Morphogenic development of the pancreas in the staged human embryo

The Carnegie stage is widely applied in the field of human embryology, and it is more logical to analyze the embryos by this stage than CR length or menstrual age. In this study, the early development of the pancreas is studied by tissue observation and reconstruction using serial sections of 33 human embryo ranging from Carnegie stages 11 to 23. The dorsal pancreas develops from the dorsal wall of the duodenum in stage 12, and the ventral pancreas from the proximal part of the cystic primordium in stage 13 or 14 as a single epithelial thickening, but in one case, as a bilateral thickening which contains some isolated spaces. The rotation of the ventral pancreas starts in stage 15, and completes in stage 17. Surrounding connective tissue differentiates in stage 18.

Morphometric Study on the Sigmoid Sinus of the Korean Adults / 체질인류학회지

The variations of the sigmoid sinus were studied in 50 Korean adults (average age 67). The classification of the shape and a measurement of the diameters of the sinus were done and the morpological. 1. The shape was classified into 4 types, and the round type was the most common in both sides. S shaped type was below 10% in both sides. 2. The breadth was regular in 54% of the right and in 70% of the left sinuses. According to the breadth change, the shape was classified into 4 shapes. 3. The average diameter was 8.6mm on the right side and 7.2mm on the left side. 4. Symmetry was present in 16% of all. 5. The right transverse sinus was absent in 1 case (2%) and the superior petrosal sinus did not open into the sigmoid sinus in 2 cases (4%). 6. Petrosqamous sinus was observed in 16%.

Intradural Variations of Spinal Nerve Rootlets / 체질인류학회지

We studied the intradural variations of spinal nerve rootlets in 100 cases of Korean adults. The results of the study are as follows ; 1. The incidence of intrasegmental variations (abberrant rootlets) is high in cervical segments and decreased toward lumbosacral segments. The incidence is higher in posterior rootlets than anterior, except cervical sesments. 2. The incidence of intersegmental variations is higher in posterior rootlets than anterior, and generally high in cervical and lumbar segments. 3. We divide the intersegmental variations into supernumerary rootlets, dividing rootlets, and anastomosing rootlets, and among them the incidence of anastomosing rootlets is higher. We divide the anastomosing rootlets into parallel anastomosing rootlets, uniting anastomosing rootlets, and rearrangement anastomosing rootlets. 4. The anterior to posterior anastomosing of spinal nerve rootlet is present in 4 of cases studied.

A Morphological Study of Bony Bridges on Korean Atlas

No abstract available.

An Electron Microscopic Study on Mast Cell Degranulation and Regeneration in Rats

The morphdogical changes in mast cells, induced by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and distilled water were studied, using light and electron microscopy. The mesenteries of rats sacrificed at 30 minutes; at 1, 2, 4 and 18 hours; and at 1, 2, 3 and 6 weeks after an intraperitoneal injection of 250 microgram or 500 microgram of HRP or 10 ml of distilled water were used for observation of degranulation rates and morphological changes in cell organelles during specified time intervals. The results were as follows: 1) A distinct increase in the mast cell degranulation was observed in the mesenteries after injection of HRP. In particular, all mast cells were disrupted or degranulated significantly 18 hours after injection of distilled water. 2) The degranulating mast cells of the group injected with HRP showed a progressive decrease in electron density of the granules, formation of perigranular cavities, and extrusion of the granules after partial loss of the plasma membrane. 3) At 2 weeks after injection of HRP, some indicators of the early stage of regeneration, that is, peripherally placed nucleus, the expanded Golgi area containing numerous vesicles, and progranules in these vesicles, were observed. 4) After 6 weeks, the morphological characteristics of most mast cells in the group injected with HRP were nearly the same as those of the control group. 5) In degranulating mast cells of the group injected with distilled water, partial rupture of the plasma and cytoplasm with wide dispersion of the granules.

