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Introduction@#Among the endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic disease and thyroid disorders occupy a significant place. According to the World Health Organization, 8-18% of the world’s population suffer from thyroid disorders. In our country, no research on the prevalence of the disorders has been conducted before, and this research methodology was discussed by the Scientific committee of the National Center for Public Health and was approved by resolution No.156 of the Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health on 2020. @*Materials and Methods@#In order to determine the prevalence of thyroid disease in the country, we collected the actual number of thyroid disorders registered in 9 districts of the capital city and 330 soums of 21 aimags for a total of 10 years from 2011 to 2020. The prevalence of thyroid disorders was mapped using Arc view and GIS software.@*Results@#Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disease account for 2.3% of all outpatient cases. Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic disease accounted for an average of 168.3 per 10000 population over the past 10 years, and thyroid disorders accounted for 45 or 26.7% of endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases. Thyroid disorders are highest in people aged 40-49 years. </br>Thyroid toxicity is the most common type of thyroid disease in Mongolia, accounting for 56.2%, with an average of 17.2 per 10000 population in 2011-2020. However, iodine deficiency-related thyroid disease accounts for 5.5% of all thyroid disorders, with an average of 2.5 per 10000 population in 2011-2020. In 2011, it decreased by 2.2 per 10000 population, and by 2020, it decreased by 0.2 per thousand to 2.0, but in the last 5 years, it has increased by an average of 2.4 per 10,000 population, and in the last 5 years it has increased by 0.2 per thousand, or 2.6 per 10,000 population. Morbidity is high in the Khangai and Central regions.
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Background@#Lead is known for their neurotoxicity and compared to adults, children are more vulnerable to lead exposure. Varieties of diseases are developed by lead induced damage in children, including decreased intelligent quotient and behavioral changes, such as anxiety. In normal condition lead does not exist in children’s blood and this toxic heavy metal enters into human body through respiratory way and accumulates in blood and bone to harm neurodegenerative and urinary systems. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether the emitted lead from recycling factory for lead acid batteries, which is located in 9 km distance from Khonkhor town and 39 km faraway from Ulaanbaatar city with north-east direction, is affecting the intelligence of the local children.@*Methods@#There are 13 children involved in this study and the participants are divided into two groups, including subjects, who live in areas outside (n=10) and within (n=3) the 1000 m region of the factory zone. The blood sampling was collected according to WHO guidelines and lead level in blood was determined by Leadcare instruments at Environmental health and toxicological laboratory of National Center for Public Health. The intelligence analysis was conducted by Raven’s progressive matrices test. And the statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 21 software to assess correlation of blood lead levels and the intelligence among participated children. @*Results@#It is resulted that average lead level for children’s blood samples is 3.1±1.5 ug/dL and which is found beyond the acceptable range in WHO guidelines. The children’s intelligence was assessed by Raven’s colored Progressive Matrices analysis, which is practically accepted in China, which estimated that average intelligence score of participants were 48.3±13.2. According to correlation analysis of age, sex, intelligence and blood lead level, there was a weak positive correlation was found between children’s age and lead level in blood. In contrast, a weak reverse correlation was observed in regarding with sex and blood lead level and intelligence score was weakly reverse correlated with the lead level in children’s blood samples.@*Conclusions@#The determined average lead level was 3.1±1.5 ug/dL for blood samples collected from 13 children who involved in this study and the value is found under the WHO guidance value. Furthermore, their average intelligence score was estimated as 48.3±13.2. The comparative analysis shown that intelligence score of 3 children, who lives within 1000 m region of the recycling factory was lower than those who lives in outside region of the factory and have same age.
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@#The risk of reinfection of the across mutation SARS-CoV-2 set the task of medicine to look for new ways to solve. One of these areas is the strengthening of innate T-lymphocyte immunity. Research on the use of an interferon inducer by stimulating innate T-lymphocyte immunity in order to innate prevent КОВИД-19 and its mutant forms and during the rehabilitation period after an illness, they give good scientific results and one of the future promising directions of prevention and treatment of КОВИД-19. Researchers have warned that the side effects of SARS-CoV-2 drugs include respiratory failure, decreased blood albumin levels, decreased red blood cells and platelets, anemia and coagulation disorders, jaundice, and liver damage. Adverse drug reactions include drug intoxication and adverse reactions, as well as immune reactions. For these reasons, the need to seek new methods of treatment and prevention and drugs has become one of the most pressing issues in modern medicine.
