ABSTRACT
As the aging population increases, the number of patients with osteoporosis is gradually rising. Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and the microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, resulting in reduced bone strength and an increased risk of low-energy or fragility fractures. Thus, the use of anti-resorptive agents, such as bisphosphonates (BPs), to prevent osteoporotic fractures is growing annually. BPs are effective in reducing hip and other fractures. However, the longer a patient takes BPs, the higher the risk of an atypical femoral fracture (AFF). The exact mechanism by which long-term BP use affects the development of AFFs has not yet been clarified. However, several theories have been suggested to explain the pathogenesis of AFFs, such as suppressed bone remodeling, impaired bone healing, altered bone quality, and femoral morphology. The management of AFFs requires both medical and surgical approaches. BPs therapy should be discontinued immediately, and calcium and vitamin D levels should be evaluated and supplemented if insufficient. Teriparatide can be used for AFFs. Intramedullary nailing is the primary treatment for complete AFFs, and prophylactic femoral nailing is recommended if signs of an impending fracture are detected.
ABSTRACT
Background@#We hypothesized that most of the atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) associated with bisphosphonate treatment for breast cancer (BC) could be found before the fracture event in another radiological examination already performed by breast surgeons, rather than on simple radiographs (SRs). @*Methods@#We thoroughly inspected the clinical charts of BC patients treated at our institute between 2008 and 2017. In total, 228 patients were categorized into three groups based on SRs: complete AFF on at least one side (group 1); incomplete fracture on at least one side, but not any complete fracture (group 2); and no suspicious lesion (group X) on either femur. Then, we inspected whole-body scintigraphy (WBS) and positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) images in all groups. For group X, patients with radiological clues from at least one femur were categorized, ultimately, into final group 3 and the rest made up the normal group. @*Results@#About 35% of the patients showed AFFs (complete or incomplete) or suspicious lesions as AFFs, associated with the side effect of Bisphosphonate. In group 1, bilateral lesions (complete or incomplete fractures) were more frequently seen on SRs than unilateral lesions (p = 0.008). The initially identified findings in WBS and PET-CT for the respective complete and incomplete fractures on SRs of groups 1 and 2 were seen at a mean of 7 months previously. SRs did not reveal the lesions in group 3 until 5 months after the initial identification of the lesions in WBS and PET-CT. @*Conclusions@#Even before incomplete AFFs were detectable on SRs, they could be found at check-ups using WBS and PET-CT that had been previously examined by breast surgeons and radiologists for metastasis surveillance. Awareness of the lesions creates an opportunity for prophylactic surgery before complete fractures occur.
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Background@#The best treatment for isolated greater tuberosity (GT) fractures is still controversial. Although previous studies have suggested surgical options, they are either unable to provide firm fixation or present with a variety of complications. @*Methods@#We retrospectively studied the records of patients with isolated GT fractures who underwent open reduction and internal fixation using a 3.5-mm locking hook plate between January 2016 and January 2018. The surgical indication was an at least 5-mm displacement of the GT as observed in either simple radiography or three-dimensional computed tomography. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the following five parameters shortly before implant removal and at the final follow-up: visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Shoulder Rating Scale of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Constant-Murley score, and range of motion. @*Results@#Twenty-one patients with a mean age of 64 years were included. Bone union was achieved within 12–20 weeks of the first surgery in all patients. Implant removal was performed between 13 and 22 weeks after surgery. At the final follow-up, the mean VAS pain score, forward flexion, abduction, external rotation, internal rotation, ASES score, UCLA score, and ConstantMurley score were significantly better when compared to outcomes shortly before implant removal (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.008, p = 0.003, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). @*Conclusions@#The 3.5-mm locking hook plate provided sufficient stability and led to satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes for isolated GT fractures. However, the hook plate may irritate the rotator cuff, and postoperative stiffness may be inevitable.Therefore, second surgery for implant removal is necessary after bone union is achieved.
