Effect of green tea extract [Camellia sinensis] on kidney toxicity induced by sodium arsenite: a stereological study

Background and Objective: Sodium Arsenite is an environmental pollutant which can generate free radicals causing tissue damage. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Green Tea [GTE], as a strong antioxidant, on kidney tissue in mice treated with Sodium Arsenite

Methods: In this experimental study 24 adult male NMRI mice were randomly allocated into four groups including: control, GTE [l00mg/kg/day], Sodium Arsenite [5mg/kg/day] and Sodium Arsenite + GTE, for 34 days, orally. Animals were scarified and left kidney was taken out, fixed, sectioned, processed and stained using Heidenhain'azan method. Using stereological technique the total volume of kidney, volume of cortex, medulla, proximal and distal tubule, renal corpuscle, gelomerelus, tuft and capillary, membrane and space of Bowman's capsule and length of proximal and distal tubule were determined. Creatinine, BUN and MDA serum samples were measured

Results: The mean of total volume of cortex, proximal tubule, distal tubule, renal corpuscle and gelomerolus, taft, Bowman's capsule space, size of epithelium and lumen of proximal and distal tubule were significantly reduced in Sodium Arsenite group compared to control [P<0.05]. These parameters were significantly increased in the Sodium Arsenite + GTE group in comparison with Sodium Arsenite group [P<0.05], The creatinine, Blood urea nitrogen [BUN] and MDA were significantly increased in the Sodium Arsenite group in compared to the control group [P<0.05]. These parameters were significantly reduced in the Sodium Arsenite + GTE group in comparison with Sodium Arsenite group [P<0.05]

Conclusion: Green tea has a protective role in Sodium Arsenite induced nephrotoxicity

[ cytotoxic effects of glycyrrhiza glabra L. root extract on 4T1 cell line derived from BALB/c mice mammary tumors]

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. [G. glabra] root has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of several diseases. The main active constituent of G. glabra is glycyrrhizic acid with antioxidant property. The cytotoxic effects of several compound isolated from different plants have been attributed to their antioxidant properties. The present work was aimed to investigate the in-vitro cytotoxic screening of G. glabra root extract against 4T1 cell line derived from BALB/c mice mammary tumors. 4T1 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS and penicillin/streptomycin. Then cells treated with different concentration of G. glabra extract [50, 100, 200, 400, 800 micro g/ml], taxol [1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 nM] alone and in combination G. glabra and taxol for 24, 48, 72 hrs. Viability of the cells was measured through trypanblue and MTT staining. The cells morphology was studied using fluorescent dye. G. glabra root extract and taxol showed significant cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells. Condensation and deformation of the nuclei were also observed similarly for both treatments. Moreover in combination therapy, G. glabra extract enhances taxol induced cytotoxicity in cancerous cells. G. glabra root extract and taxol showed cytotoxicity effects and morphological changes in 4T1 cells. This reduction in the viability of the cells was dependent on dose and time

[ cytotoxic effects of silymarin on the 4T1 cell line derived from BALB/c mice mammary tumors]

There is an increasing interest in identifying potent cancer preventive and therapeutic agents. Silymarin is a flavonoids complex extracted from the milk thistle [Silybum marianum L.] seeds. Silymarin was found clinically successful in the treatment of various liver diseases. Silymarin is in the focus of cancer researchers due to its high antioxidant properties. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of silymarin on 4T1 cells and compared with taxol. 4T1 cell line [BALB/c mouse mammary tumors] was cultured in RPMI medium containing FBS 10%. Cells were incubated with 5% CO2 in presence of different concentration of silymarin [25-50-75-100-125 micro g/ml], taxol [1.25-2.5-5-10-20 nM] and combination of silymarin and taxol separately for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cell viability was assessed using trypan blue and MTT staining. The cells morphology was studied using fluorescent dye [Hochest, propidium iodide]. Silymarin and taxol showed significant cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cell in a dose and time dependent manner. Condensation and deformation of the nuclei were also observed similarly for both treatments. In combination treatment silymarin enhanced the sensitivity of 4T1 cells to taxol in all doses. The cytotoxic effect of silymarin on mouse mammary tumors was comparable to taxol cytotoxicity. Treatment cells with combination of silymarin and taxol improved the cytotoxic effect of taxol

[Introduction and bioinformatic's evaluation of candidate genes in breast cancer using cytogenetic studies of cancer induction]

