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Aim To explore the mechanism of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) targeting astrocytes (AS), so as to regulate the phenotype and function of AS and maximize their neuroprotective effect. Methods The effects of GSPs on the phenotype, secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and neurotrophic factors of Al AS induced by TNF-α, IL-1α and Clq were investigated by RT-PCR, Elisa and Western blot in vitro. And JNK phosphorylation was determined using Western blot. Results GSPs significantly reduced the expression of C3d and Clq of Al AS markers and inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK. Moreover, compared with the model group, GSPs could significantly inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1 α, IL-17 and H
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Aim To explore the protective effect of proanthocyanidin B2 (PC-B2) on oxidative damage of PC 12 cells induced by hydrogen peroxide (H
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<p><b>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE</b>Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the liver in vivo is in experimental phase. MRS observation on liver cancer after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) has seldom been reported. This study was to investigate the value of MRS in assessing the metabolic changes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after TACE.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-five consecutive patients with pathologically-confirmed HCC received 1H MRS of all hepatic lesions using 1.5T whole body MR scanner before TACE and at 3-10 days after TACE. Choline-to-lipid (Cho/Lip), glucogen/glucose-to-lipid (Glu/Lip), and glytamine/glutamate-to-lipid (Glx/Lip) ratios were measured and analyzed statistically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The Cho/Lip, Glu/Lip, and Glx/Lip ratios were 0.21 +/- 0.08, 0.11 +/- 0.05, 0.28 +/- 0.10 before TACE, respectively, and were 0.10 +/- 0.08, 0.07 +/- 0.07, 0.18 +/- 0.12 after TACE, respectively, with significant differences (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Using MRS can evaluate the early metabolic responses of HCC to TACE.</p>