ABSTRACT
This study deals with the pharmacoeconomical evaluation of the prescribing trends and prescription cost analysis of anti-diabetic drugs in UK from 1999-2015. The trend and cost estimation have been performed by the help of prescription cost analysis [PCA] data provided by National Health Service [NHS], UK. In addition to PCA, the trend of prescribing new drugs developed for type-II diabetes has also been studied. A dramatic increase in cost and number of diabetic drugs dispensation has been observed. The total number of diabetic prescriptions from 1999 to 2015 has significantly increased from 1,01,70,700 to 4,17,92,000 while the rise in total cost during the same period is found to be from pound 13,66,13,200 to pound 74,71,36,500. The largest proportion of cost was spent on insulin until 2013 followed by oral hypoglycemic agents, in spite the fact that they were three times more prescribed than insulin. However, in the last two years, the cost of oral hypoglycemics has superseded insulin. Biguanides [metformin]were the highly prescribed drugs among oral hypoglycemic followed by sulfonylureas and thiazolidinones. The relatively two new groups of drugs i.e. glucagon like peptide-1[GLP-1] mimeticsand dipeptidyl peptidase [DPP-IV] inhibitors are comparatively more expensive than the conventional anti-diabetic drugs but still a rise in their prescribing has also been noted from the year 2007 and onwards. A decrease in prescribing of alpha glucosidase inhibitors has been observed. It is concluded that the prevalence of diabetes is constantly increasing with the passage of time and it would be a great challenge in future to control it due to aging and high obesity rates in UK
ABSTRACT
The solid lipid nanoparticles [SLNs], a type of lipid nanoparticles [LNPs], is a special field of interest that has emerged during the last few decades as a potential colloidal carrier delivery system. They have gained great attention in controlling the drug release, increasing the bioavailability and attaining a sustain release profile of entrapped drug substance with fewer side effects as compared to traditional dosage forms. They serve as a promising system in various pharmaceutical fields such as cosmetics, research, clinical medicine and other allied sciences. SLNs have also been identified as a substitute to carrier systems such as liposomes, emulsions and polymeric nanoparticles. In the present review, the structure, advantages and applications of SLNs are focused which would provide an idea of global scenario of SLNs
ABSTRACT
Antibiotics not only support to alleviate the infections but also facilitate to avert the multiplication of microbes. Due to the irrational use of antibiotics, the resistance of antibiotics has been augmented which results may increase in morbidity and mortality with the span of time. World renowned regulatory bodies like Food and Drug Administration [FDA], Center of Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], and World Health Organization [WHO] vigorously advocate the surveillance of the resistance of antibiotics. During the present study by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method 141 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus [n=47, 33.34%], Escherichia coli [n=54, 38.3%], Proteus species [n=26, 18.4%], and Klebsiella pneumoniae [n=14, 9.92%] are evaluated against cefepime and cefpirome which comes of fourth generation cephalosporin. It has been found that cefpirome has better bactericidal activity than cefepime against E. coli and K. pneumoniae while cefepime has been possessed better antibacterial activity against S. aureus and Proteus species which were isolated from respiratory tract infections, blood stream infection, intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections, and skin and soft tissue infections. K. pneumoniae, E. coli, Proteus species, and S. aureuswere 34.8%, 26.3%, 11.3%, and 37.7% resistance against cefepime respectively. S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Proteus species has shown 41.4%, 21.7%, 17.6%, and 8.9% resistance against cefpirome correspondingly.
