ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Tobacco use in various ways such as cigarettes, hookahs, and nas is one of the most important and preventable factors in illness, disability and premature death in the world. Considering the importance of hookah consumption and its impact on the health of people in the community, studies in this regard will be significant. In this regard, the aim of present study was to determine the levels of heavy metals [zinc [Zn], copper [Cu], lead [Pb], cadmium [Cd], arsenic [As], and mercury [Hg]] in the tobacco and hookah water used in cafes in Sanandaj city in 2017
Material and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical [cross sectional] study, two popular and common brands of hookah tobacco were selected in Sanandaj [Crystal and Palm], and each of the brands was evaluated for three flavors [dassib, lemon, and mint]. A total of 36 tobacco samples [before and after use] and 36 samples of water [before and after use] were investigated. The samples were prepared by acid digestion and finally, the concentrations of metals [Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg] was measured by atomic absorption
Results: The results of this study showed that the highest and lowest concentrations of metals were related to Zn [11/05 microg/g] and As [1/35 microg/g] respectively. In general, according to the results, the order of the metals was Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > As. The results showed that there was a significant difference between Pb in burnt and unburned tobacco, and Pb in burnt tobacco is more than unburned tobacco. In contrast, no difference in the mean of the other metals before and after use has not been made. The results of comparison of metals before and after the use of hookahs in hookah water showed that there was a significant difference in Cu, Zn, and Pb. Moreover, there is no significant difference between the two brands in terms of metals as well as the different taste of the tobacco [p> 0/05]
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the concentration of metals in tobacco samples distributed in Sanandaj was higher than the standards of WHO. The values indicated were high levels of metals in aromatic tobacco samples, which also require more attention to protect people's health and ways to reduce tobacco use
ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs] is the second most common cause of peptic-ulcer and a common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding [UGIB]. The aim of this study was to evaluate demographic and behavioral characteristics of the hospitalized patients with UGIB who had been using NSAIDs, in Tohid hospital in Sanandaj, in Iran
Material and Method: This descriptive, analytical study, included patients hospitalized in gastroenterology ward of Tohid Hospital due to UGIB and with history of using NSAIDs and related compounds [from February 2015 to February 2016]. We used a questionnaire to record demographic, social, cultural and clinical characteristics of the subjects. Endoscopy was performed to determine causes of UGIB. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software
Results: 60 patients were men [58.3%] and 43 were women [41.7%] with the mean age of 52.85+/-20.03. 8.4% of subjects had a family history of peptic ulcers in their first degree relatives, 26.9% and 6.8% had history of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages respectively. 53.3% of the subjects had history of underlying disease of which chronic heart disease was the most frequent disorder [36%]. The most frequent drugs used by the patients were aspirin and ibuprofen [58.3% and 42.7%, respectively]. UGIB associated with aspirin use was more prevalent among the men than women. The main cause of bleeding [67%] was ulcer .There were no significant differences between causes of bleeding and use of NSAIDs, gender, age and age range of the patients. Also there was no significant difference in the mean age between both sexes [P> 0.5]
Conclusion: Considering the role of NSAIDs in UGIB, provision of necessary training for the correct use of NSAIDs [according to indications] and measures to eradicate H.Pylori infection will result in significant decrease in morbidity and mortality from UGIB in these patients
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Upper Gastrointestinal Tract , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal , Surveys and Questionnaires , EndoscopyABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Liver has a major role in protection of human against various toxins and drugs
Cholestasis can be defined as impairment of the bile flow which can lead to increased oxidant stress, hepatocyte damage and finally cirrhosis
Selegiline is commonly used in management of Parkinsoris disease
It has neuroprotective, antiapoptic and antioxidant properties
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selegiline on liver cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation [BDL] in the rats
Material and Methods: 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups [IF= 6] including saline, sham + saline, BDL + saline, BDL + Selegiline [0.15 mg/kg] and Selegiline [0.15 mg/kg]