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@#Various studies conducted worldwide emphasized the importance of identifying gastric cancer risk factors for better prevention and further incidence reduction. A total of 52 identified risk factors for gastric cancer were classified into nine categories in which diet, lifestyle, and infections are leading causes. Gastric cancer morbidity and mortality has an increasing trend annually in our country. In Mongolia, only 1% is diagnosed in the carcinoma stage, 3% in the first stage, 11% in the second stage, 43% in the third stage, 42% in the fourth stage. </br> The “Gastric cancer risk factors study, 2018” by L.Tulgaa, and D.Ganchimeg confirmed smoking on an empty stomach as a risk factor. B.Gantuya et al`s (2018) study on gastric cancer and helicobacter infection, as well as S.Tsegmed et al`s (2012) gastric cancer prevalence, its risk factors study, had similar results. </br> B.Gantuya et al (2018) identified the excessive consumption of salt among the gastric cancer diagnosed population in Mongolia. Also, L.Tulgaa and D.Ganchimeg et al`s “Gastric cancer risk factors study, 2018” results reported the daily consumption of salt in tea is a risk for gastric cancer. </br> L.Tulgaa et al`s (2018) study participants had irregular mealtime such as dinners are at a very late hour, the meals aren`t chewed well, leftover meals, and seasoning consumption. These characteristics were significantly different in two groups with a statistically important result. </br> Furthermore, the study results suggested a need to provide practical advice on healthy eating to the population as 50% of the participants consumed more than 5 high-risk food products for esophageal and gastric cancer along with combined risk factors.
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@#COVID-19 global pandemic is spreading rapidly between close contacts through respiratory droplets. The most effective measures to combat and reduce infection outbreaks include social distancing, movement restrictions, and health sector capacity building, as well as public health. Scientists emphasize the importance of containing the number of positive cases without exceeding current doctors and hospital resources. They concluded that quarantine, particularly complete lockdown is effective in controlling the risk. </br> Furthermore, the mistakes reported during lockdown enforcement are the only measures to be taken when the infection rate peaks. In the highest infection rate, the intensive care unit needs to increase by 10 percent in only 24 hours if there is no lockdown. In China, complete and partial quarantines in COVID-19 outbreak areas were effective in containing the infection transmission. Mongolia declared a state of emergency and enforced quarantine on November 10, 2020, since the first positive case was reported. Without the quarantine, the number of positive cases is estimated to be 3.2 times higher.
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This cross-sectional survey was conducted in seven district of the capital city Ulaanbaatar ofMongolia, and border post in Zamiin-Uud, and Altanbulag province from March to December 2015.A total of 380 samples including 70 flours, 114 rice’, 41 various peanuts, 15 maize and maizeproducts, 24 milks, 6 yoghurts, 39 beers, 27 dried fruits and 44 herbal teas were randomly collectedfrom supermarkets, hypermarkets, department stores, factories, and bazaars in Ulaanbaatar city,and Zamiin-Uud, and Altanbulag province.HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)were used for the total aflatoxins (B1+B2) and aflatoxin M1 detection.The survey found that (148) 38.9% of all analysed food samples were contained aflatoxins (B1+B2),and aflatoxin M1 were ranging from 0.0094 μg kg-1to 2.4μg kg-1. The levels of aflatoxins (B1+B2)were below the maximum tolerance limit in EU and worldwide regulations. Mean concentrationlevel of aflatoxins (B1+B2) was 0.17 μg kg-1 in all positive samples. Mean daily low and high foodintake were respectively, 63 g and 245 g. Based on the daily food consumption data, estimatedexposure dose of aflatoxins (B1+B2) was 0.16734 mg kg-1bw day-1 in individuals with a daily low foodintake, and 0.65078 mg kg-1bw day-1 in individuals with a daily high food intake (95th percentile). Theexposure dose of aflatoxins from daily high food intake exceeds the estimated provisional maximumtolerable daily intakes, 0.4 μg kg-1 body weight day-1 for adults with hepatitis B (Kuiper-Goodman,1998). Furthermore, estimated excess cancer risk values to liver cancer incidence by ingestion ofthese foods for aflatoxins (B1+B2) and aflatoxin M1were calculated to be 0.0448 mg kg-1bw day-1forindividuals negative for hepatitis Band 1.344 mg kg-1bw day-1 for individuals positive for hepatitis B.Thus, the findings of our survey showed that the potential hazard associated with aflatoxin in foodin Mongolia has not been serious. However, most researchers suggested that no level of aflatoxinexposure is considered safe.Conclusion: Currently, the levels of the total aflatoxins and aflatoxin M1 were lower than the maximumpermissible levels in UE and the USFDA, and worldwide regulations. Currently, estimated exposuredose of the total aflatoxins and M1aflatoxin through daily high food intake was risked in populationwith hepatitis B virus. However, in Mongolian population has not been excess liver cancer risk.
