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1.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 107(5): 467-481, Nov. 2016. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP, SESSP-IDPCPROD, SES-SP | ID: biblio-827864

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) has been gaining importance as a method of functional assessment in Brazil and worldwide. In its most frequent applications, CPET consists in applying a gradually increasing intensity exercise until exhaustion or until the appearance of limiting symptoms and/or signs. The following parameters are measured: ventilation; oxygen consumption (VO2); carbon dioxide production (VCO2); and the other variables of conventional exercise testing. In addition, in specific situations, pulse oximetry and flow-volume loops during and after exertion are measured. The CPET provides joint data analysis that allows complete assessment of the cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and metabolic systems during exertion, being considered gold standard for cardiorespiratory functional assessment.1-6 The CPET allows defining mechanisms related to low functional capacity that can cause symptoms, such as dyspnea, and correlate them with changes in the cardiovascular, pulmonary and skeletal muscle systems. Furthermore, it can be used to provide the prognostic assessment of patients with heart or lung diseases, and in the preoperative period, in addition to aiding in a more careful exercise prescription to healthy subjects, athletes and patients with heart or lung diseases. Similarly to CPET clinical use, its research also increases, with the publication of several scientific contributions from Brazilian researchers in high-impact journals. Therefore, this study aimed at providing a comprehensive review on the applicability of CPET to different clinical situations, in addition to serving as a practical guide for the interpretation of that test.


RESUMO O teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) vem ganhando importância crescente como método de avaliação funcional tanto no Brasil quanto no Mundo. Nas suas aplicações mais frequentes, o teste consiste em submeter o indivíduo a um exercício de intensidade gradativamente crescente até a exaustão ou o surgimento de sintomas e/ou sinais limitantes. Neste exame se mensura a ventilação (VE), o consumo de oxigênio (VO2), a produção de gás carbônico (VCO2) e as demais variáveis de um teste de exercício convencional. Adicionalmente, podem ser verificadas, em situações específicas, a oximetria de pulso e as alças fluxo-volume antes, durante e após o esforço. A análise integrada dos dados permite a completa avaliação dos sistemas cardiovascular, respiratório, muscular e metabólico no esforço, sendo considerado padrão-ouro na avaliação funcional cardiorrespiratória.1-6 O TCPE permite definir mecanismos relacionados à baixa capacidade funcional, os quais podem ser causadores de sintomas como a dispneia, correlacionando-os com alterações dos sistemas cardiovascular, pulmonar e musculoesquelético. Também pode ser de grande aplicabilidade na avaliação prognóstica em cardiopatas, pneumopatas e em pré-operatório, além de auxiliar na prescrição mais criteriosa do exercício em sujeitos normais, em atletas, em cardiopatas e em pneumopatas. Assim como ocorre com o uso clínico, a pesquisa nesse campo também cresce e várias contribuições científicas de pesquisadores nacionais são publicadas em periódicos de alto fator de impacto. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste documento é fornecer uma revisão ampla da aplicabilidade do TCPE nas diferentes situações clínicas, bem como servir como guia prático na interpretação desse teste propedêutico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Pulmonary Ventilation/physiology , Exercise Test/standards , Heart Failure/diagnosis , Lung Diseases/diagnosis , Prognosis , Spirometry , Pulmonary Circulation , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Dyspnea/diagnosis , Exercise Test/methods , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Lung Diseases/physiopathology
2.
Int. j. cardiovasc. sci. (Impr.) ; 28(6): 440-450, nov.-dez. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-788761

