ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the effect of parent's education and better schooling in achievement of medical entrance exam
Design: Descriptive
Setting: Department of Anatomy, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro
Method: This study was conducted on first year MBBS students admitted in Batch 2015-2016 at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro. Total 340 students were included in this study. A questionnaire is used for data collection which was filled by students after verbal consent
Results: Out of total 340 students, 314 filled the questionnaire. Among 314 students 111 [35%] are males and 203 [65%] are female students. Eighty percent [80%] male and eighty five percent [85%] female students had their early education from private schools of high standard while only 20% male and 15% female students had their education from government/ public schools. Regarding parental education, female students has 100% fathers and 89% educated mothers, while for male students 97% fathers and 69% mothers found educated. Overall 90% parents who were educated
Conclusion: Although there may several factors, however better schooling and parental education is most powerful factor to influence success rate of children pre medical entrance exam
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This descriptive study aimed to observe the anatomical including both and microscopic changes in diabetic placenta to increase our knowledge as very few studies are done on anatomy of placenta
INTRODUCTION: The placenta is a dynamic organ of unique function with short life-span. It is physiological site of exchange between maternal-fetal circulation. It is responsible for respiratory, nutritional, excretory, endocrine, and immunological functions
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Macroscopic and microscopic examination was carried out on total of 50 freshly delivered placentae from diabetic's mothers. Variables used for macroscopic examination are weight, diameter, number of cotyledons. On histology degenerative changes, fibrinoid necrosis, vessel thrombosis and infarction were examined
RESULTS: Morphological examination of placentae of diabetic mothers showed larger, heavier and more cotyledons. Similarly microscopic examination revealed dilated blood vessels, necrotic and degenerative foci, thrombosis and infarction in placentae of diabetic mothers
CONCLUSION: An adequate knowledge of the placental changes can prove to be valuable in the understanding the complications to fetus caused by diabetes. This study shows significant changes in placentae on gross as well as on microscopy. Out of many abnormal changes infarction is single most important change. Infarction lead to fibrin deposition in villi and leading to avascularity hence uteroplacental insufficiency which is important factor for fetal development
ABSTRACT
To investigate the protective effect of Nigella sativa against carbon tetrachloride [CCl[4]] induced liver injury in adult male Rabbit model. Experimental/Analytical study. This study was carried out at the Animal House, Isra University from May, 2012 to October 2012. Thirty male Rabbits were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and studied. Animals were divided into three groups Carbon tetrachloride was used to induce liver injury. N. sativa seeds were administered in experimental group. Blood samples were collected from peripheral veins. Sera were used liver enzyme detection. The animals were sacrificed by over-dose of Ketamine and liver was removed for histological study. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 16.0 for Windows release [Chicago, IL, USA]. A p-value of
ABSTRACT
To detect the possible teratogenic effects of various concentrations of retinoic acid [RA], in chick cardiac cells cultured in micromass culture. Experimental study. This study was carried out at the University of Nottingham, UK on chick embryonic hearts for a period of six months from Jan. 2010 to June 2010. Embryonic hearts were dissected from 5 day old white leghorn chick embryos to produce a cardiac cell suspension in DMEM culture medium. Cells were either exposed to culture medium or vehicle only or to different concentrations of retinoic acid ranging from1 micro M to 100 micro M. End points for cellular differentiation were observational scores at 24, 48 and 144 h following explantation. Cell viability was established with resazurin and kenacid blue assays. Statistical analysis of the results was via one way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests and P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Retinoic acid significantly reduced cellular differentiation at and above 1 micro M [P value < 0.05], at concentrations 50 micro M and above no single focus was observed to be beating. The resazurin assay for viability showed decreasing viability of cardiac cells with increasing concentrations of retinoic acid. Same trend was observed with kenacid blue assay which determined the overall protein content. However the cells exposed to only culture medium or vehicle did not show significant differences in terms of viability, protein content and beating ability. The potential of retinoic acid as teratogen is proved in this in vitro study and it is recommended that the pregnant ladies should avoid the use of these drugs during early developmental period
ABSTRACT