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Background@#The purpose of this study was to compare the histologic outcomes of rotator cuff (RC) repair with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) augmentation and those without DBM augmentation and to evaluate the role of DBM for tendon-to-bone (TB) healing in a rabbit model. @*Methods@#Twenty-six adult male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly allocated to the control group (n = 13) or the DBM group (n = 13). Repair was performed 8 weeks after complete transection of the right supraspinatus tendon of all rabbits. In the control group, RC repair was achieved by a standard transosseous technique. In the DBM group, RC repair was achieved using the same technique, and DBM was interposed between the cuff and bone. After 8 weeks, the RC tendon entheses from all rabbits were processed for gross and histologic examination. @*Results@#On gross TB healing, 2 of 11 specimens in the control group were unhealed and no specimen was grossly unhealed in the DBM group (p = 0.421). In the control group, the tendon midsubstance was disorganized with randomly and loosely arranged collagen fibers and rounded fibroblastic nuclei. The TB interface was predominantly fibrous with small regions of fibrocartilage, especially mineralized fibrocartilage. In the DBM group, the tendon midsubstance appeared normal and comprised densely arranged collagen fibers, with orientated crimped collagen fibers running in the longitudinal direction of the tendon. These fibers were interspersed with elongated fibroblast nuclei. The TB interface consisted of organized collagen fibers with large quantities of fibrocartilage and mineralized fibrocartilage. @*Conclusions@#The use of DBM for TB interface healing in rabbit experiments showed good results in gross and histologic analysis. However, it is difficult to draw a solid conclusion because the sample size is small. Further evaluation in the in vivo setting is necessary to determine clinical recommendations.
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Background@#We hypothesized that concurrent temporary fixation of scapholunate ligament (SL) injury during volar locking plate (VLP) fixation of distal radius fractures (DRFs) would improve restoration outcomes based on both radiological and clinical results.Here, we performed a prospective, comparative study investigating the effectiveness of temporary percutaneous reduction/pinning during VLP fixation in DRFs. @*Methods@#The first 43 consecutive SL injuries were treated concurrently after VLP fixation by closed pinning (group 1); the next 36 consecutive injuries were treated nonoperatively (group 2). Patients were followed up for at least 5 years after treatment. Basic demographic data, radiological measurements, arthroscopic findings of SL injury, and other clinical outcomes were evaluated. @*Results@#The mean follow-up period was 7.2 years. No significant differences in basic demographic data were evident between groups. Fracture patterns were not distinctively different between groups. The initial scapholunate angle measured immediately after surgery was 23° ± 3° in group 1 and 38° ± 13° in group 2, indicating a significantly hyperextended scaphoid position in group 1.The final scapholunate angles were also significantly different between groups although the final angle in group 2 (58° ± 11°) was within normal limits. Final visual analog scale scores, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores, Gartland and Werley system scores, and wrist motions were not different between groups; however, grip strength at the time of final follow-up was closer to that of the contralateral uninjured wrist in group 1. Arthrosis was less advanced in group 1. @*Conclusions@#Temporary fixation for SL injury with a DRF can be an effective option for the maintenance of scapholunate angle.The non-fixed group exhibited a more pronounced collapse of the scapholunate angle although the angle was still within normal limits, and clinical outcomes were similar between groups regardless of the fixation status.
ABSTRACT
Background@#The best treatment for isolated greater tuberosity (GT) fractures is still controversial. Although previous studies have suggested surgical options, they are either unable to provide firm fixation or present with a variety of complications. @*Methods@#We retrospectively studied the records of patients with isolated GT fractures who underwent open reduction and internal fixation using a 3.5-mm locking hook plate between January 2016 and January 2018. The surgical indication was an at least 5-mm displacement of the GT as observed in either simple radiography or three-dimensional computed tomography. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the following five parameters shortly before implant removal and at the final follow-up: visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Shoulder Rating Scale of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Constant-Murley score, and range of motion. @*Results@#Twenty-one patients with a mean age of 64 years were included. Bone union was achieved within 12–20 weeks of the first surgery in all patients. Implant removal was performed between 13 and 22 weeks after surgery. At the final follow-up, the mean VAS pain score, forward flexion, abduction, external rotation, internal rotation, ASES score, UCLA score, and ConstantMurley score were significantly better when compared to outcomes shortly before implant removal (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.008, p = 0.003, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). @*Conclusions@#The 3.5-mm locking hook plate provided sufficient stability and led to satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes for isolated GT fractures. However, the hook plate may irritate the rotator cuff, and postoperative stiffness may be inevitable.Therefore, second surgery for implant removal is necessary after bone union is achieved.
