ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the conversion potential of alginate encapsulated nodes of Glycyrrhiza glabra with phyto-chemical evaluation of root extract of field transferred plants. Methods: The excised axenic nodal segments were encapsulated in alginate matrix planted on Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium with different supplementation and formulations of PGRs.The two year old field transferred plants were evaluated for phyto-compounds analysis using GC-MS technique. Results: Varied responses were observed during the study, maximum conversion 95.83% ± 2.40% was obtained in these encapsulates when planted on MS medium containing 2.5 μM Kinetin and 0.5 μM α-Naphthalene acetic acid, which eventually developed into complete plantlets in a single step.Further,GC-MS analysis showed the presence of different phyto-compounds in the methanolic root extracts of in vitro con-verted plants. The results obtained revealed the presence of about 47 phyto-compounds along with various potential bioactive compounds useful for industrial and pharmaceu-tical purposes. Conclusions: This study investigates high frequency regeneration and conversion of Glycyrrhiza glabra in a single step in short time. Also, the in vitro raised plants are analysed for bioactive compounds after field transfer, which shows the presence of numerous compounds useful for commercial and pharmacological purposes.
ABSTRACT
Aims: The present study provides an efficient protocol for short-term storage and germplasm exchange of a potent medicinal herb, Spilanthes mauritiana using encapsulated nodal segments. Study Design: For in vitro conversion of synseeds, 5 beads were placed in each flask having Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs). While for ex vitro conversion, 5 synseeds per thermocol cups having different planting substrates were directly sown. The data for each experiment were collected after 6 weeks. All the experiments were conducted with a minimum of 20 replicates per treatment and each experiment was repeated thrice. Place and Duration of Study: Plant Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany, AMU, July 2012 to November 2013. Methodology: Concentration of two different manufacture grade of Na-alginate (purchased from Central Drug House and Loba Chemie) were compared for the production of ideal synseeds. Conversion of synseeds was tested under in vitro and ex vitro conditions. A low temperature storage (4ºC) experiment was also carried out to understand the explants’ ability to revive physiological activity leading to plantlet development. Results: A gelling matrix of 4% Na-alginate (CDH) or 3% (Loba Chemie) with 100 mM calcium chloride (CaCl2∙2H2O) was found most suitable for the production of ideal Caalginate bead. However, CDH grade Na-alginate (74.4% conversion) was found to be better than Loba Chemie (62% conversion) in terms of in vitro conversion of synseeds into complete plantlets when cultured on MS basal medium. Supplementation of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) to the MS basal medium further enhanced the conversion frequency of the synseeds. Maximum conversion (83%) was recorded on MS basal medium supplemented with 5.0 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.5 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Synseeds, stored at 4ºC for 1-8 weeks showed successful sprouting with variable percent in successive weeks of transfer, followed by development into complete plantlets when returned to regeneration medium. Ex vitro conversion of synseeds also occurred when synseeds were sown directly into SoilriteTM moistened with quarter-strength MS salts. Plantlets regenerated from non-stored and stored synseeds were successfully hardened, acclimatized and established in soil with a success of 90%. While plantlets recovered from direct sowing of synseeds exhibited 80% survivability. Conclusion: Being small in size, synseeds provide an effective tool for conservation, storage and exchange of this valuable medicinal plant species, potentially overcoming many of the difficulties associated with long-distance transport of plant germplasm.
ABSTRACT
Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of endangered medicinal plants Balanites aegyptiaca Del. and Spilanthes acmella Murr. were evaluated for antifungal potential against various pathogenic and opportunistic fungi by in vitro agar well diffusion method. All the alcoholic extracts showed wide range of activity against the tested fungi as compared to aqueous extracts which showed limited antifungal activity. The alcoholic extract of fruit of B. aegyptiaca showed good antifungal activity against most of the tested Candida species and few opportunistic fungi, whereas, alcoholic extract of flower head of S. acmella showed good activity not only against Candida species but also against most of the tested Aspergillus species. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the alcoholic extracts were determined by broth microdilution method. The MIC of alcoholic extract of B. aegyptiaca and S. acmella against tested fungi ranged from 3.05 to 24.0μg/ml and 1.53 to 49.0 μg/ml respectively. The present study leads to conclusion that extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca and Spilanthes acmella contain good antifungal activity and thus could be used as alternative medicine in the treatment of various opportunistic and life threatening fungal infections especially in immunocompromised patients which otherwise pose problem of resistance to the currently used antifungal agents.
