Clinical Profile of Hepatitis B Positive Cases Presenting at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kumaon Region of Uttarakhand

ackground: HBV is one of the main causes of end stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic or inapparent infection to acute liver failure. Chronic liver disease with cirrhosis and hepato-cellular carcinoma are the other spectrum of the disease. Method: All the patients diagnosed with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag Positive) presenting with or without symptoms and signs of hepatitis B infection were included in study. Result: The age of the patients varied from 15-75 years. 60% patients are male, majority (55.5%) are married, 40% are secondary educated, 47% are labour class, 69% of patients having unknown sources of infection. Majority of patients were presented with symptoms and only 27% were asymotomatic on presentation. Major symptom were abdominal discomfort, fever and fatigue. 65% patients having icterus, 55.5% hepatomegaly and 35% patients having no any clinical signs. Serum bilirubin and alanine transaminase (ALT) level were significantly higher in symptomatic patients (60%). 13% patients shows portal hypertention and 22% shows ascites on ultrasonography. Conclussion: The majority (65.45%) of patients were in younger age group 15-45 years, majority are male(60%), married (55.5%), labour class (47.3%) .The risk factor as related to HBsAg positivity was because of unknown source 76 (69.09%) cases followed by history of previous surgery 14 (12.7%) cases

Genetic diversity studies of Kherigarh cattle based on microsatellite markers.

We report a genetic diversity study of Kherigarh cattle, a utility draught-purpose breed of India, currently declining at a startling rate, by use of microsatellite markers recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Microsatellite genotypes were derived, and allelic and genotypic frequencies, heterozygosities and gene diversity were estimated. A total of 131 alleles were distinguished by the 21 microsatellite markers used. All the microsatellites were highly polymorphic, with mean (+/- s.e.) allelic number of 6.24 +/- 1.7, ranging 4-10 per locus. The observed heterozygosity in the population ranged between 0.261 and 0.809, with mean (+/- s.e.) of 0.574 +/- 0.131, indicating considerable genetic variation in this population. Genetic bottleneck hypotheses were also explored. Our data suggest that the Kherigarh breed has not experienced a genetic bottleneck in the recent past.