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Afl atoxins are a type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi, such as A. fl avus andA.parasiticus. Afl atoxins are the most potent hepatocarcinogen and mutagen among mycotoxins.Afl atoxins can effects a wide range of commodities, including crops, cereals, peanuts, maize, beans,and milk and fruits. Thus, we carried out a monitoring surveillance survey on the afl atoxins level in somefood commodities. In early stage of this survey we tested a total of 112 samples of foods including fl our,rice, peanuts, maize, dried fruits, milk, and cereals. According to the preliminary results of this survey,59 (52.7%) samples of foods including fl our, rice, peanuts, maize, dried fruits, milk, and cereals’ sampleswere positive for a total afl atoxins (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2). Although levels of total afl atoxins in allsamples were at permissible limits by the commission regulation of EU, the strategies for the preventionand control of mycotoxin are required in Public health system and Agricultural organization in Mongolia.Since afl atoxins is the most well-known mycotoxin ever thoroughly studied and its prevention and controlhas been most successfully practiced in various countries, therefore, this paper will focus on the strategyfor the prevention and control of afl atoxins’s mycotoxin contamination food in Mongolia.
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INTRODUCTION:In connection with request and financial assistance of Swiss Development Agency ‘’Mercury exposureand health impact assessment study among small scale miners in mercury free technology, wasconducted by researchers of Toxicology division of NCPH.GOAL:To determine mercury exposure level in biological samples of local small scale miners from mercury freetechnology introduced area. To reveal chronic mercury intoxicated patients,MATERIALS AND METHODS:Totally 147 artisanal miners from 33 cooperatives for small scale mining from Bayan-Îvoo soum ofBayankhongor, Bornuur sum of Tuv, Bayangol, Mandal and Tunkhel sum of Selenge province areparticipated in this study and the study was performed by cross sectional study methods during April toDecember, 2014.Over all 147 participants were in the first part of study, 60.5% out of 147 (89 participants) were in secondparts, and another 35.4% (52 people) were participated to the third parts of study. The participants wereundergone in to toxicological, dermatological and neurological examinations and the WHO guidance formercury exposure determination was followed in this study.RESULTS:On the results of all testing we revealed that there were 2 cases of chronic mercury intoxicated patientsfrom each Bayangol Bornuur soum, 2 from Mandal soum, and 3 from Bayanovoo soum.Overall 7 patientswere diagnosed as chronic mercury intoxicated and it comprised 4.7%of (n=147) all involved participants.We have observed that average height of total medical examination number was (2.9) in Bornuur soum.It indicated that there will have higher number of patients would exist in Bornuur soum than others.Ourstudy result has shown that neurological symptoms like tremor and imbalance were more diagnosedamong participants from Mandal and Bayngol soums. It implies that the health of the small scale minersfrom this soum more affected and needed to be investigating further.CONCLUSIONS:Mercury is still being used among artisanal gold miners even thoughit is still illegal. Further medicalevaluation and assistance needed to be taken for newly diagnosed 7 patients.