ABSTRACT
Alcoholic extracts of stem of an endangered medicinal plant Spilanthes acmella and its in vitro raised callus were evaluated for antibacterial potential against various gram positive and gram negative bacteria including resistant isolates harbouring bla genes by agar well diffusion method. The alcoholic extract of parent plant as well as its callus showed good antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria and also efficiently controlled the growth of most of the resistant bacteria harbouring bla genes. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts was determined by broth microdilution method. MIC against gram positive bacteria ranged from 12.0 to 49.0 μg/ml, while MIC against gram negative bacteria ranged from 1.53 to 12.0 μg/ml and MIC against resistant bacteria harbouring bla genes ranged from 6.1 to 98.0 μg/ml. The present study shows that extracts of Spilanthes acmella contain good antibacterial activity which can be used to obtain novel antibacterial compounds for the treatment of infectious diseases that otherwise pose problem of drug resistance to currently used antimicrobials. This is the first report of antibacterial activity of S. acmella through in vitro callus and also it’s potential against gram negative bacteria harbouring bla genes.
ABSTRACT
Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of endangered medicinal plants Balanites aegyptiaca and Tylophora indica were analyzed for antibacterial potential against various gram positive and gram negative bacteria including resistant strains harbouring bla genes by agar well diffusion method. Alcoholic extracts of both the plants showed activity against wider range of tested bacteria as compared to aqueous extracts which showed limited antibacterial activity. The alcoholic extract of leaf of Tylophora indica showed good activity against gram negative bacteria and mild activity against those harbouring bla genes, whereas, the alcoholic extract of fruit of Balanites aegyptiaca showed excellent antibacterial activity against gram positive, gram negative bacteria as well as resistant bacteria harbouring bla genes. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the alcoholic extracts were determined by broth microdilution method. The MIC values of the alcoholic fruit extract of B. aegyptiaca against tested bacterial species ranged from 1.53 to 49.0 μg/ml and MIC of alcoholic leaf extract of T. indica ranged from 3.05 to 98.0 μg/ml. The present study leads to conclusion that extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca and Tylophora indica contain good antibacterial activity which can be used as novel antimicrobial compounds in the treatment of various infections showing resistance to treatment by currently used antimicrobial agents.
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The antifungal potential of medicinal plant Tylophora indica Merr. was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and it was compared with the activity of its in vitro raised plant and callus . The extracts of in vitro raised plant and callus showed better antifungal activity against the tested fungal species as compared to parent plant. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts were determined by broth microdilution method. The MIC of the alcoholic leaf extracts of parent plant against tested fungi ranged from 12.0 to 98.0 μg/ml, whereas, the MIC of extract of in vitro raised plant and callus ranged from 1.53 to 49.0 μg/ml and 3.05 to 24.0 μg/ml respectively. The present study leads to conclusion that extracts of Tylophora indica contain good antifungal activity which could be used in the treatment of various fungal infections showing resistance to treatment by currently used antifungal agents. As the in vitro raised plant and callus gave good results, in vitro cultivation of the explants may be used to obtain novel antifungal compounds. This is the first report on antifungal activity of Tylophora indica through in vitro raised plant and its callus.
ABSTRACT
The present study describes an efficient and reproducible protocol for micropropagation of S. acmella. Shoot tips taken from 3 week-old aseptic seedlings were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) semi-solid medium supplemented with different concentrations of TDZ. Among various concentrations, 0.25 μM TDZ was found to be optimum for shoot regeneration as it induced a maximum of 30.0 shoots per explant however with retarded growth (1.0 cm). Among different volumes of culture media, 15 ml liquid culture medium favored best response wherein a maximum of 80.2 shoots per explant with an average shoot length of 7.0 cm were induced after 6 week of subculturing. Successful in vitro rooting was induced on 2.5 μM NAA containing half-strength MS medium. Almost 96% rooted plants successfully transferred and acclimatized ex vitro under green house conditions. Morphological and physiological parameters compared with the in vivo-grown seedlings of the same age appeared to be ‘normal’ in respect to the fundamental characteristics examined.
