Influence of addition of 2-[3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-YL)- 4-hydroxyphenyl] ethyl methacrylate to an experimental adhesive system

The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of 2-[3-(2HBenzotriazol- 2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl methacrylate (BTAM) to an experimental adhesive resin. An experimental base adhesive resin was formulated with BisGMA, TEGDMA and HEMA, to which BTAM was added at 1, 2.5 and 5%, in weight. One group with no addition was used as control. The experimental adhesives were evaluated for antibacterial potential (against Streptococcus mutans), degree of conversion with FTIR, softening in solvent and microRaman interface analyses. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, paired t test and ANOVA and Tukey, considering a 5% level of significance. The results showed antibacterial activity of 5% BTAM against S. mutans (p<0.05), however, no difference was found among BTAM groups (p> 0.05). The results of degree of conversion and softening of solvent showed no statistical difference between BTAM and control groups (p>0.05). The addition of 5% BTAM showed higher antibacterial activity than the negative control, and copolymerization with comonomer blend of adhesive resin and BTAM was detected at the dentin/ adhesive interface.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a adicao do 2-[3-(2HBenzotriazol- 2-yl)-4-hidroxifenil]etil metacrilato (BTAM) a um adesivo experimental. Uma resina adesiva base experimental foi formulada com BisGMA, TEGDMA e HEMA e a essa resina foi adicionado o BTAM nas concentracoes de 1, 2,5 e 5%, em peso, alem de um grupo controle sem adicao. Os adesivos experi - mentais foram avaliados quanto ao potencial antimicrobiano contra Streptococos mutans, grau de conversao com FTIR, degradacao em solvente e analise da interface com microespectroscopia Raman. Os dados foram analisados considerando um nivel de significancia de 5%. Os resultados obtidos no teste antimicrobiano contra S. mutans mostrou dife renca estatisticamente significativa do grupo com 5% de BTAM em relacao aos demais grupos e ao controle negativo (p<0,05). Os resultados de grau de conversao e degradacao em solvente dos grupos com BTAM nao apresentaram diferenca quando comparado ao grupo controle (p>0,05). Foi possivel observar a penetracao do BTAM na dentina. A adicao de BTAM na concentracao de 5% mostrou atividade antimicrobiana comparado ao controle negativo, alem de ter sido capaz de copolimerizar e penetrar na dentina.

Constituintes químicos, avaliação das atividades citotóxica e antioxidante de Mimosa paraibana Barneby (Mimosaceae) / Chemical constituents, evaluation of the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Mimosa paraibana Barneby (Mimosaceae)

Mimosa paraibana Barneby foi submetida a um estudo fitoquímico para o isolamento de seus constituintes químicos, através de métodos cromatográficos usuais, e posterior identificação estrutural, utilizando-se métodos espectroscópicos de RMN ¹H e 13C uni e bidimensionais, além de comparações com modelos da literatura. Deste estudo pioneiro, foram isolados e identificados cinco constituintes da fase clorofórmica: uma mistura dos esteróides, β-sitosterol e estigmasterol, a 15¹-hidroxi-feofitina A, a 5,7-dihidroxiflavanona, o 3,4,5-trihidroxibenzoato de etila e o ácido p-cumárico. A atividade antioxidante das fases hexânica, clorofórmica e acetato de etila foi avaliada utilizando o radical estável DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrazil) e os resultados comparados com o padrão ácido ascórbico. A avaliação da citotoxicidade das fases foi realizada empregando-se o ensaio de letalidade contra Artemia salina. Dos extratos avaliados, somente o hexânico mostrou baixa toxicidade.

The phytochemical study of Mimosa paraibana Barneby led to the isolation of its chemical constituents, through the usual chromatographic methods, and further structural identification, using ¹H and 13C NMR spectroscopic methods based on one and two-dimensional techniques, in addition to comparison with literature data. From this pioneering investigation with M. paraibana, five constituents were isolated and identified from the chloroform extract: a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, 15¹-hydroxy-phaeophytin A, 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone, ethyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate and p-coumaric acid. The antioxidant activity of the hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of M. paraibana were measured using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and the results compared with standard ascorbic acid. The toxicity activity of the extracts were performed using the bioassay of Artemia salina.