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Background@#The purpose of this study was to compare the histologic outcomes of rotator cuff (RC) repair with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) augmentation and those without DBM augmentation and to evaluate the role of DBM for tendon-to-bone (TB) healing in a rabbit model. @*Methods@#Twenty-six adult male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly allocated to the control group (n = 13) or the DBM group (n = 13). Repair was performed 8 weeks after complete transection of the right supraspinatus tendon of all rabbits. In the control group, RC repair was achieved by a standard transosseous technique. In the DBM group, RC repair was achieved using the same technique, and DBM was interposed between the cuff and bone. After 8 weeks, the RC tendon entheses from all rabbits were processed for gross and histologic examination. @*Results@#On gross TB healing, 2 of 11 specimens in the control group were unhealed and no specimen was grossly unhealed in the DBM group (p = 0.421). In the control group, the tendon midsubstance was disorganized with randomly and loosely arranged collagen fibers and rounded fibroblastic nuclei. The TB interface was predominantly fibrous with small regions of fibrocartilage, especially mineralized fibrocartilage. In the DBM group, the tendon midsubstance appeared normal and comprised densely arranged collagen fibers, with orientated crimped collagen fibers running in the longitudinal direction of the tendon. These fibers were interspersed with elongated fibroblast nuclei. The TB interface consisted of organized collagen fibers with large quantities of fibrocartilage and mineralized fibrocartilage. @*Conclusions@#The use of DBM for TB interface healing in rabbit experiments showed good results in gross and histologic analysis. However, it is difficult to draw a solid conclusion because the sample size is small. Further evaluation in the in vivo setting is necessary to determine clinical recommendations.
ABSTRACT
Background@#We hypothesized that concurrent temporary fixation of scapholunate ligament (SL) injury during volar locking plate (VLP) fixation of distal radius fractures (DRFs) would improve restoration outcomes based on both radiological and clinical results.Here, we performed a prospective, comparative study investigating the effectiveness of temporary percutaneous reduction/pinning during VLP fixation in DRFs. @*Methods@#The first 43 consecutive SL injuries were treated concurrently after VLP fixation by closed pinning (group 1); the next 36 consecutive injuries were treated nonoperatively (group 2). Patients were followed up for at least 5 years after treatment. Basic demographic data, radiological measurements, arthroscopic findings of SL injury, and other clinical outcomes were evaluated. @*Results@#The mean follow-up period was 7.2 years. No significant differences in basic demographic data were evident between groups. Fracture patterns were not distinctively different between groups. The initial scapholunate angle measured immediately after surgery was 23° ± 3° in group 1 and 38° ± 13° in group 2, indicating a significantly hyperextended scaphoid position in group 1.The final scapholunate angles were also significantly different between groups although the final angle in group 2 (58° ± 11°) was within normal limits. Final visual analog scale scores, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores, Gartland and Werley system scores, and wrist motions were not different between groups; however, grip strength at the time of final follow-up was closer to that of the contralateral uninjured wrist in group 1. Arthrosis was less advanced in group 1. @*Conclusions@#Temporary fixation for SL injury with a DRF can be an effective option for the maintenance of scapholunate angle.The non-fixed group exhibited a more pronounced collapse of the scapholunate angle although the angle was still within normal limits, and clinical outcomes were similar between groups regardless of the fixation status.