Variations of Insertions of the Abductor Pollicis Longus and the Extensor Pollicis Brevis in Korean / 대한정형외과학회잡지

The purpose of this study was the presence of accessory tendon and its anatomical variation of insertion of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis. 1. Among 46 cases, all had one or more accessory tendon except one which inserted into the base of the first metacarpal bone on its anterolateral surface with a single tendon. 2. Among 45 cases (which had one or more accessory tendon), the abductor pollicis longus tendon inserted into the trapezium in 30 cases(66.6%), and thenar muscles in 38 cases (84.4%). 3. Among 46 cases, the extensor pollicis brevis tendon inserted into the proximal phalanx in 30 cases(65%) and into the distal phalanx with extensor pollicis longus in 8 cases (18%) and into both in 8 cases (18%). 4. Among 22 cadavers, symmetry of insertion of the abductor pollicis longus noticed in 16 cases (88 and extensor pollicis brevis in 21 cases (95%).

Electron Microscopy on Activity and Localization of Glucose-6-phosphatase in Liver Cells

It is interesting and in important to study histochemical changes of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity by electron microscopy in order to promote the knowledge needed for diagnosis and prognosis in such liver diseases as von Gierke's disease, hepatoma and various other hepatocellular alterations of different origins. Since we had not accomplished the electron microscopic demonstration of G-6-Pase, although light microscopic studies on changes of the enzyme activity were done in this laboratory, this investigation was planned to obtain a satisfactory technique for ultrastructural demonstration of the enzyme activity. Unfixed frozen sections (80 micro thick) of mouse liver were washed for 2~3 minutes in a 0.4M sucrose solution (pH6.8) containing 4 mM lead nitrate and then incubated for 15~20 minutes at 32~37 degrees C in several different media to which 0.4M sucrose solution was added: A) a modification of the original Chiquoine medium, B) the first modification of the Wachstein-Meisel medium C (the second modification; the 2% lead nitrate solution was reduced in amount to 1.5 m1 instead of 3.0 ml in the medium-B). After incubation, these sections were fixed in 1% osmic acid containing sucrose, followed by embedding in Epon, ultrathin-section, mounting and staining with uranyl acetate and/or lead nitrate. By incubating the sections in the medium (B or C), satisfactory preparations were obtainable for its electron microscopic demonstration. The granular deposits of reaction products were found characteristically on the membranous component of the rough-and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and unclear envelope. Occasional deposits were observed within cisternae or vesicles, in the nucleus, and immediate1y adjacent to the cisternal membrane and glycogen areas.

Prednisolone and Glucose-6-phosphatase Activity in Liver Cells

Prednisolone, a cortisol analogue, was given intraperitoneally to rats with 5, 10 or 15 doses of 5 mg. per kg. of body weight per day. Sacrificing the animals 24 hours after the last injection, unfixed frozen sections from small pieces of liver tissue were incubated and stained by a modification from the method of Wachstein and Meisel(1965) for glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity. Some of the tissue blocks were processed for staining with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological observation. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity, being represented histochemically by brownish-black deposits, was progressively increased after administrations 5 or 10 times. With 15 doses of prednisolone the general histochemical picture of G-6-Pase activity appeared to be similar to that of the control group, except for a different distribution of hepatocytes possessing strong activity. In prednisolone treated rats, the swollen hepatocytes showed a marked, cytoplasmic vacuolization and nuclear pyknosis, particularly in the periportal and midzonal areas of hepatic lobules. Some discussion of the G-6-Pase corticosteroids are presented in terms of their metabolic effects.

