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1.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 22(5): 424-432, Sept.-Oct. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-974235

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes are the main cause of human food-borne infection, including several hospitalization cases in the developing countries. Aim: To detect the main serotypes and to characterize the antibiotic resistance of human non-enteric and enteric nontyphoidal Salmonella from clinical isolates in Brazil. Methods: Salmonella serotypes were identified by microbiological and molecular methods. Susceptibility testing to antibiotics was performed by agar disk diffusion. Real-time PCRs were carried out for the detection of the genus Salmonella as well as serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis. Results: A total of 307 nontyphoidal Salmonella were isolated from 289 different patients in a reference laboratory (LACEN-RS) from Southern Brazil in a six-year period (2010-2015). There were 45 isolates from emerging cases and 244 from sporadic cases in hospitalized patients. Non-enteric isolates were detected in 42.6% of the patients from sources such as urine, blood and other clinical fluids. Serological and PCR-specific tests demonstrated that Typhimurium (48.4%) and Enteritidis (18.3%) were the most frequent serotypes. Typhimurium isolates were generally resistant to three or more antibiotic classes, while Enteritidis isolates to one or two classes. Typhimurium was the most frequent serotype in all samples (48.4%), mainly among the hospitalized patients (55.6%), and presented the highest rates of multidrug resistance (59.3% of the isolates of this serotype). Further, the prevalence of this serotype increased along the years of the study in comparison to other nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes. Conclusion: Greater public health attention should be given to prevent salmonellosis in the community and in hospital settings to reduce the rates of Typhimurium strains with multidrug resistance.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Salmonella Infections/microbiology , Salmonella Infections/epidemiology , Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Salmonella enteritidis/isolation & purification , Salmonella enteritidis/drug effects , Salmonella typhimurium/isolation & purification , Time Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Serotyping , Cross Infection/microbiology , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Prevalence , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Serogroup , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
2.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 57(4): 281-287, July-Aug. 2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-761172

ABSTRACT

SUMMARYInfection by Candidaspp. is associated with high mortality rates, especially when treatment is not appropriate and/or not immediate. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly identify the genus and species of Candida. The aim of this study was to compare the identification of 89 samples of Candidaspp. by the manual methods germ tube test, auxanogram and chromogenic medium in relation to the ID 32C automated method. The concordances between the methods in ascending order, measured by the Kappa index were: ID 32C with CHROMagar Candida(κ = 0.38), ID 32C with auxanogram (κ = 0.59) and ID 32C with germ tube (κ = 0.9). One of the species identified in this study was C. tropicalis,which demonstrated a sensitivity of 46.2%, a specificity of 95.2%, PPV of 80%, NPV of 81.1%, and an accuracy of 80.9% in tests performed with CHROMagar Candida;and a sensitivity of 76.9%, a specificity of 96.8%, PPV of 90.9%, NPV of 91%, and an accuracy of 91% in the auxanogram tests. Therefore, it is necessary to know the advantages and limitations of methods to choose the best combination between them for a fast and correct identification of Candidaspecies.


RESUMOA infecção por Candidaspp. está associada com alta mortalidade, principalmente quando o tratamento não é adequado, nem imediato. Assim, a correta identificação do gênero e espécie é necessária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar 89 amostras de Candidaspp. pelos métodos manuais prova do tubo germinativo, auxanograma e CHROMagar em relação ao método automatizado ID 32C. As concordâncias entre os métodos em ordem crescente, medidas pelo coeficiente de Kappa, foram: ID 32C com CHROMagar Candida(κ = 0,38), ID 32C com auxanograma (κ = 0,59) e ID 32C com tubo germinativo (κ = 0,9). Uma das espécies identificadas neste trabalho foi a C. tropicalis, que demonstrou uma sensibilidade de 46,2%, especificidade de 95,2%, VPP de 80%, VPN de 81,1% e acurácia de 80,9% nos testes com CHROMagar Candidae uma sensibilidade de 76,9%, especificidade de 96,8%, VPP de 90,9%, VPN de 91% e acurácia de 91% nos testes de auxanograma. Portanto, o conhecimento das vantagens e limitações dos métodos é necessário para a escolha da melhor combinação entre os mesmos visando uma rápida e correta identificação das espécies de Candida.


