Impact of e-cigarettes use on the oral health-related quality of life among young people in metropolitan Lima / Impacto en la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en los jóvenes de Lima metropolitana

Aim: To determine the effects of e-cigarette use on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) in young people in Metropolitan Lima. Materials and Methods: This observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was performed with 189 individuals (age, 18­29 years) who used electronic cigarettes. The OHIP-Sp5 instrument was used to assess OHRQOL. Results: The use of e-cigarettes was higher among male participants (47.79%) than that among the female participants (26.32%). The mean OHRQOL scores of individuals who did and did not use e-cigarettes were 3.17 (2.26) and 3.12 (2.47), respectively These scores for people who did and did not use mouthwash were 2.92 (2.34) and 3.57 (2.43), respectively. Regarding orofacial pain 2.65% participants frequently re-ported "painful discomfort" and 7.41% of the young people presented such discomfort of orofacial aspect "frequently." Conclusions: Recording e-cigarette uses and frequency in patients' medical records is important, as well as incorporating educational strategies to reduce e-cigarette consumption and avoiding harmful effects on general health.

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto en la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en los jóvenes de Lima Metropolitana. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico y transversal en un total de 189 jóvenes con edades comprendidas de 18 a 29 años que son usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos. Para evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral se utilizó el instrumento "OHIP-Sp5". Resultados: Se determinó que los participantes del sexo masculino (47.79%) son los que más utilizan el cigarrillo electrónico en comparación a las participantes del sexo femenino (26.32%). Se observó una calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral media de 3,17 (2,26) para los usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos, mientras que para los no usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos la media fue de 3,12 (2,47). Asimismo, para los que usan enjuagues bucales se encontró una media de 2.92(2.34), a diferencia de los que no hacían uso del mismo que presentaban peor calidad de vida relacionada con la salud oral con una media de 3.57(2.43). En cuanto a dolor orofacial el 2.65% de los participantes referían "molestias dolorosas" a menudo y el 7.41% de los jóvenes presentaban dicho disconfort de la apariencia orofacial "a menudo". Conclusión: El registro del uso y frecuencia del cigarrillo electrónico en la historia clínica de los pacientes es de suma importancia, así como incorporar estrategias educativas para reducir el consumo de los vapeadores y evitar efectos nocivos en la salud general.

COVID-19 en Chile: análisis de su impacto por olas y regiones

Background: The effects of COVID-19 in Chile changed over time and among regions. Aim: To identify patterns in the impact and evolution of COVID-19 for each wave generated between 2020 and 2022 at the 16 regions of the country. Material and Methods: Several indicators related to the pandemic, their evolution and their consequences for the health system and the health of the population were calculated. Results: There are differences in the evolution of the infection across the regions of the country, as well as heterogeneity between waves. Specifically, the second wave in Chile was identified as the one with the greatest impact, with a national death rate of 123.5 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants and 66.4% intensive care unit occupancy rate due to COVID-19. Performing a geographic analysis, it was possible to find systematic patterns, for example, between regions with higher immunization rates and lower rates of lethality, such as the cases of Ñuble and Atacama regions. Conclusions: These results emphasize the need to consider regional differences and the temporal context for the elaboration of strategies to the efficient management of a pandemic.

Biogeografía del tomate Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (Solanaceae) en su centro de origen (sur de América) y de domesticación (México)

El tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) es una de las principales hortalizas en el mundo debido a las importantes ganancias económicas que genera su comercialización; sin embargo, a pesar de que la especie es ampliamente cultivada en el mundo, su diversidad genética se considera restringida. Esto hace que su resistencia a plagas y enfermedades en las variedades actualmente cultivadas sea baja. Existe la forma silvestre S. l. var ceraciforme que se distribuye desde Suramérica (centro de origen) hasta México (área de domesticación), específicamente en la vertiente del Golfo de México en Veracruz. Como objetivo, se quiso identificar patrones de diversificación ambiental con los que se pudiesen inferir procesos de adaptación de las poblaciones en el área de domesticación con respecto a su centro de origen. Asimismo, se planteó proponer medidas de conservación y rescate del tomate S. l. var. cerasiforme. Se realizaron modelos de nicho ecológico (MNE) con Maxent versión 3.4.1 (evaluados con AUC y ROC-parcial) para determinar la idoneidad de las condiciones ambientales, incluyendo proyecciones del centro de domesticación al área de origen y viceversa. Esto se realizó con base en ocho variables de temperatura y precipitación. Los registros de tomate fueron tomados de fuentes bibliográficas y trabajo de campo. Seguidamente, se realizó la prueba de comparación de nichos (equivalencia y similitud), propuesta por Broennimann et al. (2012), para evaluar la similitud de condiciones ambientales en ambas regiones. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis de varianza seguido de una prueba de comparación de medias (Tukey, P ≤ 0.05) con las ocho variables ambientales utilizadas. Los valores de AUC (0.93 y 0.80) y ROC-parcial obtenidos (1.86 y 1.71; P = 0.0001) de los MNE muestran que fueron buenos modelos predictores. Se observó que en el centro de México existen condiciones ambientales similares a las del centro de origen, a diferencia de la vertiente del Golfo de México donde son diferentes. La prueba de equivalencia mostró que la comparación ambiental entre ambas regiones es menos equivalente que lo esperado por azar (P = 0.003). Mientras tanto, la otra prueba indica que la similitud que existe entre ambas regiones también se puede obtener por azar (P = 0.683). También, se encontraron diferencias significativas en tres variables de temperatura y precipitación. En conclusión, el centro de origen y de domesticación de S. l. var. cerasiforme tienen características ambientales en común a pesar de la distancia geográfica, pero existen zonas geográficas (vertiente del Golfo de México en Veracruz) en el área de domesticación con condiciones ambientales diferentes a las de su centro de origen y con un potencial importante como bancos de germoplasma.

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the main horticultural crops in the world because of the important economic benefits that its commercialization generates. Even though the species is widely cultivated in the world, it is susceptible to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses due to the loss of its genetic diversity. There is a wild form called S. l. var ceraciforme that is distributed from South America (its center of origin) to Mexico (its area of domestication), specifically on the slope of the Gulf of Mexico in Veracruz. Due to the large genetic diversity of these wild tomatoes, it is important to improve its crop. The objective of this investigation was to identify patterns of environmental diversification of the tomato, infer the processes of adaptation of the populations in the area of domestication with respect to their center of origin and propose measures of conservation and variation of S. l. var. cerasiforme. We generated two ecological niche models (MNE) with Maxent version 3.4.1 (evaluated with AUC and partial-ROC) to determine the suitability of environmental conditions including their respective projections from the domestication center to the area of origin and vice versa. We used eight variables of temperature and precipitation. Additionally, we included tomato records from bibliographical sources and fieldwork. We also used the niche comparison test (equivalency and similarity) proposed by Broennimann et al. (2012) to evaluate the similarity of environmental conditions in both regions. Subsequently, we carried out an analysis of variance followed by a mean comparison test (Tukey, P ≤ 0.05) with all environmental variables measured. The values of AUC (0.93 and 0.80) and partial-ROC (1.86 and 1.71, P = 0.0001) of the MNE showed that they were good predictive models. We observed that, in the center of Mexico, there are environmental conditions similar to those of the center of origin, unlike the slope of the Gulf of Mexico where they are different. The equivalency test showed that the environmental comparison between both regions is less similar than expected by chance (P = 0.003). The similarity test indicated that the existing similarity between both regions can also be obtained by chance (P = 0.683). We also found significant differences in three temperature and precipitation variables. In conclusion, we determined that the center of origin and domestication of S. l. var. cerasiforme has similar environmental characteristics despite the geographic distance; nevertheless, there are geographical zones (the Gulf of Mexico in Veracruz) in the area of domestication with different environmental conditions. Those places have the potential to contain valuable germplasms.

Eficacia y tolerabilidad de la reducción del volumen de polietilenglicol para la preparación para colonoscopia / Effectiveness and tolerability of low volume bowel cleansing polyethylene glycol solution for colonoscopy

Background: A successful colonoscopy depends, among other factors, on a proper colon cleansing. This variable also affects the acceptance of the patient to carry out the study. Aim: To analyze the efficacy and tolerability of a low volume polyethylene glycol formulation (2 liters), compared to the conventional presentation of 4 liters. Material and Methods: Patients referred for a colonoscopy were randomly divided to receive either two or four liter of polyethylene glycol as bowel cleansing, which was assessed using the Boston score. Raters of the latter were blinded to the volume of polyethylene glycol that the patients used. Results: Seventy-four patients participated in the study. Subjects who received a 4 liters preparation had an average Boston score of 7.78, versus 8.16 for patients who received a volume of 2 liters (p = 0.267). No significant differences in tolerability were observed between both groups. No significant differences in the efficacy and tolerability between a conventional or a reduced volume of polyethylene glycol solution for the preparation of a colonoscopy were observed. These findings may be especially important for subgroups of patients with difficulties for oral administration of fluids.