An Effect of benzene on Chromosomes in Bone Marrow Cells of Rats / 대한정형외과학회잡지

The toxic action of benzene on erythropoiesis and myelopciesis, has been recognized since the early years of the present century. With the advance in high civilization and modern covenience, benzene as a kind of aromatic compound has been used for industrial solvent and its longstanding use has committed a public nuisance to be overcome by medical approach. Chromosomal breakage and rearrangement may be produced by radiation, radiomimetics, virus infection and various chemicals, especially, antibiotics and antitumor agent, causing chroimosomal rearrangement in vitro, whose teratogenic action in rats was previously demonstrated. Several works hsve been published on the chromosome damage as a consequence of benzene intoxication. Recently, it was shown by certain workers that individuals who had been exposed to atmospheric benzene, even without haematological disorders, might have an elevated percentage of structural chromosome aberrations in the lymphocytes cultured from their peripheral blood. Moreover, structural and numerical chromosome aberrations were demons trated in patients with blood disorders which were believed to be due to exposure to beuzene vapors. Accordingly, much interest has been paid to its cytologic effect on the hematopoietic tissues in man and experimental animals. A high incidence of chromosomal aberrations has also been found in rabbits exposed to benzene during a period of peripheral pancytopenia and after hematologic recovery. The significance of these findings was discussed in relation to leukemic transition and to their diagnostic value in human benzene intoxication. Chromosomal anomalies can also be induced by benzene given subcutaneously to rata. A pronounced individual variation of the degree of chromosome damage was shown. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether benzene could a direct effect on the chromosome complement of mammalian bone marrow cells in vivo and whether characteristic banding patterns might be demonstrated in rat chomosomes by a modified trypsin-Giemsa method. Four-week old Sprague-Dawley strain rats of both sexes(each weighing about 50gm) were used for this experimental study. Three groups of animals were treated-with subcutaneous infections of pure benzene. Group I received benzene, 2.0ml per kg body weight, 24 hours before sacrifice; Group II, 48 and 24 hours and Group III, 72, 48 and 24 hours. A control group was given no treatment. The animais were sacrificed in ether anesthesia. Femur and iliac bone marrow cells were suspended in medium 199 within 30 minutes and transferred to warm Hanks-distilled water(1:3) for hypotonic treatment(10 minutes). A freshly prepared solution of methanol glacial acetic acid (3:1) was used as fixative. Finally, a few drops of the cell suspension were placed on moistened, pre-cleaned slides being dried by rapid-drying technique. The slides were stained with either simple Giemsa or trypsin Giemsa banding technique. From the data obtained, this report was summarized as follows: 1. For the benzene-treated groups, chromosomal aberration rate was 13.4% in group II and 38.6% in group III, while in the controls the rate was 6.4 percent. 2. Numerical aberrations included aneuploidy, polyploidy and monoploidy. The most frequent type was hypodiploidy (5.8–9.4%) in all the treated groups. 3. Structural aberrations could be divided in gaps, ring chromosomes, breaks, deletions, exchanges and dicentrics. Among those, the majority of abnormal metaphases was gaps; 2.4%, 2.2% and 10.8% in group I, II and III respectively, and 1. 6% in control group. 4. The translocations and dicentrics were not demonstated in group I and II. 5. The normal chromosome set of the Sprague-Dawley rat was comprised of 42 chromosomes: 20 pairs of autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes, xx or XY chromosomes. The total number of major bands in s chromosome complement was about 40 and minor bands, 13, 6. Sucessful demonstration of banding patterns was available by proper adjustment of the concentration, temperature and duration of trypsin solution.

Glucose-6-phosphatase Activity and Ultrastructures in Hepatocytes of Thioacetamide-treated Mice

To investigate the earlier cellular alterations(Glucose-6-Pase activity and morphologic features) caused by a hepatotoxin, thioacetamide (TAA), a single dose of the agent (200mg per kg of body weight) was given intraperitoneally to mice, which were sacrificed at intervals of 4, 8 or 16 hours after corresponding treatments. For histochemical study of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity, unfixed frozen sections were incubation of the Wachstein and Meisel medium and stained. The smallest pieces of liver tissue were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmic acid, and stained by the routine electron-microscopic techniques. Some pieces of liver were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. There was a rapid and progressive loss of G6Pase activity, in an orderly time sequence, in the experimental group. There were also morphologic changes: loss of cytoplasmic basophilia, cell infiltration and necrosis in the centrilobular and intermediate zones, and an increase of sER, small vesicles and ribosomes in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, the marked changes of nuclei and nucleoli, and a slight increase of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm at 16 hours after intoxication. The correlation between these cellular alterations was discussed in view of mechanisms in the hepatotoxic action.