Subject(s)
Humans , Candida/classification , Mycological Typing Techniques/methods , Candida/isolation & purification , Culture Media , Sensitivity and Specificity
3.
Inf. epidemiol. SUS ; 10(1): 43-47, jan.-mar. 2001. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-305559

ABSTRACT

Entre junho e setembro de 2000, 9 pessoas de uma área pobre da zona norte do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, desenvolveram uma doença febril hemorrágica e morreram. Foi conduzida uma busca ativa para determinar a extensão do surto e um estudo de caso-controle para identificar a etiologia e os fatores de risco para aquisição da doença. Um paciente-caso foi definido como residente da área afetada apresentando febre, cefaléia e um ou mais dos seguintes sintomas - mialgia, artralgia, diarréia, manifestações hemorrágicas ou icterícia - durante o período de junho a setembro de 2000, tendo procurado serviço médico. Quarenta e três pessoas enquadraram-se na definição de caso e foram comparados com 86 controles, pareados por área de residência e faixa etária. Vinte e três (53,3%) eram do sexo masculino e a idade mediana foi de 19 anos. Na análise univariada, contato com esgoto (mOR=2,5; p=0,02); contato com ratos (mOR=3,0; p=0,006), contato com rio (mOR=3,3; p=.009), e mortandade de animais no peridomicílio (mOR=2,7; p=0,04), foram significantemente associados ao desenvolvimento de doença. Na análise multivariada, contato com ratos (OR=5,1; p=0,03) e contato com rio (OR=4,9; 95%; p=0,04) permaneceram como fatores de risco independentemente associados ao desenvolvimento de doença. A imunohistoquímica de uma amostra de tecido de um caso fatal foi positiva para leptospirose. Exames adicionais para outros potenciais agentes estão pendentes. Com base nas evidências epidemiológicas fornecidas pela investigação, recomendamos a implementação de desratização na área afetada e educação em saúde aos residentes, para que evitassem contato com o rio local. Após a implementação das medidas de controle nenhum caso novo foi notificado. Esta investigação ressalta a importância de se instituir recomendações de saúde pública com base em resultados de investigações epidemiológicas quando exames laboratoriais não estão prontamente disponíveis.


In June-September 2000, nine persons from a poor area north of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, developed a febrile hemorrhagic illness and died. We conducted case finding to determine the outbreak size, and a case-control study to identify disease etiology and risk factors. A case-patient was defined as a resident of the affected area who sought medical care during June-September 6, 2000, presenting with fever, headache, and one or more of the following symptoms: myalgia, arthralgia, diarrhea, hemorrhagic manifestations, or jaundice. Forty-three persons met the case definition and were compared with eighty-six controls matched by area of residence and age group. Twenty-three (53.3%) were males with a median age of 19 years. In univariate analysis, contact with sewage (matched Odds Ratio [mOR]=2.5; p=0.02), contact with rats (mOR=3.0; p=0.006), contact with local creek (mOR=3.3; p=0.009), and mortality of household animals (mOR=2.7; p=0.04), were associated with development of the disease. In multivariate analysis, contact with rats (mOR=4.7; p= 0.03), and contact with local creek (mOR=4.8; 95%; p= 0.04) remained as independent risk factors. Immunohistochemical evaluation of tissue samples from one fatal case was positive for leptospirosis. Further laboratory testing for potential etiologies is pending. Based on the epidemiologic evidence provided by our investigation we recommended implementation of rodent extermination in the affected area, and education of residents to avoid contact with the local creek. Following implementation of these control measures, further cases were not reported. This investigation highlights the value of implementing public health recommendations based on results from epidemiologic investigations when laboratory testing is not immediately available.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Fever , Leptospirosis , Disease Outbreaks
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