cadaveric study of ossification of spinal ligaments

A Cadaveric study of ossification of spinal ligaments. A descriptive study. Place and duration of study' University College of Medicine and Dentistry, Fatima Jinnah Medical College Lahore, FMH College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore. The study lasted from January 2002 till March 2004. A cadaveric study was done on vertebral columns of 50 skeletons Skeletons were studied in anatomy departments of different medical colleges. Each vertebral column was observed for any ligamentous ossification, and frequency of ossification of spinal ligaments was noted. Result: It was seen that in 2% of cadaveric skeletons spinal ligaments were ossified. This ossification was observed in thoracic and lumbar regions. Although ossification of spinal ligaments is a rare occurrence: by correlating this cadaveric study with some of the clinical studies the possibility of ossified spinal ligaments should he considered in evaluation of back pain, dysasthesia, urinary hesitancy, myelopathy, dysphagia and dyspnoea

Effects of ultrasound on liver

The unicellular organisms and small fish were killed when Ultrasound was first used. Exposure of Rat's liver to varying ultrasound frequencies and time intervals had produced damage ranging from perilobular necrosis to centrilobular damage with lymphocytic infiltration. Keeping in view the growing application trend of diagnostic ultrasound in medicine, its effect's on rabbit's liver were studied. Fifty rabbits with 6501350 gm gross body weight, were studied in five groups. Group I was control and Groups II-V were exposed to an ultrasound frequency of 5 MHz, intensity 100db for 5 minutes daily for 5,10,15 and 30 days. On completion of each exposure, livers were dissected out and examined macroscopically. Macroscopically liver revealed subcapsular hemorrhages and 1-3 mm size connective tissue nodules with solid walls and soft necrotic center. The tissues were processed and stained by heamotoxyllin, eosin and silver impregnation method. The microscopic examination revealed cavitational spaces [dilated sinuses], swollen hepatocytes with large clear spaces, lymphocytic infiltration, perilobular [triad], centrilobular distortion progressing in intensity in groups II to IV. Maximum distortion with necrosis and fibrosis was noted in group V. The findings of the current study reveal that ultrasound may have side effects if used repeatedly especially when for longer duration

Role of calcium and frusemide in aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity

Fourty two, adult, male, albino rats were used to study the nephrotoxicity due to gentamicin and amikacin, and the role of calcium and frusemide. Calcium ameliorated while frusemide further accentuated nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides

Cadmium induced nephrotoxicity

Humans are exposed to Cadmium through environmental pollution, industries, food contamination and cigarette smoking and is a sort of cumulative poison especially in kidneys, where it is nephrotoxic. Calcium has been reported to modify cadmium binding to its proximal brush border membrane receptors. In this study, adult spraguedawly rats were fed identical diet, treated with cadmium 1.0 mg, 0.5mg and O. lmg/Kg body weight twice a day for tweleve weeks. Other groups were treated similarly with cadmium and calcium carbonate orally. There was severe renal parenchymal damage in cadmium treated groups than the groups which received both cadmium and calcium carbonate orally