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BACKGROUND:Nano is a key technology to bring accelerated development in science, economy and business in 21stcentury. Besides lots of advantages contained in nanoproducts, cytotoxic effects on human and environmentmay occur due to their extreme small size and large surface area and it promotes chemical reaction andactivates reactive oxygen species in the cell. In the last few decades, human and environment exposureof nanomaterials have been increasing, but research papers related to nanomaterial toxicity have beenpoor.GOAL: Determination of nanomaterial toxicity in medical applicationMATERIALS AND METHODS:Totally 21 nanomaterials collected in this study including imported nano-medicines, disinfectantspray, cleaning solution and experimental nanomaterial produced in Mongolia. The particle sizesof nanomaterialswere determined by Cross correlation analysis and X-Ray diffraction analysis, andmutagenicity was determined by Ames test.RESULTS:The particle sizes of nanomaterials in 5 of 21 were measured at the range of 1 – 100nm and 5 of 21nanomaterials were determined as mutagenic by Ames test.CONCLUSION:Ingredients and production methods can be one of causes of nanomaterial toxicity. Therefore, morespecific methods are needed to reveal cytotoxicity of nanomaterials in the future.
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Aflatoxins are the secondary metabolites of the fungi namely, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. They can colonize and contaminate grain before harvest or during storage. There are about twenty related secondary forms of aflatoxins, and subtypes B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂. These aflatoxins frequently contaminate the foods and feeds (Yu J et al, 2000, Imanaka BT et al, 2007). Aflatoxin B1, the most toxic, is a potent hepatocarcinogenic and genotoxigenic metabolites that have been classified as group I carcinogens by International Agency of Research on Cancer (International Agency for Research on cancer, 1993). Aflatoxin M1 is found in milk of lactating cows that have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B₁. Aflatoxin M₁ was originally classified as a Group 2B human carcinogen in 1993, but subsequent evidences of its cytotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects led to a new categorization of aflaoxin M1 as Group I (International Agency for Research on cancer, 2002). Aflatoxins can affect a wide range of commodities, including crops, cereals, oilseeds, spices, tree nuts, milk, meat, and dried fruit (Wilson DM et al, 1994, Bao L et al, 2010). Mongolia has been imported foods about 60 percent of food demands including wheat, flour, rice, milk, dairy products, peanuts and maize. This situation is required to study aflatoxin contamination in food in Mongolia. Epidemiological studies have found that dietary exposure to aflatoxin and chronic infection with hepatitis B, C virus are three major risk factors for HCC (Viviani et al. 1997; Hall et al. 2003). HCC as a result of chronic aflatoxin exposure has been well documented, presenting most often in persons with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (Wild and Gong, 2010). The risk of liver cancer in individuals exposed to chronic HBV infection and aflatoxin is up to 30 times greater than the risk in individuals exposed to aflatoxin (Groopman et al., 2008). According to the WHO, the national liver cancer incidence rates was 54.1 per 100.000 population, the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection in 11.8%, 15.6% were respectively (J.Abarsanaa, 2012). This situation is a serous public health problem in Mongolia. Thus, we aimed to carry out the monitoring surveillance survey on the aflatoxin contamination level in some food.
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IntroductionGSTs are a family of antioxidant enzymes that responsible for the detoxification of many carcinogens.Glutathione S-transferases are polymorphic in humans and the null genotypes are results in lack ofenzyme activity. In many studies the polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 have been associated withcancers of the lung, bladder, breast and colon.GoalIn this research we aimed to establish PCR condition for obtaining “long” PCR product for detection ofdeletions in GSTT1, GSTM1 genes using various master mixes, which would help us further to detectheterozygous variants for these two genes in Mongolian population.Materials and MethodsThree kinds of commercial master mixes as Go Taq PCR master mix (USA), Taq 2x Dual master mix(Mongolia), and DyNAzyme EXT buffer were tested at various PCR conditions on 117 DNA samples,isolated in three ways such as phenol chloroform extraction method, guanidine hydrochloride methodand using Promega Wizard Genomic Fragment DNA Extraction Kit from fresh blood lymphocytes, buccalswabs and dried blood spots.Results:Three types of samples were used for DNA extraction such as buccal swabs, dried onto soft tissue bloodspots and fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes, using three kind extraction methods from which DNAtemplate obtained from fresh blood isolated by guanidine chloride method had best quality. Combinationas template DNA from fresh blood, guanidine chloride DNA extraction method and Taq 2x Dual mastermix (Mongolia) resulted in all four band, whereas other combination did not display desired results.Conclusions:Out of three kinds commercial master mixes tested in this study for various PCR template DNApreparation and PCR conditions we observed that:1. PCR with Taq 2x Dual master mix (Mongolia) resulted in all four initially desired PCR productsas 625bp for GSTM1, 969bp for GSTT1 genes and 4748bp for GSTM1, 3106bp for GSTT1 genedeletions correspondingly;2. Template genome DNA prepared from fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes by guanidine hydrochlorideextraction methods suited best for “long” PCR reaction;3. Using Taq 2x Dual master mix produced in Mongolia saved us time and was cheaper.4. Multplex primer mix is excellent tool in research of GST gene polymorphism.