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To assess efficacy and safety of transurethral cystolithotripsy in the management of large vesical calculi. Adult patients with large vesical calculi [>2.5cm] were selected for this prospective study. Patients with associated urethral stricture and big adenomas were excluded. Stone size was measured on ultrasound in the largest diameter. Patients were operated under spinal or general anaesthesia. Nephroscope with 28 fr sheath was used transurethrally along with 2 cm lithoclast probe. Initial fragmentation was achieved with Swiss lithoclast. Later bigger fragments were dealt with stone punch. In the end all fragments were evacuated with Ellick evacuator. Bladder was drained with Foley's catheter for 24 hours. TURP [transurethral resection of prostate] was done if required. Patients with bigger glands were excluded to restrict operating time. Patients were followed up for two weeks. Forty patients were selected. Mean age of the patients was 55 years [range 18-73 years]. There were 32 males [80%] and 8 females [20%]. Stone size was 4.72 +/- 2.52 cm with range of 2.5-7.0 cm. Five patients had multiple stones, four of them had associated neurogenic bladder. Procedure time ranged from 20-90 minutes [mean 45.8 minutes]. Complete fragmentation of calculi was achieved in all patients. Twelve patients underwent TURP under same anaesthesia. Time consumed on resection of prostate was not included in procedure time. There were no major complications. Transurethral cystolithotripsy is very effective and safe for large vesical calculi [>2.5cm]. It is time consuming but saves patients from hazards of open surgery.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Urinary Bladder Calculi/therapy , Lithotripsy/methods , Treatment Outcome , Catheterization , Cystoscopes , Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
Background: Chronic kidney disease [CKD] is a permanent condition which requires renal replacement therapy to maintain life. There are multiple modalities for the treatment of CKD including dialysis, non dialysis care and transplantation. Transplantation is not in reach of many patients and dialysis remains the only life saving treatment option for patients. Unfortunately, awareness is lacking in patients, even when they present with end stage renal disease with only immediate choice of hemodialysis
Objective: To assess the perception of renal failure patients regarding dialysis and treatment modalities, secondarily; to assess the status of medical counseling to these patients
Patients and methods: This descriptive study was conducted in medical ward and dialysis unit of Sheikh Zayed Medical College/Hospital from January to June, 2011. A total of 68 patients of chronic renal failure irrespective of sex were included in this study, all the patients with CKD were included in this study, those patients who did not give informed verbal consent were excluded. Data was analyzed in SPSS 15
Results: A total of 68 patients were included in study. The mean age of study subjects was 41 +/- 9.5 years and 65% were male. When the perception of patients regarding their health problem was assessed, 58[85.3%] were knowing that they have end stage renal disease. When asked about the source of information about treatment modalities and dialysis, 53% reported that doctors are the source of information, while 36% reported Paramedics/Hakims as sources of information. When asked about which treatment option would you prefer, 71% of patients answered "Medicines", 23% answered "Dialysis", whereas, only 6% answered "Kidney transplant". When asked about the perceived benefits of dialysis, it was noted that 53% have perception that it has no benefit, 26% reported some symptom improvement. When study subjects were asked about possible side effects of dialysis, 56% has no knowledge of side effects, 21% reported that it damages kidney, 15% reported that it leads to death once started its use as treatment, another 8% has opinion that life is reduced due to stoppage of kidney functioning after the patient is on dialysis
Conclusion: Misconceptions among CKD patients regarding treatment modalities and dialysis are high and status of medical counseling is poor. There should be a standardized, comprehensive patient information system and personalized decision support to facilitate modality selection and to enable patients to make fully informed treatment decisions
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To assess the efficacy, safety and complication of optical urethrotomy in traumatic blind posterior urethral stricture, and compare results with perineal urethroplasty. A prospective study of 40 cases of blind traumatic urethral stricture was conducted at the department of urology, Services Hospital Lahore from Feb: 1997 to March 1999. Majority of the patients [32] were in the 2nd to 4th decade of life. Most cases [30] belonged to the urban areas and the common site was membraneous urethra. Road traffic accident [36] and fall from height [3] were the commonest causes of stricture development. Twenty cases were treated with optical urethrotomy and 20 by urethroplasty. Although results of perineal urethroplasty were good [77.5%] as compared to optical urethrotomy [68.5%] but statistically no significant difference observed between two groups [P=0.257]. The difference between morbidity, mean peak flow rate and mean residual urine was also insignificant. There was significant difference between two groups in terms of operative time, mean hospital stay and blood transfusion. It is recommended that optical urethrotomy may be used as a alternative procedure to urethroplasty in patients with blind traumatic posterior urethral strictures