ABSTRACT

Fundamentos: A insuficiência cardíaca de etiologia chagásica (ICCh) parece ter maior mortalidade que a de outrascom disfunção sistólica. O teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) é uma ferramenta de avaliação prognósticaainda pouco estudada na cardiopatia chagásica.Objetivo: Avaliar se o TCPE pode discriminar as diferenças prognósticas da ICCh em comparação às de etiologianão chagásica (ICNCh) e verificar quais das suas variáveis são preditoras independentes de mau prognóstico.Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de 21 pacientes com ICCh e 76 pacientes com ICNCh encaminhados ao TCPE, eseguidos quanto à sua mortalidade em dois anos.Resultados: No seguimento, houve óbito de 5 pacientes no grupo chagásico (GC) e 25 no grupo não chagásico(GNC). A curva de Kaplan-Meier não mostrou diferença na curva de sobrevida entre os grupos (p=0,43). Aregressão logística encontrou a potência circulatória como uma variável preditora independente para óbito paraambos os grupos, com uma razão de risco para o GC de 17,3 (IC95% 1,39-217,0; p=0,027) e no GNC de 4,8(IC95% 1,59-14,6; p=0,005). A curva ROC para esta variável encontrou uma área de 0,91 (IC95% 0,78-1,00; p=0,006)com um valor de corte ≤1 280 mmHg.mL.kg-1.min-1 no GC e uma área de 0,75 (IC95% 0,64-0,86; p<0,0001) com umvalor de corte de ≤1 245 mmHg.mL.kg-1.min-1 no GNC.Conclusão: A potência circulatória foi a variável associada à morte em ambos os grupos, e deve ser mais amplamenteutilizada como indicador de prognóstico na insuficiência cardíaca.


Background: Chagas heart failure (CHF) seems to have higher mortality than other systolic dysfunction conditions. Cardiopulmonaryexercise testing (CPET) is a prognostic assessment tool that is still little studied in Chagas heart disease.Objective: To assess whether CPET can discriminate the prognostic differences of CHF compared to non-Chagas heart failures(NCHF) and determine which of its variables are independent predictors of poor prognosis.Methods: Retrospective analysis of 21 patients with CHF and 76 patients with NCHF referred to CPET and followed up formortality in two years.Results: During follow-up, 5 patients died in the Chagas group (CG) and 25 in the non-Chagas group (NCG). The Kaplan-Meiercurve showed no difference in the survival curve between groups (p=0.43). Logistic regression found the circulatory power as anindependent predictor of death for both groups, with a hazard ratio for the CG of 17.3 (95% CI 1.39-217.0; p=0.027) and for theNCG of 4.8 (95% CI 1.59-14.6; p=0.005). The ROC curve for this variable found an area of 0.91 (95% CI 0.78-1.00; p=0.006) witha cutoff value ≤1280 mmHg.mL.kg-1.min-1 in the CG and an area of 0.75 (95% CI 0.64-0.86; p<0.0001) with a cutoff value of≤1245 mmHg.mL.kg-1.min-1 in the NCG.Conclusion: Circulatory power was the variable associated with death in both groups and should be more widely used as an indicatorof prognosis in heart failure.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/prevention & control , Exercise Test , Heart Failure/etiology , Echocardiography , Follow-Up Studies , Retrospective Studies , Clinical Decision-Making/methods
3.
Rev. bras. ecocardiogr. imagem cardiovasc ; 26(1): 16-24, jan.-mar.2013. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-663437

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O alto consumo máximo de oxigênio (V’O2máx) dos atletas deve-se às adaptações periféricas, e principalmente miocárdicas, relacionadas ao treinamento. Embora as modificações estruturais do coração do atleta, associadas a essas adaptações, sejam bem conhecidas, há limitadas informações sobre o papel da função ventricular como preditor da capacidade de exercício. Objetivo: Identificar índices de avaliação de potência aeróbica máxima em jogadores profissionais de futebol, a partir da análise da função diastólica à ecocardiografia de repouso. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo envolvendo 66 jogadores profissionais e 39 indivíduos não atletas (controles) submetidos a exame ecocardiográfico para análise de parâmetros da função diastólica em repouso [velocidades diastólicas iniciais (E e E’), velocidade diastólica final (A) e relações E/A e E/E’] e a teste ergométrico até a exaustão para análise do V’O2máx. Resultados: Os atletas apresentaram maior relação E/A (p= 0,008) e menor velocidade de A (p= 0,023), quando comparados com os não atletas. Houve correlação do V’O2máx com a velocidade de A (r= -0,268; p= 0,037) e E’ (r= 0,306; p= 0,018) nos atletas e com a relação E/A nos atletas (r= 0,314; p= 0,014) e nos não atletas (r= 0,347; p= 0,036). Após regressão linear múltipla, apenas a relação E/A mostrou contribuição independente para o V’O2máx. Conclusão: O V’O2máx em atletas de futebol está relacionado a alguns parâmetros ecocardiográficos em repouso, sendo a relação E/A o único preditor independente da potência aeróbica máxima neste grupo.