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With the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials are being widely used in manyindustries aswell as in medicine and pharmacology. Despite the many proposed advantages of nanomaterials,increasing concerns have been expressed on their potential adverse human health effects. In recentyears, application of nanotechnology in medicine has been defined as nanomedicine. Techniquesin nanomedicine make it possible to deliver therapeutic agents into targeted specific cells, cellularcompartments, tissues, and organs by using nanoparticulate carriers. Because nanoparticlespossess different physicochemical properties than their fine-sized analogues due to their extremelysmall size and large surface area, they need to be evaluated separately for toxicity and adversehealth effects. In addition, in the field of nanomedicine, intravenous and subcutaneous injectionsof nanoparticulate carriers deliver exogenous nanoparticles directly into the human body withoutpassing through thenormal absorption process. These nanoparticulate carriers themselves maybe responsible for toxicity and interaction with biological macromolecules within the human body.Second, insoluble nanoparticulate carriers may accumulate in human tissues or organs. Therefore,it is necessary to address the potential health and safety implications of nanomaterials used innanomedicine. Toxicological studies for biosafety evaluation of these nanomaterials will be importantfor the continuous development of nanomedical science. This review summarizes the currentknowledge on toxicology of nanomaterials, particularly on those used in nanomedicine.
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INTRODUCTION:GSTs are a family of antioxidant enzymes that responsible for the detoxification of many carcinogens.Glutathione S-transferases are polymorphic in humans and the null genotypes are results in lack ofenzyme activity.In many studies the polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 have been associated withcancers of the lung, bladder, breast and colon.GOAL:In this research we aimed to establish PCR condition for obtaining “long” PCR product for detectionof deletions in GSTT1, GSTM1 genes using various master mixes, which would help us further todetect heterozygous variants for these two genes in Mongolian population.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Three kinds of commercial master mixes as Go Taq PCR master mix (USA), Taq 2x Dual master mix(Mongolia), and DyNAzyme EXT buffer were tested at various PCR conditions on 117 DNA samples,isolated in three ways such as phenol chloroform extraction method, guanidine hydrochloride methodand using Promega Wizard Genomic Fragment DNA Extraction Kit from fresh blood lymphocytes,buccal swabs and dried blood spots.RESULTS:Three types of samples were used for DNA extraction such as buccal swabs, dried onto soft tissueblood spots and fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes, using three kind extraction methods from whichDNA template obtained from fresh blood isolated by guanidine chloride method had best quality.Combination as template DNA from fresh blood, guanidine chloride DNA extraction method and Taq2x Dual master mix (Mongolia) resulted in all four band, whereas other combination did not displaydesired results.CONCLUSIONS:Out of three kinds commercial master mixes tested in this study for various PCR templateDNApreparation and PCR conditions we observed that:1. PCR with Taq 2x Dual master mix (Mongolia) resulted in all four initially desiredPCR productsas 625bp for GSTM1, 969bp for GSTT1 genes and 4748bp for GSTM1, 3106bp for GSTT1 genedeletions correspondingly;2. Template genome DNA prepared from fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes by guanidinehydrochloride extraction methods suited best for “long” PCR reaction;3. Using Taq 2x Dual master mix produced in Mongolia saved us time and was cheaper.4. Multplex primer mix is excellent tool in research of GST gene polymorphism.
