Study of Correlation of CD4, CD8 Count with Tuberculous Pneumonia and Non Tuberculous Bacterial Pneumonia in Type_x0002_2 Diabetes Mellitu

Aim: Type-2 DM patients are susceptible for various types of infections. Long standing Type2 DM patients have strong predilection for tuberculosis as seen in various studies. Here, we aimed to study susceptibility of tuberculosis as compared to other non tuberculous pneumonia in type-2 DM on the basis of CD markers. Material and Methods: A case control study on 150 subjects was conducted in S.P. Medical College and Associated Group of P.B.M. Hospitals, Bikaner. Subjects were divided into 3 groups each of 50 type-2 diabetic patients having tuberculous pneumonia, of 50 type-2 diabetic patients having non tuberculous pneumonia and 50 patients of type 2 diabetes as a control group attending Medical Outdoor and those Admitted in Hospital IPD Wards. All participants were subjected to detailed clinical examination and relevant investigations. Flow cytometry was used for CD4 and CD8 count. Results: Diabetic patients with tuberculous pneumonia have significantly (p-value <0.05) elevated numbers of CD4 and CD8 cell count in comparison of both controls and nontuberculous pneumonia. Diabetic patients with non tuberculous pneumonia have significantly (p-value <0.05) lower CD4 and CD8 cell count in comparison of diabetic controls and diabetic patients with tuberculous pneumonia. Conclusion: DM is associated with an alteration in the immune response to tuberculosis, leading to a induction of CD4 and CD8 mediated cellular responses and likely contributing to increased immune pathology in M. tuberculosis infection.Our study also provides an impetus to perform longitudinal studies examining the role of immunological biomarkers in the development of tuberculosis in diabetic patients.

Inguinal Hernia Repair using Prolene Hernia System – a Simplified Technique for Beginners

Introduction: Surgical repair of the inguinal hernia is themost common general surgery procedure performed today.Even today inguinal hernias pose a great burden on thehealthcare system. Hence even modest improvements inclinical outcomes are warmly welcomed. This study describesthe technique of Prolene Hernia System (PHS) in its simplifiedform for the beginners to learn it quickly.Material and methods: A prospective study was conductedin 50 patients in a tertiary centre from April 2010 to Oct 2011for period of 18 months. Patients’ demographic data wascollected and patient selected as per the selection criteria. ThePHS mesh repair was performed as described by Gilbert etal3 with some simplification and modification as described.Absorbable sutures were used to fix the mesh in the describedfour stitch technique. All data collected from study wereentered in the database for statistical analysis.Results: All participants were males and most of them werefrom manual labour background (38 patients (76%). Most ofthe patients belonged to 26-35 year age group (18 patients(36%). 40 participants were found to have indirect hernias(80%). Right sided hernia was found more common (33patients (66%). The mean duration of surgery was 31.96 min(SD – 2.303). Intraoperative complication included 2 cases ofnerve damage (4%). The mean pain score in first 24 hours was6.82/10 (SD – 1.848). None of the patients reported recurrenceof hernia (0% recurrence).Conclusion: The PHS mesh, consisting of an underlay patch,an overlay patch, and a joining connector, has potentialbenefits over the traditional Lichtenstein, Mesh Plug Repair(MPR) and Laparoscopic repairs. The PHS mesh providescomplete coverage of the entire myopectineal orificethrough the underlay placed in the preperitoneal space, theoverlay placed in the inguinal canal and the connector whichmaintains the mesh in position. In our study we also found thatuse of absorbable sutures helped in relieving neuralgia andlessened chronic groin pain by causing less permanent nerveentrapment without affecting the recurrence rate.

Clinical correlation of vitamin D in depression

Background: Literature has substantially advanced our understanding of the action of vitamin D in depression, much is still unknown concerning how vitamin D relates to dimensions of depression. Hence, authors aimed to examine the relationship of vitamin D in patients of depression, its correlation with the severity of depression and different symptom domains of depression.Methods: This Hospital based case control study included 75 patients with depression and 50 controls who were age and gender matched. Beck’s Depression Inventory II was used to assess the severity and symptom domains of depression. Vitamin D levels was assessed using Enhanced Chemiluminescence Technique.Results: Vitamin D deficiency was found significantly (<0.001*) among cases than controls. Significant (0.003*) inverse correlation was observed between severity of depression and vitamin D level.In cognitive symptoms, pessimism, punishment feeling, self-criticism, suicidal thoughts and worthlessness were found significantly higher among vitamin D deficient patients. However, in somatic-affective symptoms, crying, indecisiveness, loss of energy, irritability, concentration difficulty and being tired were the significant by prominent symptoms in vitamin D deficient patients.Conclusions: Vitamin D (<50 nmol/L) was found to be significantly associated with depressive symptoms with cognitive and somatic-affective symptoms being affected by vitamin D deficiency.