Introduction: High maximal oxygen uptake (V’O2max) in athletes is attributed to peripheral and especially myocardial adaptations to physical training. Structural changes in the “athlete’s heart,” associated with these adjustments, are well known. However, there is limited information on the role of ventricular function as a predictor of exercise capacity. Objective: This study aimed to identify indexes for the assessment of maximal aerobic power in professional soccer players based on the analysis of diastolic function on echocardiography at rest. Methods: This prospective study involved 66 professional soccer players and 39 non-athletes (controls) who underwent echocardiographic examination for analysis of diastolic function parameters at rest [early diastolic velocities (E and E’), late diastolic velocity (A), and E/A and E/E’ ratios] and exercise test to exhaustion for analysis of V’O2max. Results: Athletes had higher E/A ratio (p= 0.008) and lower A velocity (p= 0.023) when compared with non-athletes. There was a correlation of V’O2max with A (r= -0.268, p= 0.037) and E’ (r= 0.306, p= 0.018) velocities in athletes and with E/A ratio in both athletes (r= 0.314, p= 0.014) and non-athletes (r= 0.347, p= 0.036). After multiple regression analysis, only E/A ratio had an independent contribution to V’O2max. Conclusions: V’O2max in soccer players is related to some echocardiographic parameters at rest. E/A ratio was the only independent predictor of maximal aerobic power in this group. These findings may contribute to the assessment of aerobic fitness and provide information that may be applied to training in order to improve the performance of athletes during sports activities.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Echocardiography, Doppler/methods , Echocardiography, Doppler , Sports/physiology , Soccer/physiology , Physical Fitness , Ventricular Function, Left , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Electrocardiography/methods , Electrocardiography , Prospective Studies
4.
Rev. bras. cardiol. (Impr.) ; 24(4): 241-250, jul.-ago. 2011. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-605502

ABSTRACT

Fundamentos: Um grande número de estudos tem confirmado que o treinamento físico é um dos métodos mais eficazes para melhorar a capacidade funcional e o bem-estar dos pacientes cardiopatas. Objetivo: Avaliar os benefícios clínicos e funcionais do Programa de Reabilitação Cardíaca em pacientes encaminhados ao Centro de Cardiologia do Exercício do Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo tipo coorte, comparativo antes e depois da participação no Programa de Reabilitação Cardíaca numa amostra de 88 indivíduos (60 homens e 28 mulheres) com idade entre37 anos e 81 anos. A maioria dos pacientes era portadora de doença coronariana estável. As principais variáveis analisadas dos testes ergométricos foram a duração doexercício, consumo de oxigênio do pico de exercício (VO2pico), o equivalente metabólico (MET), o déficit aeróbico funcional (FAI), o duplo-produto no pico do exercício(DP pico), a redução da frequência cardíaca no primeiro minuto da recuperação, a presença de isquemia, a classe funcional segundo a NYHA e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) segundo a American Heart Association. Resultados: Houve melhora significativa da maioria das variáveis analisadas tais como da capacidade funcional,da duração do exercício, do VO2 pico, da quantidade deMET obtidos, do FAI, e da APCR (p<0,0001). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas em relação ao duplo produto(p=0,1359). Conclusão: O Programa de Reabilitação Cardíaca utilizado neste estudo proporcionou significativa melhora dos parâmetros fisiológicos, hemodinâmicos, funcionais e autonômicos dos pacientes e, consequentemente, no desempenho cardiovascular e metabólico no exercício.


