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OBJECTIVE To study the effects of Phellodendron amurense polysaccharides （PAP） on improving gouty nephropathy （GN） in rats， and to investigate its mechanism primarily by interfering the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p38 MAPK）/nuclear factor-κB（NF-κB）/tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）. METHODS Sixty rats were randomly divided into normal group （water）， model group （water）， allopurinol group （positive control， 20 mg/kg）， PAP high-dose， medium-dose and low-dose groups （100， 50， 25 mg/kg， by raw material） after being stratified by body weight， with 10 rats in each group. Except for the normal group， the other groups were induced to construct GN model by giving 1 500 mg/kg potassium oxazinate and 100 mg/kg adenine intragastrically for 14 days. After modeling， the rats in each group were given relevant medicine/water intragastrically， once a day， for consecutive 28 days. After the last medication， the levels of biochemical parameters related to renal function [uric acid， creatinine （Cr）， blood urea nitrogen （BUN）， xanthine oxidase （XOD）] were detected in rats， and the histopathological changes in the rat kidney were observed. The protein expressions of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1（MCP-1），TNF-α and interleukin-6（IL-6） as well as the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65 protein were determined in renal tissue of rats. RESULTS Compared with the normal group， the model group suffered from the dilatation of renal tubules， structural damage to glomeruli， accompanied by inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis； the contents of uric acid， Cr， BUN and XOD， the protein expressions of MCP-1，TNF-α and IL-6 and the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65 protein were all increased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the model group， the pathological symptoms of renal tissue in rats had been improved to varying degrees in different dose groups of PAP； the contents of uric acid， Cr， BUN and XOD， protein expressions of MCP-1， TNF-α and IL-6， the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65 protein in PAP high-dose and PAP medium-dose groups were all decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS PAP exhibits an anti-GN effect， the mechanism of which may be associated with inhibiting the p38 MAPK/NF-κB/TNF-α signaling pathway.
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Prodigiosin is an important natural red pigment that is produced as a secondary metabolite by microorganisms, and has great potential applications in the field of pharmaceutical development, environmental management and dye preparation. This paper reviews recent research progress in the production of prodigiosin by microbial fermentation, including discovery and modification of the prodigiosin-producing microorganisms, regulation and optimization of prodigiosin fermentation and extraction process, and resolution of biosynthetic pathway of prodigiosin and related transcriptional regulation. Finally, we discussed the future research directions in microbial production of prodigiosin.
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Objective To discuss the feasibility of using three-dimensional simulation positioning of puncture route that is sketched according to the transversal and sagittal CT images to design percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) plan. Methods A total of 58 patients with 63 diseased vertebral bodies were enrolled in this study. Before PVP, the simulation puncture route was delineated according to the transversal and sagittal CT images, and the simulation puncture parameters were determined by using the software of PACS, in this way the three-dimensional simulation puncturing route was established , and the skin needle entry point as well as the puncture angle were calculated. Unilateral transpedicular approach was used when the simulation puncture route could meet the requirements of unilateral approach. Otherwise , bilateral transpedicular approach would be employed. Three months after PVP visual analogue score (VAS) was used to evaluate the degree of pain relief, and the result was compared with that determined before PVP. SPSS 13.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The estimating data were statistically analyzed with paired t-test and the results were expressed in the form of (x ± s). Results The measurement results showed that significant differences in the puncture angles and skin needle entry points existed between different vertebral bodies. Guided by the preoperatively determined simulation puncture route , PVP was successfully accomplished in all patients. The success rate of single puncturing was 100% (63 vertebral bodies in total). Among 63 vertebral bodies, unilateral transpedicular approach was adopted in 55 and the operation time was (28.5 ± 5.5) minutes, while bilateral transpedicular approach was carried out in 8 and the operation time was (37.5 ± 5.5) minutes. After PVP, complete pain relief was achieved in all patients. No serious complications occurred during the follow-up period. Conclusion Three-dimensional simulation positioning of puncture route that is sketched according to preoperative transversal and sagittal CT images is very useful in precisely determining the puncturing route before PVP, which is very helpful to increase the success rate of single puncture and to improve the procedural safety.
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An enzyme electrode biosensor was used for the amperometric determination of inosine in its tablets by co-immobilizing nucleoside phosporylase and xanthine oxidase on a hydrogen peroxide electrode. As a fundamental electrode the hydrogen peroxide electrode has an advantage of stability in analysis compared with the 02 electrode. The enzyme electrode showed a linear response to inosine in the range of 1-268 mg/L with a response of 60 seconds under a sample injection volume of 25 microL. Based on the enzyme electrode, inosine solutions were determined with an average recover rate of 100.8% and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of les than 0.14% in 20 assays. The lifetime of the enzyme electrode was relative long and could be used continuously at 25 degrees C for 25 days. These results demonstrated that the enzyme electrode biosensor could be used to determine inosine and its derivatives specifically, rapidly, conveniently and economically.
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Biosensing Techniques , Methods , Inosine , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the concentration of sodium L-lactate in sodium lactate injection. METHODS: Lactic oxidase was immobilized at a hydrogen peroxide electrode and the enzyme electrode was used for the amperometric determination of sodium L-lactate in sodium lactate injection. Sodium D, L-lactate in injection was analyzed by that technique according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia. RESULTS: The quantity of sodium L-lactate was about 10% in total amount of sodium D, L-lactate in sodium lactate injection. CONCLUSION: Sodium L-lactate in sodium lactate injection could be determined specially, rapidly and inexpensively.
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Objective By rejuvenation of degradative strain,the effects of Armillearia mellea to promote the growth of Gastrodia elata and to accumulate the gastrodin in G.elata could be recovered.Methods G.elata was inoculated with same variety of G.elata with A.mellea of wild strain,degradative strain for continuously asexual reproduction and rejuvenative strain,and the yield of G.elata and the content of gastrodin of G.elata were determined.Results The significant differences(P
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Objective: To establish a RP-HPLC for determination of bergenin in Rodgeris aesculifolia batal from different sources. Methods : Chromatographic conditions were as follows: C 18 column(5?m, 4.6mm?150mm,i.d), was adopted, mobile phase consisted of 25% ethanol and 75% water. The column temperature was set at (30?1)?C. The flow rate was 1.0mL?min -1 and the detection wavelength was at 275nm. Results : The method was proved to be linear in the range of 0.8～4.0?g with a regression coefficient of 0.9993. The average recovery was 99.95% with RSD 3.0%( n =5). The minimum detection limit was 0.1ng. Conclusion : The method is proved to be quick, simple and highly sensitive. There is some relationship between the bergenin contant and different sources of raw materials.