Under general anesthesia and sterile condition, laparatomy was done, and bile duct was ligated. After 14 days, liver function tests, serologic tests and serum TNF-alpha were performed for all groups after taking blood samples. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA
Results: The results of the this study showed that selegiline significantly increased Alb, AST, ALT and ALP in BDL selegiline group compared to BDL+ saline. Also, when compared to saline group, selegiline significantly increased PT
Conclusion: Selegiline in cholestatic rat model did not show a protective effect on the liver cells and in some cases exacerbated the symptoms
ABSTRACT
Intravenous or oral administration of N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning has been a matter of controversy until recently. Each of these routes of administration has its advantages and disadvantages. This study was carried out to compare the effect of intravenous and oral acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. This study was a parallel RCT study. The study population included all adults over 18 years of age who had been used more than 7.5 gr acetaminophen during a 24 hour interval before admission to poisoning emergency ward of Baharloo Hospital in Tehran. Each group consisted of 30 patients. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Patients were divided into two groups by block randomization method: oral [72 h] and IV [20 h] N-acetylcysteine treatment groups. Liver enzyme levels were measured at baseline and then daily up to 72 hours after treatment. Side effects of drug administration in both groups were recorded. Data were entered into SPSS16 software and the data frequency tables were prepared. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U and t-tests were used for data analysis. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in relation to different variables at baseline. The two groups showed no significant differences in regard to the mean serum levels of AST, ALT, bilirubin, and prothrombin time24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment and the therapeutic results were similar in both groups. Occurrence of nausea and hypotension after treatment in the oral treatment group was significantly higher than in the intravenous treatment group [57.6% vs. 33.3% and 12.1% vs. Zero respectively] [p<0.05]. Considering other complications, no significant differences were noticed between the two groups. Considering the same safety and efficacy of both intravenous and oral acetylcysteine treatment, mild and manageable side effects of oral therapy on one hand and economic status and cultural attitudes in our community about admission and discharge of the patients, it seems more advisable to use oral treatment as the first therapeutic choice for acetaminophen poisoning in the absence of any contraindication to its use
ABSTRACT
The role of MRI has been increased for diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis during recent years. In this study the efficacy of T2 Gradient echo for diagnosing cerebral thrombosis has been assessed. This study was a descriptive-analytical study, which was focused on diagnostic values. Diagnostic value T2 GRE sequence of MRI is being evaluated and compared with common sequences of T1, T2, and FLAIR. Then, via Golden Standard of MR Venography, different sequences of MRI have been compared. Gathered data had been entered in SPSS software and through using descriptive statistical methods and data frequency, different sequence sensitivities were computed. Twenty one patients, including three males [14.3%] and 18 females [85.7%] with the average age of 36.00 +/- 10.13 participated in this study, and they have had a total number of 55 numbers of thrombosis. The most common clinical symptom, predisposing factor, involved sinus, and common underlying disorder was headache [95.2%], taking OCP [52.4%], superior sagittal sinus [71.4%], and infraction [47.6%] respectively. The sensitivity rates of T1, T2, and T2GRE sequence for diagnosis of acute thrombosis were 30%, 0, and 90% respectively, and for Early Sub-Acute cases they were 92.9%, 92.9%, and 100% respectively. T2 GRE sequence can be used as a quick diagnostic tool for diagnosing CVT before applying MR venography in patients. Using this sequence can be very effective, especially when it is critical to diagnose the disease quickly
ABSTRACT
Passing the medical abortion law in 2006 brought about, a major change in dealing with cases of therapeutic abortion. This study was performed to investigate the causes of therapeutic abortion request made by pregnant women who had referred to the Legal Medicine Organization in Sanandaj, from July 2004 to July 2008. This was a descriptive cross sectional study and included all the files of therapeutic abortion [58 files] in the Forensic Medicine Organization in Sanandaj from 2004 to 2008. Sampling method was census. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS statistical software and frequency tables were prepared. Most requests for therapeutic abortion were made in 2008 and included 18 cases [31%] and the least number of requests was in 2004 with six cases [10.3%]. 