Background: A great number of studies have confirmed that physical training is one of the most effective methods of improving functional capacity and well-being in patients with heart disease.Objective: To evaluate the clinical and functional benefits of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Program in patients referred to the Cardiac Exercise Center at the Aloysio de Castro State Institute of Cardiology in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Methods: A retrospective comparative cohort study was conducted of a sample of 88 individuals (60 men and 28 women) between 37 and 81 years old. Most of the patients had stable coronary artery disease. The main parameters analyzed for the treadmill tests wereexercise duration, peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2), metabolic equivalent (MET), functional aerobicimpairment (FAI), peak exercise double product (peak DP), reduction in heart rate for the first minute of recovery, presence of ischemia, NYHA functional class and American Heart Association cardiorespiratory fitness. Results: There was significant improvement in mostof the parameters analyzed, such as functional capacity, exercise duration, peak VO2, MET achieved, FAI and cardiorespiratory fitness (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference for the double product (p=0.1359). Conclusion: The Cardiac Rehabilitation Program used in this study provided significant improvements in the physiological, hemodynamic, functional and autonomic parameters of the patients and consequently their cardiovascular and metabolic exerciseperformance.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Coronary Disease/rehabilitation , Exercise , Treatment Outcome , Exercise Test/methods , Exercise Test , Electrocardiography/methods , Electrocardiography , Heart Rate , Risk Factors
5.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 95(3): 295-302, set. 2010. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-560549

ABSTRACT

FUNDAMENTO: Arritmias cardíacas são a maior causa de morte súbita tardia em pacientes operados de Tetralogia de Fallot (TF). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ocorrência de arritmias cardíacas em crianças e adolescentes operados de TF, associando-as aos aspectos clínicos e de exames complementares. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal em 37 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de TF no Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (RJ). Após revisão de prontuários e avaliação clínica, os pacientes foram submetidos a eletrocardiograma (ECG), ecocardiograma (Eco), Holter 24h (Holter) e teste ergométrico (TE), sendo os resultados submetidos a análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Estudados 37 pacientes, 54 por cento masculinos, idade 9,7 ± 3,5 anos, seguimento médio de 4,7 ± 1,9 anos. Alterações mais prevalentes: ECG: bloqueio de ramo direito (89 por cento); Eco: insuficiência pulmonar grave (43 por cento), estenose pulmonar leve (73 por cento), hipertrofia ventricular direita (HVD) moderada (57 por cento). No TE, baixa capacidade de exercício (90 por cento), déficit cronotrópico (40 por cento), arritmias (20 por cento). Ao Holter, 59 por cento apresentaram arritmias: ventriculares 44 por cento, supraventriculares 38 por cento e ambas 24 por cento, com predomínio de extrassístoles pouco frequentes e benignas. Cinco pacientes (15 por cento) apresentaram extrassístoles polimórficas. Houve associação entre arritmia ventricular e HVD moderada e grave (p=0,026) e também com gradiente ventrículo direito-artéria pulmonar (VD/AP) > 45 mmHg (p=0,004). Através da Regressão Logística, o aumento do gradiente VD/AP foi fator preditivo independente para arritmia ventricular (p=0,017). CONCLUSÃO: Arritmias cardíacas foram um achado comum em grande parte de crianças e adolescentes após reparo cirúrgico de TF, porém pouco frequentes e benignas, na maioria dos casos. O gradiente pressórico VD-AP foi considerado forte preditor para arritmia ventricular.


BACKGROUND: Cardiac arrhythmias are the major cause of late sudden death in patients undergoing repair of Tetralogy of Fallot (TF). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias in children and adolescents undergoing repair of TF, and to associate them with clinical aspects and laboratory tests. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 37 patients undergoing repair of TF at Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (Rio de Janeiro). After review of the medical records and clinical assessment, the patients underwent electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography (Echo), 24-h Holter monitoring and exercise test (ET), whose results were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 37 patients of whom 54 percent were males with a mean age of 9.7 ± 3.5 years and mean follow-up period of 4.7 ± 1.9 years were studied. The abnormalities most frequently found were: on ECG: right bundle branch block (89 percent); Echo: severe pulmonary regurgitation (43 percent), mild pulmonary stenosis (73 percent), moderate right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH, 57 percent); on ET: low exercise capacity (90 percent), impaired chronotropic response (40 percent), arrhythmias (20 percent); on Holter monitoring: arrhythmias (59 percent, of which 44 percent were ventricular, 38 percent supraventricular, and 24 percent both ventricular and supraventricular, with predominance of infrequent and benign ventricular premature beats). Five patients (15 percent) presented with multiform ventricular premature beats. There was an association of ventricular arrhythmia with moderate and severe RVH (p=0.026), as well as with right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery gradient (RV/PA) > 45 mmHg (p=0.004). The logistic regression analysis showed that increased RV/PA gradient was an independent predictor of ventricular arrhythmia (p=0.017). CONCLUSION: Cardiac arrhythmia was a common finding in a large proportion of children and adolescents after surgical repair of TF; however, it was infrequent and benign in most of the cases. The RV/PA gradient was considered a strong predictor of ventricular arrhythmia.