A Review of 60 Salivary Gland Tumours in the Head and Neck Region: A Tertiary Institution Study

Introduction: The salivary gland consist of three major pairedgland (parotid, submandibular and sublingual) and numerousminor salivary gland. Neoplasm of the salivary gland aredivided into benign and malignant. Benign neoplasm of thesalivary gland are more common. Both sexes are involvedwith a female preponderance. Parotid gland is the mostcommon gland involved. Current research aimed to study thedifferent types of salivary gland neoplasm regarding age, sexand clinicopathological distribution.Material and methods: Data for this study was obtainedfrom retrospective case notes of all patients with salivarygland tumour operated at the department of otolaryngologyand head and neck surgery, Assam medical college from June2012 to June 2015.Results: There were 60 patients included in the study. 25 weremales (41.66%) and 35 were females (58.33%). Most commonneoplasm was benign (88.33%). Most common benign andmalignant tumour were pleomorphic adenoma (76.66%) andacinic cell carcinoma (5%) respectively. Parotid was mostcommonly involved gland followed by submandibular gland.Conclusion: Parotid gland is the most common glandinvolved in salivary gland tumour. The most commonpresentation of salivary gland tumour is painless swellingaround the salivary gland. The mainstay of diagnosis ishistopathological examination. Pleomorphic adenoma andAcinic cell carcinoma were the most common benign andmalignant lesion respectively in this series.

Depression and anxiety in patients with epilepsy

Background: Anxiety and depression are commonly found in epileptic patients. However, the etiology behind the mechanism remains multifactorial, mostly because of variability in study settings. In order to fill the knowledge gap, we investigated the prevalence of anxiety and depression among epileptic patients and their correlation with certain demographic variables.Methods: In a Cross Sectional Out Patient Based Study, a total of 147 patients with epilepsy were recruited and evaluated for inclusion and exclusion criterion. Participants who met the inclusion criterion were assessed using standardized scales HARS and HADS rating scale for anxiety and depressive symptoms respectively.Results: 100 participants were included with mean age of 33.63 years for men and 30.16 years for females. 27% showed mild to severe anxiety and 21% had mild to moderate depression. Prevalence of both anxiety and depression was found more among females, singles, participants from urban background and having partial epilepsy. Significantly (p-0.020*) higher anxiety was seen in patients with partial epilepsy than those with generalized epilepsy.Conclusions: Individuals with partial epilepsy are more prone to get affected from comorbid disorder like anxiety and depression, especially females, singles and those from urban domicile.

Application of RP-HPLC method in dissolution testing and statistical evaluation by NASSAM for simultaneous estimation of tertiary combined dosages forms / 药物分析学报

A dissolution method with robust high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis for im-mediate release tablet formulation was developed and validated to meet the requirement as per Inter-national Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) guidelines. The method involved the use of Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB C18 column, and temperature was maintained at 30 °C. After optimization, the mobile phase was selected as phosphate buffer (KH2PO4, 30 mM):ACN (60:40, v/v) with pH 3.0, and retention time Rt was found as 3.24, 4.16, and 2.55 min for paracetamol (PCM), chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) and phenylephrine hydrochloride (PH) respec-tively at 265 nm and at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The relative standard deviation (%RSD) for 6 replicate measurements was found to be less than 2%. Furthermore net analyte signal standard addition method (NASSAM) with spectrophotometer was performed for standard and liquid oral suspension. On the basis of selectivity, sensitivity and accuracy analysis, it was confirmed that this novel method could be useful for simultaneous estimation of the given drug combinations. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied for evaluating the statistical difference between the assay results obtained via both NASSAM and RP-HPLC methods and ultimately no significant difference was found between both the methods. All the methods and results were acceptable and confirmed that the method was suitable for intended use.