16 patients between 30 and 35 years of age had the highest rate of abortion [27.6%]. The lowest rate of abortion belonged to those with less than 18 years of age with one case [1.7%]. The mean gestational age was 11.8 +/- 4.1 [range 5-19 week]. The approved cases of therapeutic abortion included 34 patients [58.6%].The prevalence rates of requests for abortion license due to fetal and maternal causes were 22 [37.9%] and 36 [62.1%], respectively. Among the confirmed cases of therapeutic abortion 18 [52.9%] had fetal causes and 16 [47.1%] had maternal causes. The most common fetal causes for therapeutic abortion permit was anencephaly with 7 cases [20.6%] and thalassemia with 3 cases [8.8%] and the most common maternal cause was cardiovascular diseases with 10 cases [29.4%]. The results of this study indicated that after passing the medical abortion law, the numbers of requests for therapeutic abortion due to fetal causes are on the rise. Further interventions to promote knowledge in the field of therapeutic abortion among the medical staff and in the society and encourage use of certain methods of contraception by women with advanced cardiovascular disease are recommended
ABSTRACT
Menstrual disorders cause a lot of problems for the women. Sometimes diagnosis and treatment of these problems seems very sophisticated. Early diagnosis and treatment of menstrual disorders together with its clinical complications, recognition of their underlying causes and their relation with one another, are essential for treatment of these disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of menstrual disorders and some of its potential causes in 17 and 18 year old high school female students in Sanandaj in 2005. This was a descriptive-analytic cross sectional study and included 511 high school female students at the age of 17 and 18 years. After obtaining primary information, in case of any menstrual disorder, the subjects were referred to a gynecologist for confirmation of the diagnosis. After confirmation of diagnosis sonographic and hormonal studies were performed. Using SPSS software, the data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and x[2] test. The incidence of menstrual disorders in the study population was 43.25%. Hypermenorrhea was the most and hypomenorrhea was the least common disorders [13.9% and 3.13% respectively]. Polymenorrhea was detected in 13.31% of the cases. The incidence rates of dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome [PMS], and spotting were 78.1%, 72.4% and 8.2% respectively. Menstrual disorders and its symptoms showed no significant relationship with presence of any evidence of PCO in sonoghraphy [P>0.05]. High incidence of menstrual disorders in high school students should be taken into consideration and necessary instructions should be given to these students to decrease their stress. In case of persistence of the menstrual disorder, hormonal and sonographic examinations should be performed to detect the underlying cause of menstrual disorder
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Incidence , Students , Schools , /etiology , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Cytomegalovirus [CMV] and toxoplasmosis are the most common and serious opportunistic infections in AIDS patients. Despite recent advances in the treatment of these infections, they still remain as challenging problems for physicians. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of cytomegalovirus and toxoplasma infections in HIV-positive patients in HIV/AIDS counseling and care center in Kurdistan in 1385. This was a cross-sectional descriptive, analytic study. The sample size included all accessible patients referring to Sanandaj behavioral and STD diseases consultation center [64 participants]. ELISA test was performed for all individuals, IgM and IgG anti CMV and Toxoplasma titers were determined. Data were introduced into SPSS 13 Soft ware and analyzed by one way ANOVA test. This study included 64 patients, 98/4% of them were male. The mean age of the patients was 32.1 +/- 6.73 years. Anti cytomegalovirus IgM was negative and anti cytomegalovirus IgG was positive in all of the patients [100%]. Anti Toxoplasma IgM and anti Toxoplasma IgG were positive in 10.9% and 46.9% of the patients respectively. There was no significant relationship between the level of IgG and mean time duration of being HIV positive, age and CD4 cell count. But a significant relationship was noticed between the level of CMV and toxoplasma IgM and CD4 cell count [p<0.05]. There was a significant relation between positive toxoplasmosis IgM and history of keeping a pet in house [p=0.019]. In this study 100% of HIV positive participants were negative for anti cytomegalovirus IgM which can be explained by presence of CD4 cell count above 100 in all of the patients. But 53% of HIV positive participants had negative anti toxoplasma antibody who will be at risk of acute toxoplasmosis in their clinical course. Educational plans and regular follow up of these patients are recommended for proper prophylaxis and treatment
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cytomegalovirus Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/virology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Sex Distribution , Health Education , Immunoglobulin G , Immunoglobulin M , HIV Infections/parasitology , Opportunistic InfectionsABSTRACT