FUNDAMENTO: Arritmias cardíacas son la mayor causa de muerte súbita tardía en pacientes operados de Tetralogía de Fallot (TF). OBJETIVO: Evaluar la ocurrencia de arritmias cardíacas en niños y adolescentes operados de TF, asociándolas a los aspectos clínicos y de exámenes complementarios. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal en 37 pacientes sometidos a cirugía de TF en el Instituto Estadual de Cardiología Aloysio de Castro (RJ). Tras revisión de prontuarios y evaluación clínica, los pacientes fueron sometidos a electrocardiograma (ECG), ecocardiograma (Eco), Holter 24h (Holter) y prueba ergométrica (PE), siendo los resultados sometidos al análisis estadístico. RESULTADOS: Estudiados 37 pacientes, el 54 por ciento masculinos, edad 9,7 ± 3,5 años, seguimiento promedio de 4,7 ± 1,9 años. Cambio más prevalentes: ECG: bloqueo de rama derecha (89 por ciento); Eco: insuficiencia pulmonar severa (43 por ciento), estenosis pulmonar ligera (73 por ciento), hipertrofia ventricular derecha (HVD) moderada (57 por ciento). En la PE, baja capacidad de ejercicio (90 por ciento), déficit cronotrópico (40 por ciento), arritmias (20 por ciento). Al Holter, el 59 por ciento presentó arritmias: ventriculares el 44 por ciento, supraventriculares el 38 por ciento y ambas el 24 por ciento, con predominio de extrasístoles poco frecuentes y benignas. Cinco pacientes (15 por ciento) presentaron extrasístoles polimórficas. Hubo asociación entre arritmia ventricular y HVD moderada y severa (p=0,026) y también con gradiente ventrículo derecho-arteria pulmonar (VD/AP) >45 mmHg (p=0,004). A través de la Regresión Logística, el aumento del gradiente VD/AP fue factor predictivo independiente para arritmia ventricular (p=0,017). CONCLUSIÓN: Las arritmias cardíacas fueron un hallazgo común en gran parte de los niños y adolescentes tras reparación quirúrgica de TF, sin embargo, poco frecuentes y benignas, en la mayoría de los casos. El gradiente de presión VD-AP se consideró como un fuerte predictor para arritmia ventricular.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnosis , Postoperative Complications/diagnosis , Tetralogy of Fallot/surgery , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology , Electrocardiography , Epidemiologic Methods , Treatment Outcome
7.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 81(6): 576-585, Dec. 2003. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese, English | LILACS | ID: lil-356432

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of skeletal muscle mass on ventilatory and hemodynamic variables during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). METHODS: Twenty-five male patients underwent maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill with a ramp protocol and measurement of the skeletal muscle mass of their thighs by using magnetic resonance imaging. The clinically stable, noncachectic patients were assessed and compared with 14 healthy individuals (S) paired by age and body mass index, who underwent the same examinations. RESULTS: Similar values of skeletal muscle mass were found in both groups (CHF group: 3863 ± 874 g; S group: 3743 ± 540 g; p = 0.32). Significant correlations of oxygen consumption in the anaerobic threshold (CHF: r = 0.39; P= 0.02 and S: r = 0.14; P = 0.31) and of oxygen pulse also in the anaerobic threshold (CHF: r = 0.49; P = 0.01 and S: r =0.12; P = 0.36) were found only in the group of patients with chronic heart failure. CONCLUSION: The results obtained indicate that skeletal muscle mass may influence the capacity of patients with CHF to withstand submaximal effort, due to limitations in their physical condition, even maintaining a value similar to that of healthy individuals. This suggests qualitative changes in the musculature