Variación secular de los nacimientos, peso y longitud al nacer: perspectiva local / Secular variation of births, weight and length at birth: Local perspective

Objetivo: Analizar la evolución de los nacimientos y medidas antropométricas al nacer entre 1974-2011 en el Hospital de Limache, Región de Valparaíso, Chile. Pacientes y métodos: Se construyeron series de tiempo de nacimientos, peso y longitud al nacer, peso y talla baja al nacer. Se modelaron las tendencias con regresiones multivariadas usándose splines para representar los cambios de tendencia por década. Resultados: La serie comprende 17.574 nacimientos. Hubo un aumento de los nacimientos/año en los 70 (30/año) y disminución de 17 y 22 nacimientos/año en los 80 y 90 (p < 0,001); después, sin tendencia significativa. Los recién nacidos entre 2000-2011 registran 266 g más que los de la década de los 70 (p < 0,001), alcanzando actualmente en promedio 3.530 g. El bajo peso al nacer disminuyó de 8% en los 70 a 1,1% después de 2000. La longitud al nacer incrementó 1 cm en 37 años, con disminución de la talla baja de 7,6% a 2,1% en el periodo estudiado. Conclusión: Los nacimientos en el Hospital de Limache disminuyeron y las medidas antropométricas al nacer mejoraron; sin embargo, hay que considerar los posibles sesgos que distorsionan estas estimaciones.

Objective: To analyse the outcomes of births and anthropometric measurements at birth of children born between 1974 and 2011 at Limache Hospital (Valparaíso, Chile). Patients and method: Times series were constructed of births, weight and length at birth, and low weight and length at birth. The trend was modelled with linear and logistical regressions using splines to represent breaks in the trend by decade. Results: The series includes 17,574 births. There was an increase in births per year in the 1970s (30/year) and declines in them to 17 and 22 births/year in the 1980s and 1990s, respectively (P < .001), with no significant trend thereafter. Newborns from 2000 to 2011 weighed 266 grams more than those in the 1970s (P < .001), and have now reached a mean weight of 3,530 g. Low birthweight fell from 8% in the 1970s to 1.1% after 2000. Birth length increased by 1 cm in the 37 years studied, with a reduction of low birth length from 7.6% to 2.1% during the period. Conclusion: Live births in the Limache Hospital declined, and anthropometric measurements at birth improved in the years analysed. This information is useful in developing interventions, taking into account the possible selection biases that could distort these estimates and their interpretation.

Evolución del síndrome metabólico y de sus componentes en un seguimiento de 10 años en adultos de la Región de Valparaíso / Evolution of the metabolic syndrome and its components in a follow up of 10 years in adults from Valparaíso region

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Its frequency is increasing steadily Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components in a 10-year tracking study of young adults. Material and Methods: Concurrent cohort study of subjects born between 1974 and 1978. They were evaluated between 2000 and 2002 and between 2010 and 2012 to determine the frequency of MS and its components (high blood glucose, waist circumference [WC], triglycerides, blood pressure and low HDL cholesterol), according to ATP III criteria. Attrition was handled using the reciprocal of the probability of remaining in the study. Result: During the first evaluation, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 9.3%, confidence interval (CI): 7.5-11.1), with no gender differences. Ten years later, the prevalence of MS increased significantly to 27.6% (CI: 24.7-29.9) and was more common in women than men (30.4 and 23.8% respectively, p < 0.014). The components of MS also increased from one period to another: hyperglycemia, from 5.2% (CI: 4-7) to 24.4% (CI: 22-27); high triglyceride levels from 17.6% (CI: 15-20) to 35.3% (CI: 32-38); high blood pressure from 14.7 (CI: 13-18) to 30.2% (IC: 28-33) and high WC: 16.9% (CI: 15-19) to 41.5% (CI: 39-45). In both evaluations, there was a greater frequency of high triglycerides and high blood pressure among men, and greater frequency of low HDL and high WC among women. Hyperglycemia only showed differences by gender in the second measurement, and was greater among men. Conclusions: There was a marked increase in metabolic syndrome and its components in a 10-year interval, which is a warning sign of future cardiovascular risk.