ABSTRACT
To study the incidence of gestational diabetes and viral hepatitis in pregnant womenpresnting in Islam Central Hospital Sialkot. Cross sectional study based on patients attending Islam Central Hospital, Sialkot. This study was carried out at Islam Central Hospital, Sialkot from 1[st] January 2012 to 30 November 2013. Two hundred pregnant women were selected randomly attending Islam Central Hospital, Sialkot. The data was collected on proforma. The written informed consent was obtained on the consent form and permission was taken from the hospital committees. Blood samples were taken for diagnoses of hepatitis and second sample was taken for fasting blood glucose and then 75gm glucose in one glass of water was given to the patients. After 2 hours, another plasma glucose test was taken. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed on the basis of fasting plasma glucose level > 126mg/dl, 2 hours post prandial plasma glucose level >199.8mg/dl and hepatitis was diagnosed by its kits. The age variation of pregnant women included in this study was as follows. 20 patients [10%] were of age 16-20 years, 102[51%] of age 21-30 years, 54[27%] of age 31-40 years and 24[12%] of age 41-50 years. 70 patients [35%] included in this study had undergone major surgery e.g., caesarean section while 130[65%] had not undergone any major surgery. 54[27%] pregnant women had history of blood transfusion and 146[73%] pregnant women had no history of blood transfusion. 158[79%] of the pregnant women had undergone minor procedure e.g., tooth extraction or ear piercing and 42[21%] had not undergone any minor procedure. 30[15%] of the pregnant women had history of miscarriage conducted by Dai and 170[85%] had no history of dai handling. The incidence of overweight/obesity was 138 [69%] in case of pregnant women and 62[31%] had no evidence of being overweight/obese. The incidence of gestational diabetes was 34[17%] in pregnant women and 166[83%] had no history of gestational diabetes. The incidence of viral hepatitis was 18 [9%] in pregnant women and 182 [91%] had no evidence of viral hepatitis. In this study, out of 9 cases, 3 cases [33.33%] were suffering from hepatitis A, 2 cases [22.22%] from hepatitis B and 4 cases [44.44%] were suffering from hepatitis C. As the hygienic conditions in our country are very poor and dietary habits include eating food containing high carbohydrates and fatty contents so the incidence of metabolic diseases is increasing. The sedentary life style is also becoming common in pregnant women in our country therefore the incidence of gestational diabetes and hepatitis is increasing day by day in pregnant women irrespective of age, occupation, socioeconomic status, residential area and gravidity status
ABSTRACT
Herbal medicine is gaining great importance in the treatment of various diseases. Herbal extracts are being vastly used in advanced countries to cure health related problems and have shown beneficial effects over modern medicines. In many cases, herbal drug have proved to be safe and effective with no or minimum side effects. Herbal plants like Aloe Vera have been in use since the earliest days of recorded history, for various ailments including the healing of wound, and as an anti-inflammatory, anti-pruritic, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and antiviral agent, as well as an astringent, emollient, pain reliever, an excellent moisturizing agent, and immune modulator. It also helps in RBCs production and development. It is very popular in European countries and United State particularly as a component of cosmetic preparations for the treatment of multiple skin infections, boils and for certain other purposes like moisturizing, enhancing skin appearance marking it smooth and to protect and heal the skin. This plant contains several vitamins and minerals, which play an important role to regulate many biological functions. In this article the importance of herbal medicines particularly Aloe Vera and its applications in various ailments and cosmetics have been presented
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the knowledge and practice of all nurses that work in orthopedic wards at the main teaching hospital in Baghdad city and it's relation with certain variables such as years of experience, and level of education. Two instruments were developed for the evaluation. The knowledge evaluation was done by using of multiple choice type of questions and the evaluation of skills was done by using of observation check list. Analysis of data revealed that nurses working in the orthopedic wards possessing satisfied knowledge, which is important in giving care to patient in cast and it was found that [20%] of the sample got excellent scores, [35%] of them get very good, and the same percentage got good. In relation to the evaluation of nurses skills by observation check list, it was found that the skills of the nurses were inadequate only [2.5%] of the sample got score of good, while [82.5%] of them got poor scores. Significant correlation was found between the knowledge and practice of the sample, with their correlation between the knowledge and practices of the nurses with the years of experience. Regarding sources of knowledge and practice in orthopedic wards, none of them mentioned that they had an intensive course in orthopedic wards. According to the result of this study, the investigator recommends the following: establish assessment sheet for periodic evaluation of nurses knowledge and practice, to establish written procedures and policies in orthopedic wards to be followed by nurses and refreshing courses for nurses according to the technological advances in nursing management of patients care