Discovery of genetic changes which contribute to cellular neoplastic and malignant tumor transformation is one of the major aims in oncology researches. The aim of this study was to investigate the DMBA-induced breast cancer in SD rat strains using bioinformatical methods and also to find their homologous regions in human chromosomes. In this research, we used SD rat strains as a suitable model for DMBA-induced breast cancer. We gavaged the rats twice with 10 mg DMBA solved in 0.5 ml sesame oil. After tumors appeared in DMBA-treated rats, they were subjected to histopathology and immunohistochemistery studies, cell culture, metaphase chromosomal preparation, and finally G-banding stain. According to databases, we collected genes in the affected area and prepared a gene list by comparing genome of the rats and human in changed chromosomal segments. Our data showed numerical and frequent structural changes in different number of chromosomes. For example, we found recurrent gain in chromosomes 3, 4, 8, 12, 17, loss in chromosomes 3, 9, 12 and 15, also deletion in chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 20 and addition in chromosomes 11, 15 and 19. According to these chromosomal changes and based on bioinformatics studies we predict that the gene TGFBR3, HACE1, UBR5, CALB2, HPR, LCP1, RRM2B, ABO, ZFHX3, TNFSF11, ABL1, EPSTI1, PRDM1, REG3A, FOXA1 and PRKD1, probably may contribute to the development of breast cancer

[Determination of numerical and structural chromosomal changes in skin cancer in rat and finding comparable part in human]

Rat and human skin tumors have high similarity in physiology and show comparable biochemical responsiveness. In this study we have recorded numerical and structural chromosomal changes in metaphases chromosomes in induced-breast cancer in rats. In this experimental study, a carcinogenic substance [7, 12-Dimethylbenz[alpha] anthracene, DMBA] [2.5 mg] was subcutaneously injected to SD rats. Since tumors were appeared in effected rats, they became subjects for histopathology and imunohistochemistry studies as well as cell culture, metaphase chromosomal preparations and finally G-banding staining. The data showed some un-randomly numerical and structural changes in different number of chromosomes. We found a gain in chromosomes number 8, 9, 10, 18 and a loss of numerical chromosomal changes in chromosomes number 4, 5, 6, 17 and marker chromosomes in diploid and triploid model of analyzed chromosomal sets. According to our reported chromosomal changes and also published articles, we predict that SRD5A2, BCAM, SIRT2, AKT2, MLANA, RHOB, CANX, TERT are probably involved in development of skin cancer. In addition, we recommend that the genes located in these chromosomal segments, which have been reported in these studies, should be subjected to more investigations

[ comparison of the effects of anethum graveolens and wheat germ oil on the blood oxidative stress in wistar rats]

Oxidative stress is the imbalance between production of free radicals and antioxidant defense system. Antioxidants, in little amounts, are substances which delay the oxidation of oxidants. They neutralize free radicals in different ways and consequently prevent the affliction and aggravation of different diseases such as Parkinson and cancer in which oxidants have an important role. Anethum graveolens is a highly consumed plant in Iran. This study tries to make a comparison between the antioxidant effect of Anethum graveolens and wheat germ oil as the richest source of Vitamin E. This research is designed in the experimental form and 24 male wistar rats those were randomly divided into 3 groups. Anethum graveolens water extract was given to group A orally with the dose 3 gr/kg B.W. Group B received 0.5 gr/kg wheat germ oil and the third group [C] was considered as the control group. After two weeks about 5[cc] blood was taken from the rats' hearts. The serum total antioxidant capacity was measured by FRAP method with the use of TPTZ indicator and also the rate of serum thiol groups was measured by Hu method with the use of DTNB indicator. In this method descriptive statistics [mean +/- SD] and Analyze Nonparametric Test [Kruskal-Wallis] were used. The mean and the standard deviation of the serum total antioxidant capacity were as follows: in group A 0.23 +/- 0.045 micro mol/ml, in group B 0.161 +/- 0.149 micro mol/ml and in the control group 0.144 +/- 0.175 micro mol/ml. The data showed a significant difference between A, C groups [P=0.035] and the rates of the serum thiol groups were: in group A: 0.591 +/- 0.68 micro mol/ml, in group B: 1.29 +/- 0.576 micro mol/ml, and in group C: 0.264 +/- 0.179 micro mol/ml; and between groups B and C a significant difference was shown. The results showed that Anethum graveolens water extract decreased the oxidative stress more than wheat germ oil. Therefore antioxidant defense system has been strengthened by consuming Anethum graveolens water extract which can be used as a useful supplement in a diet

