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Objectives@#We aimed to estimate the space-time distribution of the risk of suicide mortality in Iran from 2006 to 2016. @*Methods@#In this repeated cross-sectional study, the age-standardized risk of suicide mortality from 2006 to 2016 was determined. To estimate the cumulative and temporal risk, the Besag, York, and Mollié and Bernardinelli models were used. @*Results@#The relative risk of suicide mortality was greater than 1 in 43.0% of Iran’s provinces (posterior probability >0.8; range, 0.46 to 3.93). The spatio-temporal model indicated a high risk of suicide in 36.7% of Iran’s provinces. In addition, significant upward temporal trends in suicide risk were observed in the provinces of Tehran, Fars, Kermanshah, and Gilan. A significantly decreasing pattern of risk was observed for men (β, -0.013; 95% credible interval [CrI], -0.010 to -0.007), and a stable pattern of risk was observed for women (β, -0.001; 95% CrI, -0.010 to 0.007). A decreasing pattern of suicide risk was observed for those aged 15-29 years (β, -0.006; 95% CrI, -0.010 to -0.0001) and 30-49 years (β, -0.001; 95% CrI, -0.018 to -0.002). The risk was stable for those aged >50 years. @*Conclusions@#The highest risk of suicide mortality was observed in Iran’s northwestern provinces and among Kurdish women. Although a low risk of suicide mortality was observed in the provinces of Tehran, Fars, and Gilan, the risk in these provinces is increasing rapidly compared to other regions.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Multiple sclerosis [MS] is a common disease of the central nervous system. This disease may be initiated by either vitamin deficiency or triggered by abnormality in CYP24A1 and vitamin D receptor
Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, the expression of genes encoding vitamin D receptor [VDR] and CYP24A1 in relapsing-remitting MS [RR-MS] patients was compared with normal individuals in the Iranian population. RNA from whole blood of 50 RR-MS patients [HLA-DRB1*15-negative and responders to interferon-beta with a normal vitamin D level] and 50 normal controls was extracted. The levels of CYP24A1 and VDR expression were measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
Results: The RR-MS group had a significantly more than 2 times higher expression level of VDR than the normal group [P=0.04]. On the other hand, there was a 0.89 times decrease in the expression level of CYP24A1 in RR-MS patients which was not statistically significant. There was no linear correlation between the risk of expanded disability status scale of Kurtzke [EDSS] and the expression level of either CYP24A1 or VDR. In addition, the expression level of CYP24A1 or VDR was not correlated with the duration of the disease
Conclusion: Up-regulation of VDR is likely to happen in RR-MS patients in the Iranian population. We did not observe a gene expression-phenotype correlation for CYP24A1 which may be due to limited statistical power as a result of the small sample size. Although the individuals taking part in this study had normal levels of vitamin D, the increase in VDR expression levels may perhaps be a response to a defect in vitamin D processing. Another possibility is that despite an increase in VDR expression level, factors such as micro-RNAs may result in their deactivation while an increase in VDR expression level can be seen as a compensatory response. Of course, further studies are required to identify the mechanism of action of vitamin D by analyzing genes involved in its signaling pathway, particularly VDR and CYP24A1
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Background: Substance abuse has significant impact on nutritional status. Due to the increased malnutrition during drug use and withdrawal, this study aimed at assessing the anthropometric indices in individuals referring to drug treatment centers in Qom
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 329 addicted individuals referring to addiction centers in Qom were randomly selected. A questionnaire was used with three parts including demographic characteristics, drug abuse history, and anthropometric indices including measurement of height, weight, waist circumference, arm circumference, and skinfold thickness in triceps and calf muscles
Results: The participants consisted of 328 men and only one woman, 29% of whom were in detoxification. The participants' mean age was 39.0 +/- 7.1 years. The first and most-frequently used drug was opium. All anthropometric indices were associated with the consumption of opium substances and drug use was associated significantly with some parameters. With the exception of skinfold thickness in the calf, all the indices were affected by the type of consumed substances. The opium addicts had a higher body mass index compared with other drug users
Conclusions: Due to the importance of nutrition status in drug abusers' health and their lack of self-care, careful monitoring and evaluation of dietary intake, as well as nutrition status can play important roles in the rehabilitation of these individuals and help to prevent from reappearance of these habits