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The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is a complex structure that enables sufficient, painless forearm rotation and provides weight-bearing capabilities of the upper extremity. Arthritis of DRUJ is multifactorial; the most common causes are trauma, congenital anomalies, as well as degenerative and inflammatory diseases. Congenital etiologies, as well as degenerative and inflammatory causes of arthritis are more common in women. Conventionally, initial management of symptomatic DRUJ arthritis is nonsurgical; surgery is generally reserved for patients with refractory pain. Moreover, advanced arthritis arising from trauma can be prevented by early interventions in the form of corrective osteotomy for malunited distal radius and distal ulna fractures, repair/reconstruction of the triangular fibrocartilage complex, and ulnar shortening osteotomy. Although the outcomes are typically positive following excision of the distal ulna in definitive arthritis, postoperative complications, such as instability and impingement of the residual distal ulna stump, can be serious. Procedures managing unstable residual ulna include soft tissue stabilization techniques and DRUJ implant arthroplasty.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Arthritis , Arthroplasty , Early Intervention, Educational , Forearm , Joints , Osteotomy , Pain, Intractable , Postoperative Complications , Radius , Triangular Fibrocartilage , Ulna , Ulna Fractures , Upper Extremity , Weight-BearingABSTRACT
Malunions after fractures are classified as shortened, angulated, torsion, or rotational deformities that is outside the acceptable range, regardless of the location, whether upper or lower extremity. The distinct feature of a malunion in the upper extremity is that it is free from weight bearing; thus, some degree of shortening is allowed compared with the contralateral normal side in long bones, such as the humerus, radius, or ulna. However, malunions associated with functional impairment, especially angulated or rotational deformities, are more likely to develop instability, degenerative lesions, or rarely, compressive neuropathy. Hence, malunions with such association may occasionally require correction.
Subject(s)
Congenital Abnormalities , Humerus , Lower Extremity , Radius , Ulna , Upper Extremity , Weight-BearingABSTRACT
Malunions after fractures are classified as shortened, angulated, torsion, or rotational deformities that is outside the acceptable range, regardless of the location, whether upper or lower extremity. The distinct feature of a malunion in the upper extremity is that it is free from weight bearing; thus, some degree of shortening is allowed compared with the contralateral normal side in long bones, such as the humerus, radius, or ulna. However, malunions associated with functional impairment, especially angulated or rotational deformities, are more likely to develop instability, degenerative lesions, or rarely, compressive neuropathy. Hence, malunions with such association may occasionally require correction.
Subject(s)
Congenital Abnormalities , Humerus , Lower Extremity , Radius , Ulna , Upper Extremity , Weight-BearingABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the anti-subsidence effect of suspensionplasty using abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendon in carpometacarpal (CMC) arthritis of the thumb. METHODS: From June 2009 to May 2016, hematoma distraction arthroplasty (HDA; group A, 10 cases) and HDA with suspensionplasty using APL tendon (group B, 7 cases) were performed in total 17 patients with CMC arthritis. The K-wire was fixed from 1st metacarpal to 2nd metacarpal in both group to maintain the empty space for 6 weeks until the fibrous tissue fill the space. We measured the preoperative trapezium space height with picture archiving and communication (PACS) system and compare the height with that was measured postoperatively. Additionally the subsidence rate checked sequentially with follow-up plain radiography. RESULTS: The subsidence ratios (subsidence/trapezium height) were average 33.2% in group A and 31.4% in group B. There is no statistical difference between two groups. Six weeks after pin removal almost of subsidence occurred, and then from 3 months after surgery to 6 months after surgery, few subsidence was occurred and it is average only 8% of total subsidence. The trial of distraction the empty space when perform the Kirschner wire (K-wire) fixation, it does not influence the prevention of subsidence. Between distraction height and subsidence, there was no statistical relevance. CONCLUSION: Although suspensionplasty was known as one of methods to prevent the subsidence, it is thought to be not very helpful method to prevent subsidence of thumb in CMC arthritis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Arthritis , Arthroplasty , Carpometacarpal Joints , Follow-Up Studies , Hematoma , Methods , Radiography , Tendons , ThumbABSTRACT