Glucose-6-phosphatase Activity and Ultrastructures in Hepatocytes of Thioacetamide-treated Mice

To investigate the earlier cellular alterations(Glucose-6-Pase activity and morphologic features) caused by a hepatotoxin, thioacetamide (TAA), a single dose of the agent (200mg per kg of body weight) was given intraperitoneally to mice, which were sacrificed at intervals of 4, 8 or 16 hours after corresponding treatments. For histochemical study of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity, unfixed frozen sections were incubation of the Wachstein and Meisel medium and stained. The smallest pieces of liver tissue were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmic acid, and stained by the routine electron-microscopic techniques. Some pieces of liver were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. There was a rapid and progressive loss of G6Pase activity, in an orderly time sequence, in the experimental group. There were also morphologic changes: loss of cytoplasmic basophilia, cell infiltration and necrosis in the centrilobular and intermediate zones, and an increase of sER, small vesicles and ribosomes in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, the marked changes of nuclei and nucleoli, and a slight increase of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm at 16 hours after intoxication. The correlation between these cellular alterations was discussed in view of mechanisms in the hepatotoxic action.

Effect of sodium selenite on the hepatotoxicity induced with carbon tetrachloride

The authors have demonstrated the effect of sodium selenite on the hepatotoxicity due to carbon tetrachloride, by observing the distribution and disaggregation of the pyroninophilic granules in the hepatic cell of the mature male albino mice. Each experimental mouse of the selenite and the selenite plus carbon tetrachloride groups was given a single dose of 4 ug. of sodium selenite per kilogram of body weight and that of the control and the carbon tetrachloride groups was given 0.1 ml. of distilled water alone. Six hours after the first administration of distilled water or sodium selenite, the experimental mice of the carbon tetrachloride and the selenite plus carbon tetrachloride groups were given a single dose of l.0 ml. of carbon tetrachloride per kilogram of body weight and those of the selenite groups were given 0.l ml. of paraffin oil alone. Following the 1ast administration of carbon tetrachloride or paraffin oil, the mice were sacrificed by bleeding (cutting the common carotid artery) at the intervals of 2,3,4,6,8, and 12 hours respectively. Histochemical preparations were stained by the methyl-green and pyronin method and oil red 0 method. The hepatotoxicity due to the administration of carbon tetrachoride was evident in the hepatic cells; the pyroninophilic granlues were partly reduced in volume in the hepatic cells of the centrilobular and the intermediate zones as early as the 3 hour-period, and markedly reduced or disappeared in the centrilobular and some part of the intermediate zones associated with hydropic degeneration as well as in the 6 hour-period. Thereafter marked reduction or dissolution of the pyroninophilic granules was found and extended as the periportal zone at the 12 hour-period. However, the pyroninophilic granules in the hepatic cells of selenite plus carbon tetrachbride group showed no significant changes in the hepatic cells of these zones, compared to the histochemical feature of the granules in the hepatic cells of the control and the selenite groups. Consequently it is suggested that the lipid peroxidative decomposition of the microsomal membranes, which is induced with carbon tetrachloride, would be prevented by a previous administration of sodium selenite.

Pyroninophilic Granules in Liver Cells of the Mice Treated with Alpha-Tocopherol and Thioacetamide

In an attempt to clarify the protective action of an antioxidant agent against acute toxicity of thioacetamide (TAA) and in order to throw some light on an satisfying concept of the mechanism of its action, a single dose of alphatocopherol (200 mg per kg) was given orally by stomch tube to male mice prior to the administration of thioacetamide in a dose of 200 mg per kg of body weight. Sections of liver samples, obtained from the mice which were sacrificed at intervals of 3, 6, 9, or 12 hours after TAA administration, were stained using the methyl green-pyronin technique. At 3 hours following TAA administration, the pretreatment with alpha-tocopherol inhibited almost completely such alterations of the hepatocytes in the animals given TAA alone, as revealed by loss and clumping of cytoplasmic pyroninophilic granules in the periportal zone of the lobule. At 6, 9, and l2 hours, the prevention of alpha-tocopherol was incomplete in degree and extent. The changes of the hepatocytes were more intense and extensive in the TAA-treated 6 to 12 hour-groups than in the 3 hour-group of TAA-treated ones. Some discussion is given of the mechanism of TAA toxicity, with respect to the microsoma1 lipid peroxidation.

