física en los planes de estudio de las licenciaturas (pregrado) y posgrado de Educación Física versus Psicología en las universidades que se ofertan en la República Mexicana. Estudio descriptivo y transversal que tuvo de universo 144 programas de estudio de psicología y 68 de educación física; encontrando que en los Posgrados de Psicología el peso porcentual es un poco mayor (16.36) que en los Posgrados de Educación Física (14. 33). Pero al unir pregrado y posgrado se triplica el peso porcentual de las unidades de aprendizaje en las disciplinas de Educación Física (3.13) a diferencia que en psicología (0.93). Estos resultados permiten concluir que, como eje de formación curricular, la psicología de la actividad física y del deporte tiene mayor presencia en Educación Física que en Psicología, lo que significa la necesidad interdisciplinar y transdisicplinar de nuestro objeto de estudio; la unión e interconexión de la psicología y la actividad física y el deporte. Un problema y necesidad enfrentada fue la distinta nomenclatura de los programas de formación curricular tanto de los planes de estudio como de la unidad de aprendizaje, que pueden llevar a la necesidad nacional e internacional de acordar nombres, niveles, carga horaria y competencias (u objetivos) profesionales que pueden facilitar este tipo de análisis, pero sobretodo que faciliten el intercambio académico de estudiantes y profesores.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar o peso percentual das unidades de aprendizagem de psicologia da atividade física na estrutura curricular para a formação profissional inicial e de pós-graduação nos currículos de Educação Física versus Psicologia, em universidades mexicanas. De caráter descritivo e transversal, e tendo como universo 144 currículos de Psicologia e 68 de Educação Física, o estudo mostrou que nos Programas de pós-graduação em Psicologia o peso percentual é um pouco maior (16.36) que nos Programas de Pós-graduação em Educação Física (14.33). Entretanto, ao considerarmos graduação e pós-graduação conjuntamente, o peso percentual das unidades de aprendizagem é três vezes superior nas disicplinas de Educação Física (3.13) em relação às de Psicologia (0.93).

The aim of this study was to compare the percentage of Learning Units in Psychology of Physical Activity in the curriculum structure for the training of the degree (undergraduate) and graduate curricula in Physical Education versus Psychology offered in universities in Mexico. This study was descriptive and cross-sectional, it had an universe of 144 programs of study in Psychology and 68 in Physical Education. We found that percentage in graduate programs of Psychology is slightly higher (16.36) than Graduate programs of Physical Education (14.33). But by combining Undergraduate and Graduate, the percentage of Learning Units in the disciplines of Physical Education (3.13) triples the percentaje weight in Psychology (0.93).These results allow the conclusion that, as the axis of training curriculum, Psychology of Physical Activity and Sport has a greater presence in Physical Education than in Psychology, which means the need interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary of our object of study; the connection and interconnection of the Psychology and the study of Physical Activity and Sport. A problem found during this study which needs to be faced was the nomenclature of the different training programs from both the curriculum plans of study and the learning units, which can lead to national and international agreements on names, levels, load time and professional competences (or targets) to provide this type of analysis, but especially to facilitate academic exchange programs of students and teachers.

Tire-breeding mosquitoes of public health importance along an urbanisation gradient in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Used vehicle tires are a source of mosquito vectors and a means of their introduction and expansion. With the aim of assessing the effects of urbanisation on the main mosquito vectors in temperate Argentina, the infestation levels of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex pipiens L. were studied in used tires from highly urbanised cities to low-urbanised small towns in Buenos Aires. Immatures of both species accounted for 96 percent of the 9,722 individuals collected; the total individuals collected represented seven species. The percentage of water-filled tires containing mosquitoes [container index (CI)] was 33 percent and the percentage of infested sites [site index (SI)] was 65.2 percent. These indexes decreased significantly from low to high urbanisation levels for both mosquito species. The relative abundance (RA) of Ae. aegypti immatures was slightly higher toward large cities, but showed no difference for Cx. pipiens. The CI of shaded tires was significantly higher than the CI of exposed tires for both mosquito species. There was no difference in RA values between shaded and sunlit tires. The CI and the SI were highest during the summer across the urbanisation levels, except for Cx. pipiens, which continued to increase during the autumn in small towns. Results related to urbanisation gradient, sunlit exposure and seasonality are discussed.

Atención domiciliaria a adultos mayores crónicos: acercando la atención a los más necesitados / Home nursing for chronic aging patients: approaching care for the most needed

Este proyecto surge al observar la necesidad de ortorgar una atención a adultos mayores crónicos. Ellos, por deterioro en el estado de su salud, comprometen su autonomía y funcionalidad física y les imposibilita asistir a los controles médicos correspondientes. El estudio se realizó en el Consultorio Eduardo de Geyter de Rancagua. Se optó por este Centro de Atención Primaria porque es aquí donde se encuentra el m s alto número de población Adulto Mayor de la comuna. De tipo Experimental-Descriptivo, longitudinal, prospectivo, este an lisis combina los métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Consta de dos etapas: en la primera, se indentificó a los usuarios y las razones de su ausencia a los controles. Se consideró el total de los inasistentes al momento del censo de Julio de 1999. Se trataba de 102 pacientes. De ellos, un 10 porciento presentaba un deterioro físico-cognitivo importante; un 20 porciento de ellos postrados (los que ingresaron al programa). A partir de ahí, se inicia la segunda fase. Allí se realizaron visitas periódicas para controlar y evaluar su patología crónica. Adem s se desarrolló un proceso de educación al paciente y su familia; este proceso buscaba prevenir complicaciones y fortalecer el autocuidado para mantenerlos compensados en su patología. Por último, se pretendía alcanzar una mejor calidad de vida. La totalidad de los ancianos intervenidos se sintieron tomados en cuenta, volvieron a sentirse seguros. Por su parte, la familia expresa sentirse respaldada y contar con el apoyo de los profesionales para lograr una atención integral para su ser querido. Este entorno fortaleció el vínculo paciente-familia-enfermera

Uso de la prueba de función tubaria de Honjo en la predicción del barotrauma ótico / Use of the Honjo`s test of tubaric function in the prediction of otic barotrauma

Con el objetivo de predecir la aparición de barotrauma se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 50 tripulantes de cabina de aviones comerciales en que se relacionaron los hallazgos de la prueba de función tubaria descrita por Honjo con la aparición de otalgia e hipoacusia durante el vuelo. Esta prueba resultó tener un sensibilidad de 100 por ciento , especificidad de 93,7 por ciento , valor predictivo positivo de 40 por ciento , y valor predictivo negativo de 100 por ciento . Estos resultados nos hacen concluir que la aplicación de la prueba de funcion tubaria de Honjo sería de gran utilidad como método diagnóstico predictivo de barotrauma