PURPOSE: We report clinical and radiologic outcomes after metacarpal extension osteotomy for mild osteoarthritis of the thumb carpometacarpal joint. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1999 to 2008, 11 patients were diagnosed with mild thumb carpometacarpal arthritis (Eaton stage I, II), and extension osteotomies were performed. Of these, seven patients with at least 6 years follow-up were analyzed retrospectively. Male to female ratio was 2:5, and mean age at time of surgery was 38.9 years old. Symptom onset period was a mean of 11.2 months. Two patients were I, and five patients were II in Eaton stage. Preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) and disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand scale (DASH) scores were 3.7 points (3-4 points), and 40.1 points (32-51 points). Radial abduction was 38.5degrees (30degrees-45degrees), and volar abduction was 42.1degrees (40degrees-45degrees). Grip strengths and pinch powers, compared with the normal contralateral side were 82% (64%-90%) and 72% (40%-100%), respectively. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 8.5 years, and all patients except one maintained their occupational activity during the follow-up period. Final VAS and DASH scores were 0.7 points (0-2 points) and 11.7 points (8-16 points), respectively, and were statistically significant. Volar abduction, grip strengths, and pinch power were improved to 45degrees (40degrees-50degrees), 92.3% (73%-117%), and 94.4% (75%-117%) with statistical significances. In five patients, Eaton stages did not change, and two patients advanced to the next stage (stage I to II in one patient, stage II to III in one patient). CONCLUSION: Among the various treatment options for mild thumb carpometacarpal arthritis, metacarpal extension osteotomy may be considered as an effective treatment.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Arm , Arthritis , Carpometacarpal Joints , Follow-Up Studies , Hand , Hand Strength , Osteoarthritis , Osteotomy , Retrospective Studies , Shoulder , ThumbABSTRACT
A three-year-old girl presented with a right-sided limp and mild fever. Laboratory findings were normal, except for an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 30 mm/h and a C-reactive protein (CRP) level of 1.5 mg/dl. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a periosteal reaction in the distal posteromedial femur with contour bulging and extension of the reaction to the adjacent vastus muscles. Under a working diagnosis of acute suppurative osteomyelitis, she was initially treated with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents for one week. However, this did not result in resolution of her problems or normalization of the ESR and CRP. Biopsies of periosteum and muscle revealed Burkitt lymphoma expressing Bcl-6(+). In a child, limping can be the first clinical sign of hematogenous malignancy. In a limping child, if the general clinical course does not show improvement, and empirical treatment is ineffective, a comprehensive evaluation is necessary, including biopsies or bone marrow aspiration.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Biopsy , Blood Sedimentation , Bone Marrow , Burkitt Lymphoma , C-Reactive Protein , Diagnosis , Femur , Fever , Hip , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Muscles , Osteomyelitis , PeriosteumABSTRACT
Chronic instability of distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) can develop after injury such as fractures or dislocations, to the bony structures or to the soft tissue as like ligament, capsule. If proper treatment is not performed, normal biomechanics of DRUJ would be altered, thus arthritic joint with chronic functional impairment, pain resulted in. The proper treatments included several procedures for repair of the bony structures and recovery of realignment, various methods for soft tissue repair and reconstruction in unstable condition without bony structures destruction. Several salvage methods such as Darrach procedure, hemiresectional interposition arthroplasty, Sauve-Kapandji procedure, were recommended for the advanced arthritic DRUJ. Wide ulnar resection, one-bone forearm procedure, prosthetic replacement for DRUJ were rarely indicated, but the a few long-term results were reported. Operative stabilization (repair or reconstruction) for each structure assumed as DRUJ instability, is essential and proper selection among the several salvage procedures for the advanced arthritis joint, is needed.
