[Effect of incorporating nano-hydroxyapatite and nano-zinc oxide into resin modified glass lonomer cement on metal bracket debonding]

Fluoride releasing adhesives are favorable for bracket bonding since they decrease the risk of demineralization around orthodontic brackets given that they provide acceptably high shear bond strength [SBS]. The aim of this study was to evaluate the SBS of resin-modified glass ionomer cements [RMGIC] reinforced by nano-zinc oxide [NZnO] and nano-hydroxyapatite [NHA] particles in comparison with composite resins.In this experimental study, 80 extracted human premolars were used. The teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups as follows: Group 1: Transbond XT as the control group, Group 2: RMGIC [Fuji II LC], Group 3: RMGIC with 5% NHA and Group 4: RMGIC with 2% NZnO. After enamel etching, brackets were bonded. The SBS was calculated for each group. The percentage of adhesive remained on the enamel was quantified by calculating the adhesive remnant index [ARI]. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Kruskal Wallis test.According to the results of ANOVA, there were no significant differences in SBS of groups [P=0.075]. The mean SBS in groups 1 to 4 was 15.43 +/- 4.61, 14.95 +/- 4.34, 17.97 +/- 3.65 and 17.08 +/- 3.59 MPa, respectively. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test, there were no significant differences in degree of ARI among groups [P=0.413]. The SBS was similar among all groups and adding NZnO and NHA particles had no negative effect on SBS of RMGIC. In all groups, less than half the adhesive remained on the enamel after bond failure

Endoscopic Diagnosis of Duodenal Stenosis in a 5-Month-Old Male Infant

Duodenal stenosis and duodenal atresia are well-known gastrointestinal anomalies in patients with Down syndrome. Although duodenal atresia presents early and classically with vomiting in the immediate neonatal period, the presentation of duodenal stenosis can be significantly more subtle and the diagnosis delayed. Here, we describe the case of a 5-month-old male infant with Down syndrome and delayed presentation of high-grade duodenal stenosis diagnosed endoscopically. Pediatric gastroenterologists should include duodenal stenosis in the differential diagnosis of older infants and children with vomiting and should be familiar with the endoscopic appearance of this lesion.

[Inpatient perceptions of participating in cure decision making and safety among public hospitals of Tehran medical sciences university]

Focusing on making opportunities to participate of patients in all levels of health care system is important in order to develop of system capability that could make improving of patients' safety and quality of care services. The aim of this study was to determine inpatient perceptions in general hospitals of Tehran medical university regarding patient participate in treatment decisions and safety. This was a cross-sectional study in 1390. First, the list of eight general hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of medical sciences and all clinical wards were obtained through the university website. Then, stratified random sampling method applied to collect 300 patients as a sample size. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire that validity and reliability were accepted. Descriptive statistical methods, linear regression and multivariate logistic regression were applied to analyze. From total of 300 patients, 60% of them were female. The level of participating by patients in cure decision making were at high level [59.7%] and 27% in low level. The range of patients' safety was at high [60%] and low [26%]. The level of participate in decision making of cure process had high rate among young people and employed participants. The patients who were unmarried, educated, and employed had lower score in patients' safety. The participants' perception had no effect on the patients' safety perceptions. The symptoms that might be interpreted as an abnormal could be interpreted in different ways by the others. These unusual could come from dissimilarities in demographic features

[Validation of Farsi version of hospital survey on patient safety culture questionnaire, using confirmatory factor analysis method]

Patient safety is one of the most important components of health care quality. Given that assessing the current culture of patient safety is the first step in improving patient safety, we decided to translate and validate one of the most used patient safety culture assessment tool [HSOPS questionnaire] for the first time in Iran, and in this way take a step toward improving patient safety in our hospitals. This cross sectional study was done among four general hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences [TUMS], which were selected purposefully. Questionnaires randomly distributed among 420 members of the study population, and were collected after completion. were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis [CFA], internal Consistency and correlation. The value of Fitness function [FF] was 14.25 and according to that, the value of Goodness of Fit Index [GFI] was 0.96. Almost in all of the dimensions, the internal consistency of items in the translated Persian questionnaire was lower than the original one and ranged between 0.57 to 0.8. Regarding to the findings of this study the Persian translation of the HSOPS questionnaire is a valid tool for the assessment of patient safety culture in Iran's hospitals

[Determination of radiology services cost in selected hospitals affiliated with Tehran university of medical sciences in 2010-2011, using the activity based costing method]

Regarding to the escalating costs of health care and limited resources in this field, the appropriate identification and control of costs is inevitable. This Study aimed to determine the unit cost of radiology services, in selected hospitals of TUMS. This was a descriptive retrospective study. At first, we selected two hospitals [Shariati and Sina] out of general - teaching hospitals of TUMS randomly. After gathering data, using activity based costing method, the unit costs of radiography services in these centers in 1389 fiscal year [2010-2011] were calculated. The unit costs of radiography services in Shariati and Sina hospitals were 251255,5 and 334996,2 respectively. Building rent and human resources costs included the most share of total costs. The unit cost of radiography services in this study is very different comparing with other studies. Calculated building rent costs in this study could be one of the possible reasons of this difference [other studies did not consider this costs]. The other point is that, regarding the high share of human resources and building costs from total costs, special attention to these sources of costs and appropriate and adequate use of them, can be an important step toward improving the efficiency and cost savings in our national health system

[Health seeking behavior study among Zoroastrian residing in Yazd Province, in 2009]