To determine the preventive role of Vitamin E on renal parenchyma after given of gentamicin in young albino rats. Experimental study. This study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy Baqai Medical University and Muhammad Medical College, Mirpurkhas from June 2011 to November 2011. 30 young albino rats were taken. They were divided into three groups ; A, B and C. The animals in group-A given normal saline 10 ml/kg/day intraperitoneal for 2 weeks. Group-B received gentamicin 100 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal for 2 weeks and group-C receives gentamicin 100mg/kg/day intraperitoneal with vitamin-E 2 mg/kg/day orally for 2 weeks. On day 15 all animals were sacrificed with deep ether anesthesia. Their kidneys were removed, fixed in 10 % formalin. Representative blocks were taken and embedded in liquid paraffin. For routine histological examination 5 microm thick section cut by microtome and stained with H and E, PAS and silver methenamine. Renal histology was done under light microscope to see the proximal and distal tubular diameter and count. No significant [P>0.05] changes were observed in the histopathology of kidney tissues of the groups A and C rats. The group B significantly [P<0.001] affected the histopathology of kidney. It may be concluded that gentamicin produces changes in kidney, which may be attributed to ischaemia resulting in tubular necrosis in young albino rats simultaneous administration of vitamin-E partially protect the morphological and histological changes induced by gentamicin
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To observe and compare gross and histological changes of the placenta of nondiabetic and diabetic mothers. And observe possible changes in the fetal weight of diabetic and non diabetic mothers
STUDY DESIGN: Case control study
PLACE AND DURATION: This study was conducted from June 2009 to July 2010 at the department of Anatomy of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro. The placentae were collected from department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Liaquat University Hospital
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty freshly delivered placentae were collected forty placentae from diabetic's mothers and forty placentae from parturient belonged to uncomplicated pregnancy [control group]. Ages of all parturient were between 17 to 32 years. Fetal outcome and data was recorded. Placentae were measured on a weighing machine graduated in grams and diameter was measured with the help of a measuring tape in centimeters. Approximately five mm piece of from diabetic placenta was taken and processed for histological examination. Fetal weight was also recorded
RESULTS: Morphological examination of placentae showed larger, heavier and more cotyledenous placentae group as compared to controls. Similarly microscopic examination revealed dilated blood vessels, necrotic and degenerative foci in placentae of diabetics as compared to controls
CONCLUSION: Diabetes Mellitus produces profound gross as well as histological changes in placentae which might result in large for date babies because of fetal compromises. A good glycemic control might be a better option for reducing diabetes induced abnormalities
ABSTRACT
To examine the morphological change due to exct of placenta of pregnancies complicated by pregnancy induced hypertension [PIH] and placental Abruption and its relation with fetal outcome. Case control type of study. This study was conducted from June 2008 to July 2009 at the department of Anatomy of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro. One hundred twenty placentae were collected from labor room and gynecology operation theatre of Liaquat University Hospital. Forty placentae from parturients that had pregnancy induced hypertension [PIH], forty from parturient having placental abruption and forty placentae of normal pregnancy [Control Group]. Age of all parturients is between 17 to 32 years. Fetal outcome and data was recorded. Weight and diameterof Placentae were measured. Approximately five cm piece of placenta was taken and processed for histological study. The weight of placenta in control group were 450 to 650 gm with amean weight of 526.25 +/- 8.414 gm and their diameter from 19 to 24 cm with amean of 21.225 +/- 0.2148cm. In PIH group weight of placenta was from 200 to 550gm with a mean weight of 432.25 +/- 11.889gm and their diameter ranges from 10 to 16cms with a meanl 4.208 +/- 0.1914cm. In placental abruption group the weight of placenta ranges from 180 to 400 gm with a mean weight of 284.88 +/- 9.084 gms and diameter ranges from 10 to 14cms with mean 13.070 +/- 0.2504 cm. The difference in weight and diameter of placenta in PIH and abruptio placentae was found statistically significant when compared with weight and diameter of normal placentae. The weight of new born babies in control group was 1.8 kg to 3.6 kg mean weight of 2.790 +/- 0.0689kg. In PIH group, the fetal weight was 1.4 kg to 3.0 kg with a mean weight of 2.195 +/- 0.0703kg. In abruptio placentae group, the weight of new born baby ranges from 1.0 kg to 2.8kg with a mean weight of 1.898 +/- 0.0660 kg. Fetal outcome in cases of PIH and in abruptio placentae was poor as compared to control group
ABSTRACT
Congenital malformations are the leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Out of all birth defects, congenital abnormalities of the heart are at the top. There are many etiological factors responsible for such defects. Environmental agents or teratogens are the factors which could be detected by certain screening methods and may be controlled at an early stage to minimize the chance of mortality. This study was conducted to detect the efficacy of inovo culture system as screening system for teratogenecity testing. Experimental study. This study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Isra University Hyderabad for a period of six months. White Leghorn Chicken eggs were incubated for 3 days and after 3 days eggs were injected with ethanol 10% and 20%, PBS, neutral red dye and some were left untouched. The eggs were again incubated back until day 9. On day 9 the embryos were taken out and examined for gross malformations. The hearts were then fixed and processed for H and E staining and examined under microscope. The results showed that addition of alcohol [ethanol] to chicken eggs produced many gross malformations and examination of hearts under microscope also showed malformed hearts. However other chemicals used did not show any malformations. This study confirmed the teratogenecity of ethanol in chick embryos and can be used as an alternative method for screening of teratogens and toxins