[Determination of chromosomal changes in DMBA-induced skin cancer in SD rat strains]

Skin cancer is one of the most important cancers in the world. This cancer is more common in men than women. We survey chromosomal changes in DMBA-induced skin cancer in SD rat strains. In this fundamental study, 20 SD rat strains were randomly divided into case and contal group. DMBA [2.5 mg] was injected to SD rat strains subcutaneously; therefore skin cancer model for studies was created. Tumors became subjects for cell culture and metaphase chromosomal were prepared. Finally g-banding were stained. We have also transmitted genomic information from rat to human using suitable databases and Gene were determined. Data showed numerical and frequent structural changes in different number of chromosomes. For example; gain in chromosomes number 1, 15, 17 and loss in 1, 7, 15, and also structural changes like deletion was seen in chromosomes number 1, 4, 8, 10, 15, 17, and addition in chromosome number 15. it is predicted that CST6, PRKCDBP, PTCH1, DKK3, BRMS1, CDKN1C, CD81, DMP1, CDKN2B, EEF1A1, HRAS, CASP2, KLF4 probably cause skin cancer

[ study of cancer incidence and cancer registration in Markazi province between 2001-2006 and comparison with national statistics, Iran]

Based on statistical and epidemiological studies, cancer is the third most common cause of death after heart diseases and accidents, therefore planning to control cancer is essential for public health. Cancer registration is an important part of cancer control, and the collected data could be useful in etiological studies, and health programming to prevent and treat the disease. In this study cancer incidence and cancer registration in Markazi province investigated. In this descriptive study, data related to cancer were collected from the health center of Markazi province, from 2001 to 2006. Then the prevalence and incidence of different kind of cancer were determined. Results showed that the top ten cancers among women were: 1-Breast 2-Skin 3-Stomach 4-Colorectal 5-Lung 6-Uterus 7-Bladder 8-Lymphoma 9-Thyroid 10-Esophagus, and the ten most prevalent cancers among men were: 1-Skin 2-Bladder 3-Stomach 4-Lung 5-Prostate 6-Colon and Colorectal 7-Esophagus 8-Lymphoma 9-Testes 10-Gall bladder. In this investigation we also compared cancer incidence and distribution in Markazi province with national rates and our results showed that in some years, cancer statistics is different from national statistics which it may be due to different environmental and epidemiological factors

Study of geometrical model of wound regeneration in New Zealand rabbit

One of the best examples of epimorphic regeneration in the mammals is the formation of new tissues formed from blastema in holes punched in the ears of rabbits. The aim of this research is to investigate speed and percentage of regeneration in different geometrical shaped holes and different regions of rabbit's ear. In this experimental research different region of rabbit's ear [proximal, medial and distal] were punched as different geometrical shaped holes [circle, quadrangle and triangle] with the same area [50 mm[2]] Ubyg a puncher which designed for this purpose. The regeneration of wounds was evaluated and the percentage of regeneration was calculated. After punching, each 3 days [36-40 days]. Results showed speed and percentage of regeneration in circular holes was significantly [P < 0.05] more than quadrangular and triangular holes. In addition, regeneration speed of holes located in proximal regions of ear, was more than peripheral holes. Wound regeneration in rabbit's ear is related to the geometrical shape of holes. Speed and the percentage of regeneration in circular shapes is more than angular shapes

[Genotoxic effect of hydrogen peroxide on bone marrow erythrocytes of female Balb/C mouse]

Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidant which is being widely used in hairdresser places. Genotoxic effect of such substances, referred to as "interaction between gene and environment, is one of the most worrying problems of international health society. On the basis of the wide use of hydrogen peroxide, its capability on induction of chromosomal damages on polychromatic erythrocytes of bone marrow of exposed female Balb/C mice was investigated. The female Balb/C mice were used as experimental model. The mice were divided to three different groups including: control, Sham-exposed and experimental groups. The experimental group was exposed to inhalation of 9% oxidant vapor, containing hydrogen peroxide, for 2 and 3.5 hours per day for 7 days. Bone marrow cells of exposed as well as control and sham-exposed mice were collected using FCS, and micronucleus assay was performed. The chromosomal aberration was investigated by scoring the micronucleus containing polychromatic erythrocytes. The data was statistically analyzed by t-test. The results showed that mean No. of polychromatic erythrocytes in sham-exposed 1 and treated 1 [2 hours exposure to H2O2] were 8.87 +/- 1.01 and 5.75 +/- 3.05 respectively [P<0.05], and sham-exposed 2 and treated 2 [3.5 hours exposed to H2O2] were 8 +/- 2.36 and 42.37 +/- 4.8 respectively [P<0.01]. Also increasing the exposure treatment time with H2O2 could increase the chromosomal abnormality [P<0.05]. Results of this study revealed the genotoxic effects of inhalation of 9% H2O2 on bone marrow cells of female Balb/C mouse