Esporte de ouro e educação ferro velho: a nossa vida continua na mesma / Gold sport and old iron education: our life continues in the same

Este trabalho tem por objetivo refletir sobre o contexto olímpico esportivo atual, considerando a hierarquização institucional esportiva em relação à escolar, fato que parece comum no Brasil. Para tal, sustenta-se em recentes trabalhos de renomados intelectuais, bem como na observação atenta da cobertura televisiva dos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres, incluindo aqui uma importante entrevista com Carlos Arthur Nuzman, o presidente do Comitê Olímpico Brasileiro (COB). Para Bracht, a lógica que define as ações no campo esportivo não é influenciada pelos resultados educativos. Argumento, então, que os resultados esportivos geram influências bastante questionáveis no campo educacional.

This paper aims to reflect on Olympic sports context, considering the hierarchy of the institutional between sports over school, a common fact in Brazil. The article draws on recent works of renowned intellectuals, as well as close observation of television coverage of the London Olympics, including an interview with Carlos Nuzman, President of the Brazilian Olympic Committee (COB). Bracht argued that the logic that defines the action on the sports field is not influenced by educational attainment. Taking this argument into account, it is suggested that the results demonstrate that sports generate enough questionable influences on the educational field.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre el Olympic contexto deportivo actual teniendo en cuenta la jerarquía deportiva institucional en relación al pensamiento de las escuelas. Para eso, se sostiene en el trabajo reciente de intelectuales de renombre, así como una observación de la cobertura televisiva de los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres, incluyendo aqui una entrevista con Carlos Arthur Nuzman, presidente del Comité Olímpico Brasileño. Bracht argumenta que las acciones en el campo deportivo no están influenciadas por el nivel de instrucción, los resultados ponen de manifiesto que el deporte genera influencias cuestionables en el campo educativo.

Pobreza y procedencia indígena como factores de riesgo de problemas nutricionales de los niños que ingresan a la escuela / Poverty and indigenous origin as risk factors of nutritional problems among children who enroll in school

OBJETIVO:Determinar el efecto de ser indígena y de la pobreza, en los problemas nutricionales de escolares chilenos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS:Se usaron bases de datos de niños que ingresaron a la escuela (1997-2004) que tenían información antropométrica, socioeconómica y origen étnico. Se construyeron modelos de regresión logística para talla baja y obesidad controlando el efecto de la pobreza y la etnia por sexo, edad y año de análisis. RESULTADOS:Se estudió a 1580103 niños: indígenas (7.4%), con talla baja (2.9%) y obesidad (16%). Al estratificar por etnia, los más pobres tuvieron mayor riesgo de talla baja: en indígenas RM: 2.30 (IC95%: 2.27-2.33) y no indígenas RM: 2.29 (IC95%: 2.28-2.30). A la inversa, los escolares más pobres tuvieron menos riesgo de ser obesos (RM: 0.63; IC95%: 0.62-0.64). Ser indígena proporcionó 6% más posibilidad de presentar obesidad, comparado con no ser indígena (RM: 1.06; IC95%: 1.05-1.08). CONCLUSIÓN:. En niños chilenos, la pobreza es factor de riesgo de talla baja pero protector de obesidad independiente de la etnia. El mayor riesgo de obesidad en los escolares indígenas, si bien es pequeño, debe ser una voz de alerta para prevenir en ellos el aumento de las cifras.

OBJECTIVE:To estimate the effect of indigenous ancestry and poverty on nutritional outcomes in Chilean schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS:We used the national database of children entering to the public educational system in 1997-2004. This includes anthropometric assessment, socioeconomic status and parental surnames, used to derive the ethnic origin. Logistic regression models related poverty and ethnicity on stunting and obesity were done, controlling for sex, age and calendar year. RESULTS:Data convey 1580103 children being 7.4% indigenous; 2.9% had stunting and around 16.0% were obese. Stratifying by poverty, it was shown that the poorest had higher risk of stunting both in indigenous (OR= 2.30; CI95%=2.27-2.33) and non indigenous (OR= 2.29; CI95%= 2.28-2.30). Conversely, poverty was a "protective factor" for obesity (OR= 0.63; CI95%= 0.62-0.64). Indigenous origin showed a significant OR slightly over the null. CONCLUSIONS:In Chilean children, poverty is a risk factor for stunting but still protects from obesity, independent of indigenous origin.