Composição química e modulação da resistência bacteriana a drogas do óleo essencial das folhas de Rollinia leptopetala R. E. Fries / Chemical composition and modulation of bacterial drug resistance of the essential oil from the leaves of Rollinia leptopetala R. E. Fries

O óleo essencial das folhasde Rollinia leptopetala foi obtido por hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger e a sua composição química foi analisada através de CG-EM. Com essa técnica, foi possível identificar 22 constituintes em uma mistura complexa demonoterpenos (54,5 por cento) e sesquiterpenos (45,5 por cento). O principal componente encontradonas folhas foi o biciclogermacreno (22,47 por cento). O óleo essencial foi avaliado numa linhagem de Staphylococcus aureus portadora de bomba de efluxo responsável pela resistência norfloxacino. Embora o óleo essencial não tenha apresentado atividade antibacteriana relevante in vitro, ele apresentou atividade moduladora da resistência, ou seja, em combinação com o norfloxacino observou-se uma redução de 4x na concentração inibitória mínima do antibiótico, indicando inibição de bomba de efluxo.

The essential oil from the leaves of Rollinia leptopetala was obtained by hydrodistillation in Clevenger's apparatus and its chemical composition was analyzed by GC-MS. With this technique could be identified 22 constituents in a complex mixture of monoterpenes (54.5 percent) and sesquiterpenes (45.5 percent). The main component found in the leaves was the bicyclogermacrene (22.47 percent). The essential oil was assayed against a strain of Staphylococcus aureus possessing efflux mechanism of resistance to norfloxacin. Although the essential oil did not display relevant antibacterial activity in vitro, it modulated the activity of the norfloxacin, i.e. in combination with the antibiotic it was observed a fourfold reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration for norfloxacin, indicating inhibition of efflux pump.

Knowledge about STD/AIDS and sexual behavior among high school students in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The incidence of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is increasing among adolescents. In order to better understand high-risk sexual behavior among students, a cross-sectional study based on a self-answered anonymous questionnaire was conducted in 10 public and private high schools in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data were obtained on sociodemographics, knowledge of STD/AIDS, and sexual behavior. Among 945 students aged 13-21, 59 percent were sexually initiated, and the median age at first sexual intercourse was 15 years (range: 7-19). Although 94 percent reported being aware of the need for condom use for protection, only 34 percent informed always using condoms during sex. Low family income was associated with unsatisfactory knowledge (OR = 9.40; 95 percent CI = 6.05-14.60) and inconsistent condom use (OR = 11.60; 95 percent CI = 5.54-24.30). However, unsatisfactory knowledge was not associated with inconsistent condom use. School-based educational programs should focus on sexual behavior more than on transmission of knowledge, as well as targeting low-income students

On plasma phosphatase levels in pregnancy in the Philippines

During pregnancy, the alkaline plasma phosphatase should increase. In the Philippines, in spite of a definite tendency to increasing values with the progress of pregnancy, the observed levels are still below normal due to the abnormally low initial values. Low plasma phosphatase levels may have an effect on the ossification processes of the fetus. As consequence of the low phosphatase levels of the mothers, newborn infants have a very low plasma phosphatase level. The low levels are most probably due to unbalanced diet of the mother, if we like to avoid the term "malnutrition". We found likewise low levels in pregnant women and in some adult of both sexes. Low plasma phosphatase levels seem to be the rule in Filipinos of any age. (Summary and Conclusion)

Evaluación y seguimiento de un brote de salmonellosis en una población urbano marginal / Assessment and monitoring of an outbreak of salmonellosis in a marginal urban population