[ sterological study of the effects of aloe vera aquose-methanolic extract on the kidney structure in the experimental diabetic rats]

Diabetes mellitus is the most common disease of the endocrinal glands. Since it is one of the ailments of nephropathic diabetes, so this research aims at the surveying of unbiased stereology [Cavalieri principle] of the extract of Aloe vera leaf on the diabetic rat kidney. At first, 32 male Wistar rats, 140/13 +/- 25/74 gr, were divided into: control, control + extract, diabetic control, diabetic + extract groups. Each group n=8 were divided randomly. IDDM was established by the Intra-Pertoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin in two times, control groups. Control + extract and diabetic + extract groups were treated by Aloe vera extract with doses of 70 mg/rat/day. After 30 days, rats left kidneys were excised and fixed by bouin solution. After tissue processing, staining by H and E was carry out, and at the end, with the stereology technique, quantitative information about the cortex, medulla, total kidney and glomeruli volumes was deducted. Statistical results of Anova/Tukey test and T-Test by using of SPSS 11 software showed that the mean of final body weight is increased in control, control + extract and diabetic + extract groups in comparison with diabetic control [p<0/001]. Cortical and total kidney volumes are significantly increased in control + extract, diabetic + extract groups in comparison with diabetic control [p<0/001]. Total glomeruli volume also is increased in control + extract and diabetic + extract groups, in comparison with control and diabetic control. This research shows that Aloe vera extract dose not have an effect on diabetic kidney manifestation during the course of the above treatment

determination of saliva antioxidant capacity in 15-17 year old Students of Arak high schools

Free radicals are molecules or atoms that due to their single electron have high reactivity. An imbalance between production of free radicals and antioxidant defensive system of human causes oxidative stress, which can create more than one hundred kinds of disease. Since environmental pollutants are a source of free radicals and Arak is an industrial city, this study was performed to determine the antioxidant capacity of 15-17 years old students of the city. This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 720 students [395 females and 325 males] selected by multiuse sampling. The total antioxidant capacity of saliva in these students was measured by ferric reducing ability of plasma [FRAP] method, which is based on the ability of saliva to reduce ferrous [Fe[+3]] to ferric ion [Fe[+2]]. The total antioxidant capacity of saliva was 1.53 +/- 0.065 micro m/ml. This amount was 1.64 +/- 0.071 in males and 1.42 +/- 0.059 micro m/ml in females. Our results showed that antioxidant capacity of Arak students was lower than that of antioxidant capacity in other studies. This factor, as an antioxidant disturbance, may cause different diseases in the students of this city

[ comparison of total antioxidant capacity of serum and saliva between patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus and control]

In human body, there are a number of special systems to defend the damages caused by antioxidant. In some diseases the defense system against antioxidant activity alters and this alteration may be used in recognizing and the processing of different diseases. Diabetes is one of the most common and important chronic illnesses in which the antioxidant capacity is altered. The aim of this research was to determine and compare the antioxidant capacity of both serum and saliva of diabetics compare to the control group. This is a cross - sectional research in which those under studying are 42 people of with type II diabetes mellitus coming and going to the Arak diabetes center as the case group with 42 people of control group which were in the same age and sex with the people in the case group from the point of total antioxidant capacity in serum and saliva were compared. The capacity of antioxidant in serum and saliva was measured by FRAP method. The average and standard deviation [mean +/- SD] of the total antioxidant capacity of serum and saliva in case group were in range: 2.51 +/- 0.088, 1.90 +/- 0.110 micro m/ml and in control group were: 2.90 +/- 0.107, 1.97 +/- 0.098 micro m/ml. [P=0.001, 0.74] From the statistical viewpoint, the increase in the total antioxidant capacity of serum in case group was meaningful, but the decrease in the total antioxidant capacity in saliva was not meaningful. Our results showed that the antioxidant capacity in the patients' s serum was higher than that in the control group. However, this difference was not observed in the saliva of these two groups. Conclusively, if this capacity of antioxidant is used in recognizing and processing of the disease, this difference should be taken into account