Cytokine gene polymorphism (interleukin-1β +3954, Interleukin-6 [−597/−174] and tumor necrosis factor-α −308) in chronic periodontitis with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Pro-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms are potential candidates for susceptibility for both type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic periodontitis (CHP). This study explored the association of interleukin‑1 beta (IL‑1 β) +3954, interleukin‑6 (IL‑6) −597/−174 and tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF‑α) −308 single nucleotide polymorphisms in CHP with and without type 2 DM in Malayalam speaking subjects of Dravidian ethnicity. Materials and Methods: This case control study consisted of 51 chronic periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus (CHPDM) and 51 CHP patients as cases and 51 healthy subjects as controls. Polymorphisms were identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis. Results: IL‑1 β (+3954) TT genotype and T allele were significantly associated with CHPDM group when compared with CHP (P = 0.001), whereas CC genotype and allele C was higher in CHP subjects (P = 0.001). For IL‑6 (−597) frequency of genotype GA/AA (P = 0.04) and allele A (P = 0.01) was lower in CHPDM group, and for TNF‑α −308 the frequency of genotype GA (P = 0.01) and allele A (P = 0.01) was higher in CHP subjects when compared with controls. Conclusions: In Malayalam speaking Dravidian population, IL‑6 (−597) genotype GA/AA and allele A appears to be protective for CHP with type 2 DM. Allele C of IL‑1 β +3954 and allele A of TNF‑α −308 appears to be risk factors for CHP individuals.

Role of tricalcium phosphate implant in bridging the large osteoperiosteal gaps in rabbits.

Treatment options for large osteoperiosteal defects are limited and that which are available are not ideal. Osteoperiosteal defect were created in ulnae of both forelimbs of rabbits and tricalcium phosphate implant was used to bridge the gap. Amongst the 35 implanted ulnae, one implant got dislodged. Rest of the implants showed good adherence to host bone until the final follow up. Five control rabbit limbs (in which no implants were put) showed persistent bone gap. Histological and Electron microscopic examination revealed bone tissues covering the surface of the implant and bridging the gap. New bone was formed in the pores also. Tricalcium phosphate implants showed new bone formation due to osteoconductive properties. They are biodegradable. It is suggested that tricalcium phosphate implants are viable treatment alternatives in management of large osteoperiosteal defects with minimal to no adverse effects.

Biological activities of [1,2,4] triazolo-[3,4-b],[1,3,4]-thiadiazole-6-yl) (o-tolyamino) methylazetidin-2-one.

Synthesis of 4-amino-5-(3-bromophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (1), 3-(3-bromophenyl) [1,2,4]-triazolo[3,4- b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-6-amine (2), N-substituted benzylidene -3-(3-bromophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo-[3,4-b] [1,3,4]- thiadiazole-6-amine (3-7),1-(3-(3-bromophenyl )-[1,2,4]triazolo-[3,4-b] [1,3,4]-thiadiazole-6-yl)-4- substitutedphenyl azetidin-2-one (8-12), 3-(3-(3-bromophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo-[3,4-b] [1,3,4]-thiadiazole-6-yl)- 2-phenylthia zolidin-4-one (13-17), 1-(3-(3-bromophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo-[3,4-b],[1,3,4]-thiadiazole-6-yl)-4- substi- tutedphenyl-3-((o-tolyamino)methyl)azetidin-2-one (18-27).Among all the synthesized compounds, Mannich products were found to possess wide spectrum of antibactderial and antifungal activities with lesser potency and among the mannich products, 22 and 26 were found most potent compound of the series.

RP-HPLC method development for estimation of sildenafil citrate in tablets and in seminal fluid.

A RP HPLC method for estimation of sildenafil citrate (SC) in tablet dosage form and seminal fluid was developed and validated. Best resolution was obtained with column Waters Spherisorb® C18 bonded silica, (5 μm, 4.6 x 250 mm) at 230 nm with retention time of 5.01 min. The mobile phase used was TEA (0.2%) pH adjusted at 3 with OPA and ACN (60:40) with flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The method for estimation of sildenafil citrate in tablet dosage form was found to be linear, accurate, precise, sensitive and selective. Whereas the bioanalytical estimation of SC in seminal fluid was found to be in the range of 100 ng/mL to 10μg/mL. Method was found to be highly sensitive as LOD and LOQ were found to 0.3 μg/ml and 0.9μg/ml. The repeatability and reproducibility were within the range i.e. less than 2%.The accuracy of the method was 99.3%. The percentage purity was calculated for market formulation was 102.8%. The internal standard used for bioanalytical methods was Diclofenac sodium. The drug was extracted from seminal fluid by protein precipitation using ACN as precipitating agent. The linearity range was from 100.0ng/mL to 2.0μg/mL. The LOD and LOQ were found to 0.03μg/mL and 0.1μg/mL. The repeatability and reproducibility were within the range i.e. % RSD less than 15%. The accuracy of the method was 90.36%.and the extraction efficiency was found to be 98.25%. The stability of drug was found to be within the range i.e. less the 15%.