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Like other crops, fruits and vegetables are attacked by pests and diseases during production andstorage leading to damages that reduce the quality and the yield. In order to reduce the loss andmaintain the quality of fruits and vegetables harvest, pesticides are used together with other pestmanagement techniques during cropping to destroy pests and prevent diseases. The presenceof pesticide residues is a concern for consumers because pesticides are known to have potentialharmful effects to other non-targeted organisms than pests and diseases. The major concerns aretheir toxic effects such as interfering with the reproductive systems and fetal development as wellas their capacity to cause cancer and asthma. Some of the pesticides are persistent and thereforeremain in the body causing long term exposure.Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application methods;arsenic content, organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, mercury content.Glyphosate is the active ingredient in herbicide formulations containing it. Human acute toxicity isdose related. Acute fatal toxicity has been reported in deliberate overdose. Epidemiological studieshave not found associations between long term low level exposure to glyphosate and any disease.The purpose of pesticide monitoring programs is to ensure that in fruits and vegetables do not exceedmaximum residues levels (MRLs) allowed by the government, no misuse of pesticides that couldresult in unexpected residues in food and that good agricultural practices (GAP) are maintained. Theresults from these monitoring programs are also used by regulatory bodies for future developmentsin setting MRLs and risk assessment exercises for public health.The MRLs are always set far below levels considered to be safe for humans. It should be understoodthat MRLs are not safety limits, a food residue can have higher level than MRL but can still be safefor consumption. Safety limits are assessed in comparison with acceptable daily intake (ADI) forshort term exposure or acute reference dose (ARfD).Nowadays, the pesticides imported 657 000-1 079 000 tn. in each year by Custom Agency ofMongolia[⁵²] and still unenforced Pest monitoring program, Pest management in the agriculture.
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The number of mushrooms on Earth is estimated at 140,000, of which maybe only 10 % are known. Meanwhile, ca.14, 000 species that we know today, about 50 % are considered to possess varying degrees of edibility, and about 700 species are medicinal mushrooms. Medicinal mushrooms such as Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi, Lingzhi), Lentinus edodes (Shiitake, Xiang gu), Inonotus obliquus (Chaga, Hei hua mo) and many others have been collected and used for hundreds of years in Korea, China, Japan, and eastern Russia. Those practices still form the basis of modern scientific studies of fungal medical activities, especially in the field of stomach, prostrate, and lung cancers. It is notable and remarkable how reliable the facts collected by traditional eastern medicine are in the study of medicinal mushrooms. Mushrooms of their high fiber content, sterols, proteins, microelements and a low calorific value, are almost ideal for diets designed to prevent cardiovascular diseases as first suggested by Traditional Chinese Medicine. Several mushroom species have been studied for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and patents have been established for these usages. Fruit-bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and Lentinus edodes have long been a major factor in folk medicine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis. Polysaccharides belong to a structurally diverse class of macromolecules, in which monosaccharide residues join to each other by glycosidic linkages to form polymer. It is noteworthy that, in comparison with other biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids, polysaccharides offer the highest capacity for carrying biological information because they have the greatest potential for structural variability. Mushroom polysaccharides exert their antitumor action mostly via activation of the immune response of the host organism.
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Abstract: The beneficial influence of many foodstuffs and beverages including fruits, vegetables, tea, red wine, coffee, and cacao on human health has been recently recognized to originate from the chain-breaking antioxidant activity of natural polyphenols, significant constituent of the above products. Therefore antioxidants have received increasing attention within biological, medical, nutritional, and agrochemical fields and resulted in the requirement of simple, convenient, and reliable antioxidant capacity determination methods. Many methods which differ from each other in terms of reaction mechanisms, oxidant and target/probe species, reaction conditions, and expression of results have been developed and tested in the literature. In this review, the methods most widely used for the determination of antioxidant capacity are evaluated, presenting the general principals, recent applications, and their strengths and limitations. Conclusion: In this review, numerous antioxidant capacity methods, which differ from each other in terms of reaction mechanisms, oxidant and target/probe species, reaction conditions, and expression of results. It is important that analysis conditions, substrate, and concentration of antioxidants should simulate real food or biological systems. The total antioxidant capacity value should include assays applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants and regards the similarity and differences of both HAT and ET. The assays including various ROS/RNS such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, nitric dioxide have to be designed to comprehensively evaluate the antioxidant capacity of a sample.
