Effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus isolates against Culex pipiens, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles sergenti mosquito larvae

Mosquito borne diseases are continuing to be major health problems for exposed populations. Biological control alone or as a part of integrated vector management is believed to be a better alternative to the chemical control aimed against pest mosquitoes. The present study is designed to screen the larvicidal effect of Bacillus thuringiensis [Bf] and Bacillus sphaericus [Bs] against larvae of three species of mosquitoes larvae namely, Culex pipiens, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles sergenti. Mosquito Larvae were collected from different water resources and identified by standard procedures. Fourth-instar larvae were used in the bioassays. From the 50 samples of mud [15], soil [15] and water [20], 125 microbial isolates were purified and screened for larvicidal activity. The pure solubilized protein from Bs/Bt was quantified for protein estimation. For every 100 ml of the test solution 10 larvae were added in a 250 ml flask. Concentrations that killed 50% [LC[50]] and 90% [LC[90]] of the exposed mosquito larvae were determined. From a total of 125 bacterial isolates, only 25 isolates of Bt [13] and Bs [12] were found to have mosquito larvicidal effect. The highest larval mortality occurred with four isolates of Bt [Bt1, Bt2, Bt3, Bt4] and one Bs [Bs1] isolate. Their mortality rate [LC[50]] values were 0.0151, 0.0160, 0.0217, 0.0252 and 0.0330 mgI1, respectively. The [LC[90]] values of the five Bacillus isolates [Bt/Bs] were 0.0218,0.0219,0.0225,0.0341 and 0.0367, respectively. Time taken for larvicidal activity of the four Bt isolates showed LT[50] at 6,12,12 and 18 h and LT[100] at 24, 30, 36 and 48 h respectively. Bs showed LT[50] at 24 h and LT[100] at 48 h. This study confirms the utilization of larvicidal bacteria as Bt/Bs as commercial mosquito larvicidal and biological controlling agents

study on biological control of six fresh water snails of medical and veterinary importance

This study evaluated the molluscicidal effect of Commiphora molmol oil extract [Myrrh], on control of six fresh water snails [Lymnaea natalensis, Bilinus truncatus, Biomphalaria alexandrina, Physa acuta, Melania tuberculata and Cleopatra bulimoides]. Also, the extract effect on the egg masses of L. natalensis, B. truncatus, B. alexandrina and Ph. acuta was evaluated. Snails and egg masses were exposed at 16-20°C to various concentrations [conc.]- LD[50] after 24 hours exposure were 264/132, 283/195, 230/252, 200/224, 241/246 and 241/246 ppm for young/adult of L natalensis, B. truncatus, B. alexandrina, Ph. acuta, M. tuberculata and C. bulimoides respectively. LD[100] after 24 hours exposure were 400/400 for L. natalensis, B. truncatus, B. alexandrina, M. tuberculata and C. bulimoides, and 300/300 for Ph. acuta. Also, complete mortality [100%] was achieved for the egg masses of L. natalensis, B. truncatus, B. alexandrina and Ph. acuta at concentrations of 300, 200, 300 and 400 ppm respectively. Lower concentrations gave the same results after longer exposure. LD[100] of C. molmol oil extract [Myrrh] had a rapid lethal effect on the six snail species and their egg masses in high conc, of 300 and 400 ppm. Commiphora molmol is a promising plant to be included with the candidate plant molluscicides. The oil extract of this plant showed a remarkable molluscicidal activity against used snail species

Helobdella nilae and Alboglossiphonia conjugata leeches as biological agents for snails control

The efficacy of leeches, as biological agents, in control of snail intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis [Bulinus truncatus, Biomphalaria alexandrina] and fascioliasis [Lymnaea natalensis] as well as their effect on the non-target snails Physa acuta, Melanioides tuberculata and Cleopatra bulimoides was evaluated. Two glossiphoniid snail leeches, Helobdella nilae and Alboglossiphonia conjugata were used. They destroyed egg masses and young snails more rapidly than adult ones. H. nilae showed a stronger destructive effect than A. conjugata. In a descending order, it preferred L. natalensis followed by B. truncatus, B. alexandrina, Ph. acuta, M. tuberculata and lastly C. bulimoides. But, A. conjugata preferred L. natalensis followed by B. truncatus, Ph. acuta, M. tuberculata, B. alexandrina and lastly C. bulimoides. The detailed diagnostic morphology and biology of the two leeches were given

Effect of rosemary leaves on autooxidation of purified corn and soybean triacylglycerols

Antioxidant activity of dry ground rosemary [Rosmarinus officinalis L.] leaves of particle size /= rosemary> TBHQ> carnosic> alpha-tocopherol> BHA. In SO TAG the inhibiton order was rosemary > Trolox> TBHQ>carnosic>alpha-tocopherol>BHA