Se realice el estudio de un brote de EDA causado por Salmonella enteritidis en un Centro Educativo (CE) de una población urbano marginal (José Gálvez-JG-, Unidad Territorial de Salud de Villa María del Triunfo-UTES VMT, Dirección Sub Regional de Salud II Lima Sur-DISURSII-LS-), en noviembre de 1992. Se buscó precisar la sintomatología y evolución; posteriormente se investigó la prevalencia de portadores asintomáticos. Se estudiaron 52 casos que presentaron los siguientes signos y síntomas: diarreas acuosas (100%), dolor abdominal (90.69%), vómitos (83.72%), y fiebre (79.06%). La sintomatología cedió en un tiempo máximo de 7 días, resolviéndose la mayoría de los casos entre el 3er y 5to día (60.46%). El uso de antibióticos prolongó la evolución clínica, con respecto a los que no los recibieron; la sintomatología del 90% de éstos últimos cedió en los primeros 4 días. A las 8 semanas se evaluaron 36 pacientes; el 50% de las muestras tomadas para coprocultivo fueron positivas a Salmonella enteritis, sin relación aparente con el tratamiento antibiótico. Se concluye que el probable consumo de productos derivados de huevos crudos contaminados fue la causa del presente brote. Se plantea que el tratamiento antibiótico prolongó la evolución del cuadro clínico. Cabe destacar el hallazgo de una alta prevalencia de portadores asintomáticos en relación a lo descrito en la literatura, lo que se podría estar condicionando por la deficiencia dele estado inmune, la meno acidez gástrica de los niños y la automedicación indiscriminada con antibióticos de amplio espectro.

An acute diarrhoeal outbreak caused caused by Salmonella enteridis in an urban-marginal schooll (Jose Galvez-JG-, Unidad Territorial de Salud de Villa Maria del Triunfo-UTES VMT, Direccion Sub Regional de Salud II Lima Sur-DISURSII-LS-) in November 1992 was studied. The symptoms, evolution and further asymptomatic carriers prevalence were reached. 52 cases were studied; they presented the following signs and symptoms: diarrhea (100%), abdominal pain (90.69%), vomiting (83.72%), and fever (79.06%). The symptomatology lasted up to 7 days and most cases were solved by the 3rd and 5th days (60.46%). The use of antibiotics prolonged the clinical evolution, compared to those who didn´t received them; the clinical evolution, compared to those who didnÆt received them; the lattersÆ symptoms disappeared during the first 4 days. By the 8th week, 36 patients were evaluated; 50% the culture were positive to Salmonella enteridis, apparently not related to antibiotics. The conclusion was that possibly contaminated raw egg products caused this outbreak. The study suggests that antibiotic therapy prolonged the clinical evolution. Is remarkable the high prevalence of the asymptomatic carriers in relation to literature reports and it could be conditioned by immune-deficiency, infantsÆ low gastric acidity and uncontrolled self-prescription with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua (DPAC): tratamento eficaz para crianças em uremia terminal / Continous ambulatory peritoneal dialisys: efficient treatment for children with terminal uremia

Analisamos o comportamento de 12 crianças mantidas em diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua (DPAC) no período de janeiro de 1984 a maio de 1988. A idade média do grupo foi 8,9 ñ 4,9 anos, com variaçöes de sete meses a 16 anos. As trocas foram realizadas pelos pais (oito casos), pelas próprias crianças (três pacientes) ou pela avó (um caso). O volume de líquido infundido variava de 32 a 58ml/Kg/troca, com média de 41,7 ñ 8,7ml/Kg/troca. Exames laboratoriais mostraram bom controle metabólico, executando-se tendência a hipoalbuminemia. As principais complicaçöes observadas foram: peritonite (incidência de um episódio a cada 8-8 paciente/mês), hipertensäo arterial (cinco casos), hipervolemia (2), extrusäo de cuff (4), infecçäo de óstio (5) e de túnel (2), e hérnias (2). Houve três trocas de cateteres. Após tempo médio de acompanhamento de 10 ñ 5 meses (três a 24 meses, com cumulativo de 132 paciente/meses), três crianças ainda permaneciam em DPAC, seis foram transplantadas, uma foi transferida para hemodiálise e dois faleceram (óbitos relacionados a peritonite). Concluímos que a DPAC mostrou ser boa alternativa de tratamento para crianças urêmicas enquanto aguardam, o transplante renal. Extrusäo de cuff e hipoalbuminemia foram achados freqüentes