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Background Concentrations of lead, chromium, cadmium, mercury, arsenic and boron in waste water treatment sample and soil sample of Mich Company in Khongor, Darkhan-Uul province were detected with high concentration by WHO, UNEP and FAO study in 1998. Therefore, the conclusion was required to conduct environmental audit and to determine pollution frame and risks [1, 2]. According to recommendation of WHO, UNEP and FAO study, it is required to conduct re-survey study of environ¬mental pollution in Khongor, Darkhan-Uul province. Goal Study was aimed to conduct re-survey study of environmental pollution and human health exposure assessment in Khongor, Darkhan-Uul province. Objectives: 1. To determine environmental pollution by questionnaire study and chemical analysis for mercury, chromium, arsenic, lead, cadmium and boron in hair, blood, urine and environment. 2. To develop guidance for next actions. Results Average concentration of arsenic in soil sample of Mich Co, Ltd was 8.458 mg/kg or 1.4 fold higher (95%CI 5.472- 11.444) than reference value (6.0 mg/kg) in “MNS 5850:2008 -Soil quality. Reference value for soil pollutants and elements” standard and mercury and cadmium were not detected (Table 1). Chromium and boron were detected with acceptable level in water samples and average concentration of arsenic (0.0014 mg/l) was lower than reference value (0.01mg/l) in “MNS 900:2005 Drinking water, Hygiene requirements and control” standard. This result shows that there was not arsenic migration from soil to water. Concentrations of lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, boron and mercury in soil and water samples were detected with acceptable level (Table 1). Conclusions: 1. Lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and boron levels in environmental samples of Khongor, Darkhan-Uul province were at subordinate level from reference values in national standards. 2. Arsenic concentrations in biological samples were determined as a higher level, but in environmental samples its amounts were corresponded with acceptable level. Thus there was not environmental pollution exposure to human health. Because of detoxication processes of contaminated moulds by mercury and cyanides in MICH company area, it is possible to this area polluted by arsenic or gold associated elements. Thus it is necessary to decrease arsenic pollution in soil. 3. Concentrations of cadmium, arsenic, lead and mercury in hair, urine and blood samples were less than refer¬ence value of Human biomonitoring commission of Germany (HBM), PHI of USA, Clinical chemist’s agency of Russia and Canadian medical research center. So, in Khongor soum had not those of toxic elements ex¬posure to human health. 4. The boron and chromium concentrations of hair, urine and blood samples exceeded the maximum admissible limits in half of all cases, while their amounts in environmental samples were at permissible level according to national standards. And there was no statistical significance correlation (p=0.735) between chromium and boron concentrations in biological and environmental samples.
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Goal: To conduct mercury-based medical devises used in health care organizations and develop strategy and recommendations on futher activityMaterial and Methods:A cross-sectional study design was used. Totally 578 units of 38 governmental and private health care organizations inUlaanbaatar, Darkhan, Erdenet cities and Uvurkhangai aimags were conducted in the survey. The survey was conductedby means of a questionnaire given to the medical workers and doctors to complete. There were 3 parts of questions. Thefirst part of the questionnaire dealth with the use of mercury-based medical devices, working, transportation and storageconditions, and waste management. The second section was concerned with knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) ofmedical personals for safety handling, storage and disposal of mercury containing devices. The third part of the questionnairedealth with the dental amalgam.Mercury concentration of dental amalgam samples were detected by portable mercury vapor analyser RP-91, PYRO-915+ in the Poison Information Center of Public Health Institute. Data processing was done by using statistical programSPSS-10.Conclusions:1. Mercury containing devices such as thermometer, blood pressure sphygmomanometer, energy saving fluorescencelamp and termostates were used in urban and rural hospitals. There are not any regulations for safe handling,storage, and transportation and disposal system of mercury containing divices.2. Knowledge on handling, storaging and disposing mercury based devices are not enough among the medical personals.The current situations for inapproiprate disposal system can be posed to increase riskes of environmentalpollution with mercury.3. Knowledge on health impact of spilled mercury from broken mercury based medical devices is not enoughamong the medical workers. Safety manual for handling, storage and disposal of mercury based medical devicesand promotion materials for health adverse effect and prevention methods have not been developed.4. 14.7% of the investigated dental hospitals and cabinets were used dental amalgam for treatment. Of these wasinvolved the fist stage hospitals. Dental amalgams were imported from China and Russia. Any special recommendationsand rules for safe use, storage and disposal of dental amalgam have not developed.