Critical Review of Trends in GHG Emissions from Global Automotive Sector.

Between 1906 and 2005, records show that global average air temperature near the earth’s surface increased by 0.74 ± 0.18°C. If emissions of greenhouse gases, and in particular CO2, continue unabated the enhanced greenhouse effect may alter the world’s climate system irreversibly. Total emissions of greenhouse gases, across all sectors, were 42.4 gigatonnes (Gt) of CO2-eq in 2005. Energy sector, accounts for 84% of global CO2 emissions and 64% of the world’s greenhouse-gas emissions. Energy-related CO2 emissions rise from 28.8 Gt in 2007 to 34.5 Gt in 2020 and 40.2 Gt in 2030. Global percapita emissions of energy-related CO2 in 2007 was 4.4 tonnes. Higher growth of automobiles and consumption of petroleum products is invariably attended by concerns of pollution and climate changes. Global fleet of passenger light-duty vehicles (PLDVs) is estimated to increase from 770 million in 2007 to 1.4 billion in 2030. Among all sectors that emit CO2, the transport sector is the fastest growing, representing from 22% to 24% of global GHG emissions from fossil fuel sources, second only to the industrial sector. World emissions of NOx were 82 Mt in 2007, of which Road transport was responsible for about one-third of NOx emissions. Only Road transport related CO2 emission is estimated to increase from 4.8 Gt in 2007 to 6.9 Gt in 2030. The increase in CO2 emissions is largely a result of increasing demand for individual mobility in developing countries. There are strong efforts and renewed investments by manufacturers and suppliers in providing solutions to the CO2 reduction challenge. Low-carbon vehicles, such as hybrid cars, plug-in hybrids and electric cars, have received widespread public attention recently. It is estimated that share of hybrids in the global fleet will reach about 5% by 2020 and almost 8% by 2030, up from just 0.15% in 2007. Plug-in hybrids and electric cars will constitute only 0.2% of the global fleet in 2030. But increase in electricity consumption in road transport in future due to increased penetration of plug-in hybrids and electric vehicles, sees transport sector CO2 savings partially offset by power generation emissions. An estimated increase of 880 TWh of electricity consumption in transport in 2030, of which 90% occurs in PLDVs, will result in about 250 Mt of additional CO2 emissions. Authors forecasted that the use of environmentfriendly and clean technologies is going to make all the difference between the winners and the losers of the industry. It is noted that current policies are insufficient to prevent a rapid increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is recommended that policy makers and researchers should give more emphasis on ‘cost-effectiveness as most important factor to reduce automotive GHG emission reduction’. It is also concluded that CO2 savings will be maximized if well-to-wheel impact is clearly addressed at all stages of the fuel and energy chain.

Canine parvovirus gene grow in E.Coli using molasses medium which can be use as a vaccine.

The Canine parvovirus gene is inserted in E.coli (DH5α) strain. Grow the recombinant E. coli for the plasmid DNA using molasses medium to make the vaccine. During the initial studies I have found that the molasses can manipulate the C/N ratio as per requirement of cell. Molasses is one of the best alternatives as it is cheap and can be easily manipulated. During the experiment the O.D of culture and O.D of plasmid DNA was observed in respective of different optimization method. I observed that the O.D value has increase to i.e. 2.129, as it was earlier i.e. 0.393. The quality and quantity of the plasmid DNA was very good. It is possible to produce vaccine by molasses medium. The paper is opening a new face of study.

Functional adrenal oncocytoma: a rare neoplasm.

Adrenal oncocytoma is a rare adrenal neoplasm with only 21 cases reported in English literature. These adrenal tumors are usually nonfunctional and hence incidentally detected. Most of these adrenal neoplasms are benign. We report a rare case of adrenal oncocytoma that was functional and was successfully managed by laparoscopic adrenalectomy.