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Teratogens , Ethanol , Mass Screening , Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid/prevention & controlABSTRACT
The present study aims to observe the effect of Nigella Sativa [NS] oil extract on the granulation tissue formation on induced cutaneous wounds in a rabbit model. Experimental study. This study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Isra University Hyderabad from May to October, 2012. Twenty male adult Wistar rabbits were studied according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The rabbits were divided into two groups; Group I. [n=10] skin wounds were treated with 1% pyodine daily and Group II. [n=10] Nigella sativa extract oil was applied on inflicted cutaneous wounds. The animals were sacrificed by over-dose of Ketamine and Xylazil as per protocol and skin wound area was excised. The tissue samples were fixed in marked containers, containing 10% formaldehyde as preservative. The tissue samples were embedded in paraffin, cut into 5 um thick sections and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson`s trichrome and examined for histological findings. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 17.0 [Chicago, IL, USA]. The continous variables were analyzed by independent sample t-test. The p-value was taken at
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Plant Extracts , Rabbits , Phytotherapy , Plant Oils , Granulation TissueABSTRACT
Alcohol exposure during intrauterine life produces spectrum of disorders collectively termed as fetal alcohol syndrome. Apart from craniofacial and brain defects this syndrome produces various cardiac abnormalities such as atrial and ventricular septal defects, teratology of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, truncus arteriosus. The mechanisms behind these ethanol-induced deficits are unknown. This study was conducted to detect the preventive role of lipid soluble vitamin E in ethanol induced heart malformations in chick embryos cultured in ovo. Experimental study. This study was conducted at the in the school of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK for a period of 6 months. White Leghorn chicken eggs were incubated for 3 days in 37 Degree °C with relative humidity of 100%. Eggs were microinjected with 100 micro l of either PBS, vitamin E 200 micro M, SOD 2 micro M, 20% ethanol in PBS, or ethanol plus vitamin E and ethanol plus SOD dissolved in PBS. On day 9 eggs were cracked and examined in terms of their viability. The viable embryos were examined for growth retardation by measuring crown rump length, and any malformations or gross abnormalities observed including limb deformities, facial defects, heart defects and brain vesicle development. Ethanol-induced alterations occurred in craniofacial development, vitelline circulation, crown rump length, facial abnormalities, brain development, which were prevented by addition of vitamin E and superoxide dismutase. These results show that exposure of the chick embryos to ethanol during development result in structural changes in the heart that mimic malformations that occur in patients with fetal alcohol syndrome [FAS]. These findings may be prevented with addition of vitamin E
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Vitamin E , Craniofacial Abnormalities/prevention & control , Chick Embryo , Congenital Abnormalities/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Objective: to see the morphological changes in excessive placental calcification in pregnancy induced hypertension [PIH] and its relation with fetal outcome
Study design: prospective comparative study
Place and duration: this study was conducted from June 2008 to July 2009 at the department of Anatomy of Liquate University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro and placentae were collected from department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Liquate University Hospital
Material and methods: eighty freshly delivered placentae were collected from labor room and gynecology operation theatre of Liquate University Hospital. Forty placentae from parturient that had pregnancy induced hypertension [PIH] and forty placentae from parturient belonged to uncomplicated pregnancy [control group]. Ages of all parturient were between 17 to 32 years. Fetal outcome and data was recorded. Placentae were measured on a weighing machine graduated in grams and diameter was measured with the help of a measuring tape in centimeters. Approximately five mm piece of placenta was taken and processed for histological examination
Results: the weight of placenta in control group ranges from 450 to 650 gm with a mean weight of 526.25+/-8.414 gm having diameter from 19 to 24 cm with a mean of 21.225+/-0.2148cm. In PIH group weight of placenta ranges from 200 to 550gm with a mean weight of 432.25 +/- 11.889gm with diameter ranges from 10 to 16cms with a mean14.208 +/- 0.1914cm. The difference in weight and diameter of placenta in PIH was found statistically significant when compared with weight and diameter of normal placentae. The birth weight of new born babies in control group was 1.8 kg to 3.6 kg with mean of 2.790+/- 0.0689kg. In PIH group the fetal weight was 1.4 kg to 3.0 kg with mean weight of 2.195 +/-0.0703kg
Conclusion: fetal outcome in terms of birth weight of newborn to mother having PIH and calcification of placentae [grossly and microscopically] was poor as compared to control group