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Body Mass Index , Cardiac Output, Low , Exercise , Exercise Test , Hemodynamics , Muscle, Skeletal , Pulmonary Ventilation , Anaerobic Threshold , Linear Models , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Muscle, Skeletal , Thigh
8.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 81(2): 166-181, ago. 2003. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese, English | LILACS | ID: lil-345307

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess safety, feasibility, and the results of early exercise testing in patients with chest pain admitted to the emergency room of the chest pain unit, in whom acute myocardial infarction and high-risk unstable angina had been ruled out. METHODS: A study including 1060 consecutive patients with chest pain admitted to the emergency room of the chest pain unit was carried out. Of them, 677 (64 percent) patients were eligible for exercise testing, but only 268 (40 percent) underwent the test. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients studied was 51.7±12.1 years, and 188 (70 percent) were males. Twenty-eight (10 percent) patients had a previous history of coronary artery disease, 244 (91 percent) had a normal or unspecific electrocardiogram, and 150 (56 percent) underwent exercise testing within a 12-hour interval. The results of the exercise test in the latter group were as follows: 34 (13 percent) were positive, 191 (71 percent) were negative, and 43 (16 percent) were inconclusive. In the group of patients with a positive exercise test, 21 (62 percent) underwent coronary angiography, 11 underwent angioplasty, and 2 underwent myocardial revascularization. In a univariate analysis, type A/B chest pain (definitely/probably anginal) (p<0.0001), previous coronary artery disease (p<0.0001), and route 2 (patients at higher risk) correlated with a positive or inconclusive test (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: In patients with chest pain and in whom acute myocardial infarction and high-risk unstable angina had been ruled out, the exercise test proved to be feasible, safe, and well tolerated


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Chest Pain , Emergency Service, Hospital , Exercise Test , Cohort Studies , Equipment Safety , Feasibility Studies , Prospective Studies , Treatment Outcome
10.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 76(4): 273-84, abr. 2001.
Article in Portuguese, English | LILACS | ID: lil-285831

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVE: The evaluation, by exercise stress testing, of the cardiorespiratory effects of pyridostigmine (PYR), a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled comparison of hemodynamic and ventilation variables of 10 healthy subjects who underwent three exercise stress tests (the first for adaptation and determination of tolerance to exercise, the other two after administration of placebo or 45mg of PYR). RESULTS: Heart rate at rest was: 68 + or - 3 vs 68 + or - 3bpm before and after placebo, respectively (P=0.38); 70 + or - 2 vs 59 + or - 2bpm, before and after pyridostigmine, respectively (P<0.01). During exercise, relative to placebo: a significantly lower heart rate after PYR at, respectively, 20 per cent (P=0.02), 40 per cent (P=0.03), 80 per cent (P=0.05) and 100 per cent (P=0.02) of peak effort was observed. No significant differences were observed in arterial blood pressure, oxygen consumption at submaximal and maximal effort, exercise duration, respiratory ratio, CO2 production, ventilation threshold, minute ventilation, and oxygen pulse. CONCLUSION: Pyridostigmine, at a dose of 45mg, decreases heart rate at rest and during exercise, with minimal side effects and without interfering with exercise tolerance and ventilation variables.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Exercise Test/drug effects , Pyridostigmine Bromide/pharmacology , Double-Blind Method , Heart Rate/drug effects , Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
13.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 75(3): 205-13, set. 2000. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese, English | LILACS | ID: lil-274141