The risk of developing chronic hepatitis B virus [HBV] is 5% in general population but can reach up to 20% in HIV patients. The response rate to HBV vaccine in HIV infected patients is 23.8-56 percent. The aim of this study was to evaluate response of HIV-infected patients to 20 microg dose of recombinant HBV vaccine. In this quasi experimental study, 51 subjects, sampled through census, were HIV patients who had HBsAg negative test in HIV/AIDS counseling and care center. Patients were vaccinated with 20 microg of recombinant HBV vaccine, IM at intervals of 0, 1 and 6 months. Response to the vaccine was checked 2 months after the last injection. Data were analyzed with SPSS software, using descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests. The mean age of the patients was 33.68 +/- 8.37 years. Two patients were female [3.9%] and 49 patients were male [96.1%]. Mean of hepatitis B antibody level was 47.55 +/- 71.58 mIU/ml. The levels of antibody in different patients were as follow: 31 patients [60.8%] <10 mIU/ml and 20 patients [39.2%]> 10 mIU/ml. There was no significant correlation between antibody levels and CD4 + cell count [correlation coefficient = -0.191]. Response to hepatitis B vaccination is low in HIV infected patients. Conventional dose of HBV vaccine is not enough to get protective immunity. Therefore, two-fold dose of vaccine dose, repeat of conventional dose or increasing of interval administration of hepatitis B vaccine should be considered in future studies
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , HIV Infections/immunology , VaccinationABSTRACT
Surgery for removal of urinary system stones has improved very much. At the present time standard therapy for stones which do not respond to ESWL, and also for large or multiple stones is PCNL. In this method the stones are broken into small pieces and taken out. This method has a better outcome and minimal morbidity rate. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of PCNL operations in Kurdistan province since 1383. This was a cross sectional descriptive analytic study. The study group comprised all the patients who had undergone PCNL from 1383 to 1385 [100 patients]. Sampling method was census. Data collected by reviewing the patients medical records and were registered in check lists. The collected data were analyzed by means of alpha and T-test using SPSS win soft ware. From 1383 to 1385, 100 PCNL operations had been done on 66 [66%] men and 34 [34%] women. The mean age of the patients was 38.33 +/- 12.81 [age range: 17-72 years old]. The mean operation time was 86.91 +/- 24.12 minutes and the mean size of the stones was 33.72 +/- 9.81mm. The mean hospitalization time was 2.33 +/- 0.65 days and the mean narcotic [petidin] dose was 57.6 +/- 24. 17% of the patients developed some kind of complication, but no problem observed in the other 83%. In general 91% of the operations were successful. 2% of the patients needed another surgery and in 7% of the patients, the remaining stones were treated by use of ESWL. The most common type of stones were calcium oxalate. There was a significant relationship between the operation time, dose of narcotic and duration of hospitalization [p=0.000]. The result of this study were compatible with previous studies and confirms PCNL as a successful surgical method for treatment of the urinary system stones
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Urinary Calculi/surgery , Treatment Outcome , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Hepatitis-B virus [HBV] is one of the most common chronic pathogens in the world. More than 2 billion people in the world have been exposed to this virus and 350 million of them [5% of world population] are chronic carriers of HBV. One of the most common ways of transmission of this virus is transfusion of blood and its products. For this reason blood transfusion organization controls all blood products for HBsAg. In HBV chronic carriers viral replication should be detected by use of suitable antigenic markers such as HBeAg. Therefore HBeAg positive patients with elevated liver enzymes can be recognized and treated for chronic hepatitis. The aim of this study was to detect prevalence rates of HBeAg positivity, elevated liver transaminases in HBsAg positive individuals, and recognition of chronic hepatitis patients in Sanandaj from 1383 to 1384. This study was a descriptive- analytic cross sectional study. The sampling method was census. 139 HBsAg positive people between 18-65 years of age were entered into the study. According to the results of this study 20 subjects [14/4%] were HBeAg positive with no significant correlation between the male and female ratio. Measurement of liver transaminases at the same time showed that 7 HBeAg positive patients [35%] had higher than normal serum AST levels [>/= 47 IU/L] [p=0.001] and 8 other [40%] had higher serum ALT levels [>47/= IU/L] [p=0.000]. In general in 7 [35%] HBeAg positive patients both AST and ALT were elevated but only 7 HBeAg negative persons [5.9%] had elevation of both enzymes. This study revealed HBeAg positivity may be considered a risk factor for elevated aminotransferases levels and chronic hepatitis was prevalent in a significant number of HBsAg positive blood donors, but severe liver disease was absent