Subject(s)
Arthritis , Arthroplasty , Joint Dislocations , Forearm , Joints , LigamentsABSTRACT
In elderly patients, the first incidence of gout often affects the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) and usually subsides without specific treatment after about 7 days. A 61-year-old male was presented to our clinic with a 10-day history of tenderness and swelling in his index DIP, which was initially diagnosed as cellulitis. After a skin incision was made to drain the lesion, typical tophaceous deposits were observed around the extensor apparatus, flexor tendons, and joint capsule. The tophi were meticulously removed in order to minimize the injury to its surrounding structures, after which the joint fluid was aspirated. There was no history of gout, laboratory findings suggesting tophaceous gout, or apparent predisposing factors in the patient's history. Pathology confirmed tophaceous deposits and negative birefringent crystals, and the patient has been managed on allopurinol for post-operative six months.
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Male , Allopurinol , Cellulitis , Finger Joint , Gout , Hand , Incidence , Joint Capsule , Joints , Skin , TendonsABSTRACT
STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the correlation of adjacent segmental disease with tilt angles of the upper and lower instrumented vertebra after instrumented posterolateral fusion for degenerative lumbar scoliosis. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: There has been no study of radiologic measurement and decision of fusion level using the angle of pedicle screws inserted for treatment of degenerative lumbar scoliosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2004 to 2008, 74 patients that underwent decompression and posterolateral fusion for degenerative lumbar scoliosis were included in this study. In all cases, instrumentation and posterolateral fusion were both performed. The sex ratio was 31:43, the mean age was 68.7 years and the mean follow up duration was 37.4 months. The angle between each upper end plate of the upper vertebral body and lower end plate of the lower vertebral body of the fusion, and the line parallel to the axis of the sagittal line of vertebrae was each defined as UIV-a and LIV-b. The correlation of development of adjacent segment disease and UIV-a, and LIV-b angle was investigated. RESULTS: Sum of the absolute value of UIV-a and LIV-b had a statistically significant positive correlation with that of adjacent segment disease. Also, UIV-a alone, had a statistically positive correlation with the development of proximal adjacent segment disease. CONCLUSIONS: Since it is proven that adjacent segment disease has positive correlation with the sum of the absolute value of UIV-a and LIV-b, the extent of fusion should be adjusted to make the line parallel to the line perpendicular to the sagittal surface.
Subject(s)
Humans , Axis, Cervical Vertebra , Decompression , Follow-Up Studies , Retrospective Studies , Scoliosis , Sex Ratio , SpineABSTRACT
Traumatic buttonhole deformity is very rare. In rheumatoid arthritis, synovitis of the metacarpophalangeal joint stretches the dorsal capsule and as a result the extensor pollicis brevis gradually becomes attenuated. Also, the extensor pollicis longus progressively subluxed ulnar and volarward. However, in the cases derived from trauma, combination injuries to the dorsoradial capsule, extensor pollicis insertion and ulnar subluxation of extensor pollicis longus, are essential. Authors experienced the cases of two traumatic buttonhole deformities, and performed operative treatment. In one case, the injured extensor pollicis brevis insertion was detached from the capsule and hood. We advanced and reattached the extensor pollicis brevis to the capsule, after imbricating the capsule and established the normal alignment of the extensor pollicis longus. In the other case, the extensor pollicis brevis insertion was maintained, but the capsule and extensor pollicis longus were severely attenuated. At the 12-month follow-up, the clinical results were satisfactory in both cases.
Subject(s)
Arthritis, Rheumatoid , Congenital Abnormalities , Follow-Up Studies , Metacarpophalangeal Joint , Synovitis , ThumbABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: We have analyzed relationship between pedicle screw loosening and bone mineral densitiy (BMD) after spinal arthrodesis with pedicle screw. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have chosen 31 cases that had screw loosening radiologically on the follow up X-ray among the patients who underwent spinal arthrodesis with pedicle screws, and compared Saville's index that was measured by lateral view of preoperative X-ray with Dual energy X-ray absortiometry (DEXA) score.