Liver Cells of Cordotomized Rats after Single Doses of Carbon Tetrachloride

In attempting to ellucidate the mechanism of action of CCl4 toxicity on the liver, the histobgical and histochemical studies were carried out, at the cellular or ultrastructural level, rats were given a single oral dose of 1.25 ml/kg of CCl4 one hour after cervical spinal cordotomy. Hepatic lesions induced by CCl4 administration such as the fatty change of hepatic cells and the sinusoidal congestion were abolished by cordotomy. The decreased activities of adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the hepatic cells and bile canaliculi of the poisoned animals were restored to a large extent by the operation. Cordotomy also prevented some liver cell changes as seen by the electron microscope in the CCl4-intoxicated rats. It is evident that the hepatotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride can be inhibited or prevented by cervical cordotomy.

Histological Studies on the Degranulation of Mesenteric Mast Cells of the Rat by Water Extracts of Ginseng

Ever since Fujidani made his report in 1905, many workers have studied the chemical components of Panax Ginseng and their effects on depression of blood pressure. Ri1ey (1952) and other workers have demonstrated the degranulation of mast cells in experimental animaIs treated with some histamine liberators, and the existence of a histamine liberator in the water extract of ginseng has been demonstrated by pharmacological assay by Lee et aI (1960). This present study was intended observe the disruption and degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of rats administered the water extract of ginseng, which might contain the histamine liberator. Variab1e doses of the water extract were injected intraperitoneally, and the degranulation of mesenteric mast cells was histologically demonstrated by means of toluidin blue, Giemsa, May-Gr nwa1d and Wright's stains. Degranulation began in the experimental group given 4ml of the extract mixed with 16cc. of Tyrode solution; the severity of degranulation increased probably with the dose of the extract, and extreme degranulation took place in the groups injected with dose of 6 or 8ml of the extract.

A Histological and Histochemical Study of the Glands of von Ebner in the Human Tongue Additional Report: on the Staining Properties of the Mucous Cells

Although the glands of von Ebner have been believed to be purely serous glands, they may be of the mixed type in some cases. In order to ascertain the occurrence of mucous cells in the glands and to study the staining properties of them, the authors obtained 23 vallate papillae from 7 Korean adult tongues, cut them serially and stained them with the hematoxylin and eosin, mucicarmine, mucihematein, toluidin blue or ferric mannitol technic. Observing numerous glands of von Ebner opening into the furrows of 23 vallate papillae, the authors found 9 glandular lobules of the mixed type belonging to 8 Vallate papillae (2 lobules out of 9 belonged to one papilla). The mucous cells in the mixed glandular lobules of the glands showed mucin reactions with mucicarmine and mucihematein, and revealed a typical metachromatism by toluidin blue and safranin O.

Sex Determination with Sex Chromatin of Epithelial Cells from the Oral Mucosa in Koreans

The authors studied 100 Koreans for sex determination using the sex chromatin of the epithelial cells from the oral mucosa according to Marberger's method. Turbid suspensions obtained by scraping the buccal mucosa were used; these were stained with a modified Feulgen technic for DNA. Summarizing our observations, the percentage of the sex chromatin in the nuclei of the epithelial cells showed a remarkable difference between the male and feamle of 23.6%. The authors confirmed the fact that the method of oral smear which had already been introudced by Marberger and his associates (1955) might be applicable to the Korean, also.

A Histological and Histochemical Study of the Glands of von Ebner in the Human Tongue

No abstract available.