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Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled cellular growth and differentiation. The major cause of Cancer consists of different types of genetic alterations that include gene substitutions, point mutations and gene amplification leading to damage in molecular pathways responsible for cell growth, survival, and metastasis. These changes develop in the majority of cases with a specific type of tumor. Genes can be used as biomarkers for identification and development of targeted treatments and also for predicting various responses to therapies. The aim of the present review is to reveal the role of tumorigenesis in TNF alpha, beta, xrcc1 and p53 genes in cancer susceptibility to gene predisposition.
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Background: Assessment of nuclear morphology is crucial for the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) constitute a heterogenous group of lymphoid neoplasms that vary in clinical behavior, histology, immunology and genetic profile. The diversity makes it difficult to diagnose accurately and reproducibly under light microscopy. The nuclear features play a major role in categorizing non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted for a period of two years in the Department of Oral Pathology, MNR dental College and Hospital, Sangareddy, Telangana, India. We encountered only three cases of Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas and so we have borrowed the some Sridhar Reddy Erugula, P. Sujatha, Ayesha Sameera, B. Suresh Reddy, Jesudass Govada, G. Sudhakar, Kandukuri Mahesh Kumar. Nuclear morphometric study of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL). IAIM, 2016; 3(5): 58-63. Page 59 specimens of NHL from other hospitals in Hyderabad, India. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) stained histological sections were selected and assessed for nuclear area, perimeter and nuclear size of 40 nuclei of tumour cells were measured using the Windows® based image analysis software Results: Total number of cases in our study was 15. The mean nuclear area, perimeter and nuclear size of neoplastic cells were studied. In our study, the mean nuclear area, perimeter and nuclear size of neoplastic cells were significantly high in large cell lymphomas as compared to intermediate cells and small cell lymphoma. P value was significant. Conclusion: Our study supports the assumption that nuclear morphometry offers a more objective and reproducible diagnostic method for subcategorizing lymphoid tumors than is currently possible by conventional histopathological techniques.
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Background: Cardiomyopathy is an anatomic and pathologic diagnosis associated with muscle or electrical dysfunction of the heart. Cardiomyopathies represent a heterogeneous group of diseases that often lead to progressive heart failure with significant morbidity and mortality. Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis resulted in 443,000 deaths in 2013 up from 294,000 in 1990. Objective: The main objective of the present study is to observe the association of cardiomyopathy and genetic markers such as red cell enzymes namely, Esterase D [ESD] and Super oxide dismutase [SOD] and plasma proteins namely, Haptoglobin [HP] and Group specific component [GC] systems. Methods: In the present study, fifty cases presenting cardiomyopathy and fifty cases of age and sex matched healthy controls were included. Red cell enzymes were determined by standard agarose gel electrophoresis. Plasma samples were typed using PAGE electrophoresis. The statistical significance of differences between patients and controls were tested. Analysis of the data was carried out using Epi Info 5 software. Relative risk was calculated by the random-effects method. For odds ratio, confidence interval was calculated. The significance level was 5%. Results: The inter group heterogeneity for ESD and SOD of red cell enzymes and GC system of plasma proteins was found to be a significant value (ESD: χ2 =10.2564; d.f. = 2; 0.01>p>0.001; SOD: χ2 = 11.1120; d.f. = 2; 0.01>p>0.001; GC: χ2 = 15.5044; d.f. = 2; p>0.001), when observed between cardiomyopathy patients and controls. Thus, all the examined groups were deviating from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicating a significant association between cardiomyopathy and these red cell enzymes and plasma protein markers. There was a predominant occurrence of Haptoglobin 2 phenotype in patients when compared to controls. Risk estimates show significant association with both ESD and GC systems with an increased risk of 100% and more, indicating that individuals with ESD (2-2 and 2-1) and GC (2-1) phenotypes are more likely to get the disease when compared with the other phenotypes of the ESD and GC systems. Conclusions: Out of seven genetic markers, four markers (ESD, SOD, HP and GC) are found to be significant i.e. they show some relation with the cardiomyopathy which influences the disease. Furthermore studies on genetic markers, to be attempted in future, would certainly enlighten us to assess the role of these polymorphic systems in different cardiomyopathies.
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Background: One of the most frequently-occurring micro vascular complications is diabetic neuropathy (DN). Diabetic nephropathy (DN) affects approximately one third of people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus The objective of the study is an attempt to examine functional SNPs primarily at the position on gene of TNF-α (-308 G/A, rs 1800629), IL-10 (-1082 G/A, rs 1800896) and IFNγ (+874 A/T, rs 62559044) in order to establish their association with peripheral neuropathy patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: 150 cases presenting Diabetic neuropathy and 160 cases of age and sex matched healthy controls were included in the study. ARMS PCR was done for genotyping of TNF-α (-308), IL-10 (1082 G/A) and IFNγ (+874) polymorphism using allele specific primers for detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Analysis of the data was carried out using Epi Info 5 software. In addition, the gene frequencies were estimated and goodness of fit between the observed and expected phenotype frequencies was tested. Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) analysis was performed to study case-control data and gene-gene interactions. Results: The results revealed that the chi- square test for heterogeneity for IL-10 system was found to be significant (χ² = 16.2380; d.f = 2; p >0.001) between patients and controls, indicating a significant departure from the HWE. Thus, the test of association of both homogeneity and heterogeneity of IL-10 showed a significant difference, indicating an association of IL-10 with diabetic neuropathy.SNPs at position −308 promoter gene of TNF-α and IFNγ (+874) were not significantly associated with development of Diabetic Neuropathy. Conclusion: This case-control study suggests that IL-10-1082G/G polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility to diabetic neuropathy in type 2 DM patients. IL-10 serves as an important bio marker in Indian population for their susceptibility to Diabetic Neuropathy as it may play a role in alteration of IL-10 production and the inflammatory responses.
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Oral cancer is one of the deadliest cancer . The incidence of this cancer is increasing every year, conversely this cancer is curable and even it is totally preventable. This paper reviews the preventive aspects of oral cancer.
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Osteotomy has been used in treatment of unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures in an attempt to increase the stability of the fracture fragments. We have assessed this stability in a randomised prospective study on 138 patients, all having been fixed by dynamic hip screen, comparing anatomical reduction with medialisation osteotomy. The groups were similar in terms of age, gender and fracture configuration. There was no difference in final results in both groups except that operation time was longer in osteotomy group and the blood loss was more. We found no clear benefit from osteotomy and therefore recommend anatomical reduction and fixation by a sliding hip screw in most cases. Rarely, a fracture configuration which does not allow anatomical reduction may benefit from an osteotomy.