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OBJECTIVES: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the time trends of stomach, colorectal, and esophageal cancer during the past decade in Iran. METHODS: Cancer incidence data for the years 2001 to 2010 were obtained from the cancer registration of the Ministry of Health. All incidence rates were directly age-standardized to the world standard population. In order to identified significant changes in time trends, we performed a joinpoint analysis. The annual percent change (APC) for each segment of the trends was then calculated. RESULTS: The incidence of stomach cancer increased from 4.18 and 2.41 per 100,000 population in men and women, respectively, in 2001 to 17.06 (APC, 16.7%) and 8.85 (APC, 16.2%) per 100,000 population in 2010 for men and women, respectively. The corresponding values for colorectal cancer were 2.12 and 2.00 per 100,000 population for men and women, respectively, in 2001 and 11.28 (APC, 20.0%) and 10.33 (APC, 20.0%) per 100,000 in 2010. For esophageal cancer, the corresponding increase was from 3.25 and 2.10 per 100,000 population in 2001 to 5.57 (APC, 12.0%) and 5.62 (APC, 11.2%) per 100,000 population among men and women, respectively. The incidence increased most rapidly for stomach cancer in men and women aged 80 years and older (APC, 23.7% for men; APC, 18.6% for women), for colorectal cancer in men aged 60 to 69 years (APC, 24.2%) and in women aged 50 to 59 years (APC, 25.1%), and for esophageal cancer in men and women aged 80 years and older (APC, 17.5% for men; APC,15.3% for women) over the period of the study. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of gastrointestinal cancer significantly increased during the past decade. Therefore, monitoring the trends of cancer incidence can assist efforts for cancer prevention and control.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Colorectal Neoplasms , Esophageal Neoplasms , Gastrointestinal Neoplasms , Incidence , Iran , Stomach , Stomach NeoplasmsABSTRACT
Tuberculosis [TB] is a pandemic disease. It is the second leading cause of death from infectious diseases after human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] in the world. The main objective of this paper was to determine and compare the epidemiology of TB incidence rate and its trend changes during 1990-2010 in six WHO regions regarding age, gender and income levels. The Average Annual Percent Change [AAPC] and Annual Percent Change [APC] of TB incidence, mortality, treatment-successes, case detection rates, as well as change points of trend was estimated using segmented regression model. The number of change points was selected by the permutation procedure based on likelihood ratio test. Two change points for global TB incidence rate trend with AAPC[5years] equaling -1.4% was estimated, the maximum AAPC[5years] of six regions was attributed to the American region [-3.5%]. AACP of TB treatment-successes rate for Eastern Mediterranean [+2.2], the Americas [+1.6], south East Asia [+.8] and Global [+1.1] were significant [P<0.05]. Moreover AACP[5years] of TB case detection rate for South East Asia [+7.5], Eastern Mediterranean [+4.9], Africa [+2.8] and the Americas [+1.7] were significant [P<0.05]. Globally, all of income categories had descending trend of TB incidence and mortality rate, except the upper-middle income level that had ascending incidence trend [AAPC=+0.7%]. Globally, TB incidence and mortality rates have downturn trend and TB treatment successes and detection rates have upward trend, but their changes rate are insufficient to reach the goal of TB stop strategy. The economic levels have effect on trend, with no clear pattern, so it seems necessary that evaluation TB control programs based on characteristics of countries for reach TB control goals
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Regression Analysis , EpidemicsABSTRACT
To implement source separation plan, awareness of viewpoints and participation of waste producers are necessary. The aim of this research is to assess the status of the source separation of municipal wastes and to offer its corrective strategies from citizens' point of view. This descriptive crooss-sectional study was performed through filling 1400 questionnaires by in-person interview in Qom, Yazd, and East Azarbaijan in the form of a waste management master plan. In this study, awareness of population was assessed using a questionnaire consisting of 31 general and specific questions. To examine the relationship between qualitative variables and cross-tabulations, chi-square test was used at a significance level of 5%. Ninety percent of citizens declared their readiness to implement the source separation of municipal wastes. Most important reasons of citizens for implementation of this plan was better recycling with appropriate quality materials [79%], environmental protection and health promotion [65%] and assistance to municipalities [43%], and the important reasons of plan's failure from citizens point of view were: lack of or irregular implementation the programs by the municipality [45%], inadequate training of citizens [32%], and poor cooperation of people due to cultural and social problems and/or lack of economic justification [25%]. According to the results, high percentage of citizens were aware of separation of municipal wastes plan and knew its advantages, so if reforms are made by the municipal authorities, percentage of participation and cooperation of citizens in this project will favorably increase