Influence of packaging materials on the oxidative stability of stripped soybean oil

Stripped soybean oil was used to investigate the effect of different packaging materials on photooxidation stability. Four packaging materials were used, two glass [clear and amber] and two plastic [low density polyethelene PE and polyethylene terephthalate PET]. Clear glass caused the highest hydroperoxide formation followed by PE and PET while amber glass caused the least one, since it excluded most of the incident light responsible for photoxidation, hence retarding it and decreasing off-flavour development. Also polyethylene terephthalate gave more inhibition of hydroperoxide than polyethylene. Polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate packaging materials although they cause some of their constituents to migrate into edible oils, the over all amount migrated from them still below the international permitted level

Optimum conditions of extracting the fat absorbed with the exhausted earth

Three different spent clay samples named spent clay produced from bleaching of hydrogenated oil [I], spent clay produced from bleaching of oil then filtered through normal non closed filter [II] and spent clay produced from bleaching of oil then filtered through closed filter [III] were available from the Extracted Oil Company and investigated in laboratory. Many factors like the effects of different solvents, time of extraction, temperature of heating and solvent to clay ratio on the percentage of oil extracted were investigated. The aim of this study is to estimate the optimum conditions for recovering the maximum oil as a waste of oil industry from the spent clay. The authors found that n-hexane and petroleum ether 60/80 at 70°C, 6 hr heating and clay [solid]: solvent [liquid] ratio 5:95 w/v gave the highest percentage of oil recovery. The physical and chemical characteristics of the oils of the three samples were determined. The results indicated using these oils for industrial purposes

Column chromatographic fractionation of soybean phospholipid and chemical analysis of isolated phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid and cerebroside

Phospholipid mixtures were isolated from crude soybean oil and laboratory prepared soy lecithin were fractionated on two silicic acid columns with subsequent thin layer chromatography identification of isolated fractions. The percentages of the isolated four eluted fractions from each of the two columns were calculated. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid and cerebroside were isolated. Fatty acid composition and total phosphorus of the isolated phospholipids were determined

Synthesis and antitumor activity of some 9- [4-substituted sulfamoylphenylamino] acridine-4-hydroxyalkylcarboxamide derivatives: Part II1

A series of 9-[4-substituted sulfamoylphenyl-amino] acridine-4-hydyroxyalkyl carboxamide derivatives has been synthesized in order to study the SAR of this class of compounds. The prepared final compounds have been evaluated for antitumor activity in NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. No significant activity has been observed

Acridines as a new class of antiviral agents against human immunodeficiency virus [HIV-1]

9-[4-substituted sulfamoylphenyl] aminoacridin-4-yl-[N-[4-substituted sulfamoylphenyl]] carboxamide [11, 14]; 1-chloro-9-[4-substituted sulfamoylphenyl] aminoacridine-4-yl [N-[4-substituted sulfamoylphenyl]] carboxamide [12, 15], and 3-chloro-9-[4-substituted sulfamoylphenyl] aminoacridine-5-yl-[N-[4-substituted sulfamoylphenyl]] carboxamide [13, 16] were synthesized. Representative compounds were tested for antiviral [anti-HIV-1] activities. One compound [14g] showed significant anti-HIV-1 activity

Fixation of femoral neck fractures by AO cancellous screws

In this paper we report a series of 38 femoral neck fractures that were treated by closed reduction and internal fixation with multiple AO cancellous screws. At a mean follow up of 29.8 months, the results were satisfactory in 28 patients [73.7%] and unsatisfactory in 10 patients [26.3%]. Complications included non-union in 4 cases [10.5%], avascular necrosis in 5 cases [13.2%] and segmental collapse in one case [2.6%]. We concluded that osteosynthesis of femoral neck fractures with AO cancellous screws is an easy procedure that affords rigid fixation and relatively low incidence of complications and at the same time utilizes cheap implants and demands an average level of training. While better results were obtained in undisplaced fractures [Garden Stage I and II], and in fractures with good quality of postoperative reduction, age did not appear to be an important factor in outcome

Stimulation of tissue repair by ultrasound effect on venous leg ulceration

Twenty eight patients with chronic venous ulcers of the leg were divided into two matching groups. Ulcers in [Group "A"] were irradiated with ultrasound three times/week for 16 weeks, while ulcers in [Group "B"] were mock-insonated using a disconnected transducer for the same period and acted as controls. The ulcer area were measured every 2 weeks. Insonated ulcers [Group "A"] showed continuous decrease in their surface area. Furthermore, 50% of then healed completely before the 14th week while 71% healed before the. 16th week of treatment, The mock-insonated ulcers [Group "B"] showed minimal decrease in their surface and none of them healed at the 16th week of treatment. In conclusion, ultrasound have a remarkable therapeutic value in stimulating tissue repaire in venous ulcerations of the leg