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Goal: To study migration of toxic chemicals from water containters into stored waterMaterial and Methods:Experimental study was carried out in the Health Reference laboratory of Public Health Institute. In the study, as examples of water containers that are commonly used among population, the samples of water containers narrow opened container intended for keeping oil, aluminium container, large blue container (plastic), and metal container were purchased from Narantuul market and container with volume of 1 liter for potable water was purchased from supermarket and were tested. For determination of heavy metal migration, dissolving soultion or 3% In the solution of 3% chloric acid and for determination of hygiene parameters 3% acidic acid were used, respectively. In the solution of 3% chloric acid 6 heavy metals including iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn) were determined by Varian 210 D AAS-10 in accordance with the method stated in the standard of GOST 5370-50. In the solution of 3% chloric acide the content of formalyne was determined by qualitative method of Shiph and quantative titration methodr, ethylen and salicilic acid by qualitative method, oxidation of organic matters by bichromate titration method and formaldehyde by iodometer method, respectively. Results of analysis were processed by Origin 7.0 software.Conclusions:1. The migration of lead from oil container and large blue plastic container as used for water storage and carriage was detected 500-800 times higher in oil container and 60-72 times higher in large blue plastic container than the acceptable maximum limit of WHO reference level and drinking water standard MNS900:2005 (0.01mg/l). 2. The migration of formaldehyde from plastic containers to food products was 1800-3900 times higher in oil container and 3600-6900 times higher in large blue container than the acceptable maximum limit of formaldehyde migration (formaldehyde 0.1 mg/l). Also 27,0-39,17 mg/l of formalin were determined in the oil container and37,67-53,43 mg/l of formalin were measured in large blue plastic container and its concentration increased over time of storage. It shows that these plastic containers can not be used for keeping drinking water and food products. 3. Lead (122-250 times higher) and cadmium (10-53 times higher) migration from aluminum container was higher than the acceptable maximum limit of national standard NMS 900-2005.4. Iron (58-90 times higher), lead (240-360 times) and cadmium (33-70 times) migration from metal container were detected higher than the acceptable maximum limit of national standard NMS 900-2005.5. The migration of formaldehyde from pure water container was 2922-28000 times higher than the acceptable maximum limit of Russian’s hygienist direction approved in 1971 (reference level is 0.1mg/l of formaldehyde).
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Goal: To make mercury exposure assessment among private gold miners, who live in Jargalant and Bornuur soums ofTuv province.Objectives:1. To collect human bio-samples, including hair, urine and blood, then determine mercury concentrations.2. To asess the mercury exposure situation for those of two soum civilizationsMaterials and MethodsThe MoH-lead investigations were undertaken in collaboration with the Institute of Public Health from UMIT University in Hall, Austria as well as national Mongolian partners from the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), the National Public Health Institute , the and other institutions. The Mongolian WHO office supported the mission. The urine samples were analyzed by the Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Munich, (LMU) Germany and the National Institute for Minamata Disease, Japan. The blood samples were analyzed by the Chemical Hazards and Poisons Division, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, HPA, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK through the Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire, UK.Results and Conclusions• The median level of mercury in urine for the control area is 0.10 μg/l, compared to 2.88 μg/l for the group exposed by living in the area and 4.37 μg/l for the group working with mercury. The blood results do differ significantly as well (median 0.24 μg/l for control group, median 0.33 μg/l for the group living in an exposed area, median 0.55 μg/l for the group working with mercury).• The hair results do differ significantly as well (median 0.11/0.08 (root/tip) μg/l for control group, median 0.0.25/0.19 (root/tip) μg/l for the group living in an exposed area, median 0.31/0.26 (root/tip) μg/l for the group working with mercury).• Laboratory tests performed on urine, blood and hair samples collected in Bornuur and Jargalant Soum indicate that the population is very likely to have been recently exposed to mercury. The participants from Bornuur soum and Jargalant soum show results above HBM I to a high percentage and even above HBM II, indicating a much higher exposure to mercury compared to Khushaat soum.