People give you an idea about variety of behaviors when confronting diseases. Different factors such as age, sex, economic and social situations have effect on its. Recognition of these behaviors helps politicians to deliver better services. This study aimed to identify health seeking behaviors of Zoroastrian residing in Yazd province due to advanced number of them in comparison to the other provinces. This study is a cross sectional. The sample size was 196 cases which selected by using simple sampling method. The data was collected via the questionnaire, then data were analyzed by spss.11 software with two test of chi square and exact test of Fisher. The findings showed that 64.3% of the population was female whereas remaining 35.7% were male. 15.58% of participants were single, 76.5% married and the rest of them [7.7%] were widow. Data indicated that 4.1% of individuals were illiterate, 17.3% were high school, 51.3% had diploma, 23.5% had Bachelors degree and 3.6% had Masters Degree or Ph.D. 43.4% of studied population were unemployed and the rest of them [46.7%] were employed. 94.4% of participants had health insurance whereas 5.6% did not had uninsured card. The results showed that the following direct variables had relation with the following mentioned indirect variables; sex with the action during the period of being sick, Place of born with reasons of neglecting sickness, marital status with action during the period of being sick, educational status with action during the period of being sick and referring to practitioner in different stages if sickness and using consultation of different groups, occupational status with the first place to get medical treatment, economical status with reasons of neglecting sickness and completion of treatment period and having health insurance with action during the period of being sick and using consultation of different groups. Considering the fact that educational, occupational and economic status have relation with health seeking behaviors in individuals, developed in education and occupation status could be lead a chance to choose a better health behavior in people

[Determinants of physicians' visits throughout the different provinces of Iran: a case study of the population covered by social security organization]

Understanding the effect of different factors on the utilization of physician services is of great importance for policy making processes in health sector. Identification of such factors will improve the process of planning and policy making in health sector. To examine the effect of accessibility, income and out- of- pocket payments for visit and medicine on the utilization of specialist doctors' services [visits], in the population covered by Social Security Organization [SSO]. Managerial data bases throughout the SSO were used to measure the effect of assumed variables on the utilization of specialist doctors' services [visits] in a thirty-million population covered by SSO. The data were collected from 1998 to 2009 and then adjusted for the purpose of the study. A bilogarithmic regression model with panel data, using fixed effect model was estimated. The study results showed that 1% increase in the geographic accessibility and medicine costs would increase the utilization of specialist doctors' services by 23% and 17%, respectively. As well, out-of-pocket payments for specialists' visits and the insureds' incomes have no significant effect on the utilization of these services. Visiting specialists in private sector showed no responsiveness to out-of- pocket payments, but more for geographic accessibility. Social Security Organization can regulate and control the utilization of these services through considering the flexibility of different provinces to different factors.

[Examination of mercury concentration in the hair of breast-feeding mothers and relation to fish diet, number of dental amalgam filling, age and place of live]

Mercury is a heavy metal that is widespread in the environment and has many toxic effects. At present, MeHg exposure on women remain an important issues for researching, especially those of continuous uptake in high-fish consumption. MeHg can be transferred to infant through breast milk. The objective of this study was to characterize the risk of Hg exposure in mothers in south of the Caspian Sea. In this study mercury in hair of 70 breast-feeding women [17-36 years old] and influencing factor on it, were assessed. Mothers lives in Nur, Nowshahr and Chamestan cities and villages of Nur and Nowshahr. In order to researching on influencing factors, mothers fill questionnaires. Hair samples [about 1 gr] were obtained from mothers. The mercury was measured by LECOAMA254 Advanced Mercury Analyzer [USA] according to ASTM, standard NO.D-6722. Total mean mercury concentration in mothers hair obtained 0.19 +/- 0.09 [micro g gr[-1]]. Tukey test show that the influence of the variables place of live [p=0.02], fish and sea food consumption of mother [P=0.00] were significantly affected on hair mercury concentration of mothers. The other factors [age and number of dental amalgam filling] had no significant effect on mercury levels in hair of mothers. Total mean mercury concentration in mothers hair were lesser than normal dose recommended by WHO [2 micro g g[-1]] and EPA reference [5 micro g g[-1]]. Analysis of questionnaires showed that three kinds of fish including carp, golden mulle and kutum. Although were often used in this study, mercury concentration in fish was not determined, but in according to significant relation between fish consumption and mercury concentration in mother's hair, pollution with mercury in the fish can be the main factor of mercury exposure in this study

The effect of GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor) on doxorubicin induced tissue necrosis and wound healing.

PURPOSE: The effect of GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor) on tissue necrosis and ulceration induced with doxorubicin extravasation was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult Wistar-Albino rats (n=36) were used in the study. Doxorubicin (0.4mg/300 g) was applied subcutaneously to abdominal wall. In group I (n=18), half hours after doxorubicin injection, GM-CSF 6 microg/300 mg was applied subcutaneously to the same localization. In group II (n = 18) same amount of physiologic saline (0.5 ml) were given subcutaneously to the injection site (as vehicle control groups). Group II and I were examined for induration or ulceration on 7th and 21st day. After evaluating the lesions, the injection sites were excised. Hydroxyproline (5-HP) values of dry tissue samples were calculated and histopathologic examination was done. RESULTS: At day seven there were four and eight ulceration in groups I and II, while there were four and 14 ulceration in the second evaluation at day 21st (p<0.05). 5-HP values of the groups were as follows. 97.43+/-20.39 in group land 91.34+/-22.26 in group II. Although there was an increase in epithelization, eosinophil and lymphocyte infiltration and mast cell number in group I in histopathologic examinations only the increase in angiogenesis in group I was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that GM-CSF may have beneficial effect in the treatment of doxorubicin induced tissue necrosis.