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Parasympathetic dysfunction is an independent risk factor in individuals with coronary artery disease, and cholinergic stimulation is a potential therapeutical option. We determined the effects of pyridostigmine bromide, a reversible anticholinesterase agent, on electrocardiographic variables of healthy individuals. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. We obtained electrocardiographic tracings in 12 simultaneous leads of 10 healthy young individuals at rest before and after oral administration of 45 mg of pyridostigmine or placebo. RESULTS: Pyridostigmine increased RR intervals (before: 886 + or - 27 ms vs after: 1054 + or - 37 ms) and decreased QTc dispersion (before: 72 + or - 9ms vs after: 45 + or - 3ms), without changing other electrocardiographic variables (PR segment, QT interval, QTc, and QT dispersion). CONCLUSION: Bradycardia and the reduction in QTc dispersion induced by pyridostigmine may effectively represent a protective mechanism if these results can be reproduced in individuals with cardiovascular diseases.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Electrocardiography/methods , Heart/physiology , Pyridostigmine Bromide/pharmacology , Analysis of Variance , Cross-Sectional Studies , Double-Blind Method , Electrocardiography/drug effects , Heart/drug effects , Rest
14.
Niterói; s.n; 1998. 116 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-655780

ABSTRACT

Fundamento: O desequilíbrio autonômico e a redução da atividade parassimpática estão associados a um pior prognóstico das doenças cardiovasculares. A utilização de uma droga que exerça uma ação agonista parassimpática, sem interferir nas funções do sistema cardiorespiratório, poderá tornar-se uma alternativa no tratamento dessas afecções...Conclusões: 1) A PIR 45mg reduziu a frequência cardíaca em repouso supino e durante o exercício dinâmico. 2) Não houve interferência da PIR nas variáveis eletrocardiográficas de repouso. 3) Os efeitos colaterais da PIR 45mg foram leves e ocorreram em 40% dos indivíduos. 4) A PIR não interferiu na tolerância ao esforço ou nas variáveis durante o exercício, exceto pelo seu efeito cronotrópico negativo


Subject(s)
Humans , Acetylcholinesterase , Autonomic Nervous System , Exercise Test , Pyridostigmine Bromide , Spirometry
15.
Rev. SOCERJ ; 10(4): 175-83, out. 1997. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-248179

ABSTRACT

Discute-se o papel dos programas de reabilitação à portadores de doença coronária, a atuação multiprofissional, a prescrição de exercícios, os benefícios e riscos da prática de atividade física. Conclui-se pela necessidade de expansão de serviços e engajamento de maior número de pacientes àqueles programas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Coronary Disease/mortality , Coronary Disease/rehabilitation , Coronary Disease/therapy , Exercise , Acute Disease , Epidemiologic Studies , Patients , Risk Factors
17.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 68(1): 9-12, Jan. 1997. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-320370

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To identify in the elderly adaptations imposed by exercise in both sexes. METHODS: 1528 stress tests were performed on subjects divided in: group I (GI) (90) between 65 to 75 years old, and group II (GII) more than 75 years old. Protocols applied were Bruce (72), and modified Naughton (28). Clinical, hemodynamic and electrocardiographic variables were estimated as recommended by the World Health Organization, and the metabolic variables in the adapted Naughton protocols by the American College of Sports Medicine standards. RESULTS: Analysis of GI and GII, respectively disclosed: 1) stress electrocardiogram (ECG): normal, 36 and 35; ST depression, 20 and 22; ST elevation, 6 and 1; ventricular ectopic beats, 11 and 14; supra ventricular ectopic beats, 5 and 6; 2) metabolic and hemodynamic variables: the double-product: 26636 (+/-1539) and 23133 (+/-3218) mmHg X bpm (p < 0.0001). Maximum oxygen uptake measured in METS: GI, men, 7.7 (+/-1.9), women 5.4 (+/-0.8) (p < 0.0001); GII, NS, curve of systolic blood pressure: GI, men, 8.4 +/- (0.5), women, 10.6 (+/-1.8) mmHg/Met (p = 0.03); GII- NS. Difference of diastolic blood pressure and heart rate during exercise were similar between the two groups; 3) chest pain was the main clinical variable. CONCLUSION: The more frequent indication for stress testing to evaluate chest pain in GI, did not correspond to a predominance of this symptom in this group, during exercise; in GI, in contrast to what is seen in the young, the curve of systolic blood pressure was greater in women; despite the greater prevalence of coronary artery disease in aged subjects, it was not observed significative differences between the two groups, to ischaemic ST depression.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Exercise Test/methods , Retrospective Studies , Electrocardiography , Oxygen Consumption , Hemodynamics , Arterial Pressure
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