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Aim To investigate the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on sodium palmitate induced fibrosis in human glomerullar mesangial cells (HMCs) and its mechanism. Methods (1) HMCs were treated with different concentrations of PA for 24 h, the intracellular lipid accumulation was observed by oil red staining, and the intracellular ROS production was detected by H2DCFDA kit; (2) HMCs were divided into control, PA (160 μmol·L
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Ginsenoside Rg_1, one of the main active components of precious traditional Chinese medicine Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, has the anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, neuroprotection, and other pharmacological effects. Diabetic retinopathy(DR), the most common complication of diabetes, is also the main cause of impaired vision and blindness in the middle-aged and the elderly. The latest research shows that ginsenoside Rg_1 can protect patients against DR, but the protection and the mechanism are rarely studied. This study mainly explored the protective effect of ginsenoside Rg_1 against DR in type 2 diabetic mice and the mechanism. High fat diet(HFD) and streptozotocin(STZ) were used to induce type 2 diabetes in mice, and hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was employed to observe pathological changes in the retina of mice. The immunohistochemistry was applied to study the localization and expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors 3(NLRP3) and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) in retina, and Western blot was used to detect the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB), p-NF-κB, NLRP3, caspase-1, interleukin-1β(IL-1β), transient receptor potential channel protein 6(TRPC6), nuclear factor of activated T-cell 2(NFAT2), and VEGF in retina. The results showed that ginsenoside Rg_1 significantly alleviated the pathological injury of retina in type 2 diabetic mice. Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg_1 significantly decreased the expression of NLRP3 and VEGF in retinal ganglion cells, middle plexiform layer, and outer plexiform layer in type 2 diabetic mice. According to the Western blot results, ginsenoside Rg_1 significantly lowered the expression of p-NF-κB, NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, TRPC6, NFAT2, and VEGF in retina of type 2 diabetic mice. These findings suggest that ginsenoside Rg_1 can significantly alleviate DR in type 2 diabetic mice, which may be related to inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and VEGF. This study provides experimental evidence for the clinical application of ginsenoside Rg_1 in the treatment of DR.
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Aged , Animals , Humans , Mice , Middle Aged , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics , Diabetic Retinopathy/genetics , Ginsenosides/pharmacology , Inflammasomes/metabolism , NF-kappa B/metabolism , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/geneticsABSTRACT
Aim To investigate the effect of ginsenoside Rgl on PC 12 cell hypoxia-reoxygenation injury and its possible mechanism. Methods PC 12 cells were randomly divided into six groups. Except for the blank control group, all the other groups were hypoxia and hypoglycemia for 6 hours, and then reoxygenated and glycosylated for 24 hours to make OGD/R models. Each drug group was given corresponding drugs 2 hours before modeling pretreatment. DCFH-DA method was used to detect the ROS production in cells, Annexin V- FITC/PI double staining method was performed to detect cell apoptosis rate, ELISA method was used to detect LDH activity and IL-1 (3 content in cell supernatant, and Western blot was applied to detect the ex- pression of proteins of N0X2, p22phox, p47phox, NLRPl, ASC, Caspase-1, PSD95, Tau, p-Tau and observe the intervention effect of ginsenoside Rgl. Re sults Tempol, Apocynin and Rgl (5, 10 jjLmol • L"1) groups could significantly inhibit ROS production and apoptosis, reduce LDH release and IL-1 (3 content in cell supernatant; Apocynin and Rgl (5, 10 |xmol • L"1) groups could significantly down-regulate the expression of N0X2, p22phox and p47phox in cells. The Tempol, Apocynin and Rgl (5, 10 jxmol • L"1 ) groups could significantly decrease the protein expression of NLRP1, Caspase-1, ASC, IL-1 (3 and p-Tau, and markedly down-regulate the expression of PSD95 protein. Conclusion Rgl is likely to reduce the is- chemia-reperfusion injury of PC 12 cells by inhibiting the NOX2-NLRP1 pathway.
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Aim To investigate whether the effect of biochanin A (biochanin, Bioch A) on LPS-induced microglia activation can be inhibited by estrogen receptor. Methods The BV2 cells were divided into: Control group, LPS group (10 mg · L
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<b>Objective::To investigate the potential mechanism of astragaloside Ⅳ in protecting liver injury and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/forkheadbox transcription factor 1 (FoxO1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) protein expressions in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) rats. <b>Method::After 6 weeks of high-sugar and high-fat diet, a model of type 2 diabetes was established through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 0.035 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>). The rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, low, medium and high-dose astragaloside Ⅳ groups and metformin group, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup> astragaloside crude drug and 0.2 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup> metformin were administered in the low, middle and high-dose astragaloside Ⅳ and metformin groups. After 8 weeks of continuous administration, and 24 hours later after the last gavage, the rats were executed. Serum and liver tissues were collected to detect serum liver biochemical indexes, liver index HDL-C. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes of liver tissue. Masson staining was used to observe the degree of liver fibrosis. The changes of glycogen, glycoprotein, or mucopolysaccharide in tissue cells were observed by periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reaction staining. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expression levels of PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling protein and PEPCK and G6Pase in liver tissues of each group. <b>Result::Compared with normal group, the liver index of the model group increased significantly (<italic>P</italic><0.01), the levels of liver function indicators alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), TC and TG were significantly increased (<italic>P</italic><0.01), while HDL-C and body weight were significantly reduced (<italic>P</italic><0.01). The results of immunohistochemistry and Western blot showed that the signal of PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 was weakened (<italic>P</italic><0.01), and PEPCK and G6Pase were increased (<italic>P</italic><0.01) in model group. Compared with model group, the contents of ALT, AST, TC and TG in middle and high-dose astragaloside Ⅳ groups were significantly decreased (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01), while the body weight was significantly increased (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01), the middle and high dose of astragaloside Ⅳ significantly inhibited the levels of FoxO1, PEPCK and G6Pase in liver tissue (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic>< 0.01), and enhanced the phosphorylation of FoxO1 (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01). <b>Conclusion::Astragaloside Ⅳ may inhibit T2DM hepatic gluconeogenesis by regulating PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway, and inhibiting high-fat, high-sugar and low-dose STZ, thereby protecting liver damage in T2DM rats.
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Objective:To study the protective effect of astragaloside (AS) Ⅳ on kidney in type 2 diabetic nephropathy rats and its regulation effect on phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/forkhead box O1(FoxO1) signaling, and investigate the mechanism of glycosides against type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Method:After 6 weeks of high-glucose and high-fat diet, rat models of type 2 diabetes were established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg·kg-1) and randomly divided into model group, AS-Ⅳ (20, 40, 80 mg·kg-1) groups and metformin hydrochloride (positive) group. After 8 weeks of continuous administration, changes in body weight, kidney index, blood glucose, 24-hour urinary protein, urinary microalbumin, urinary creatinine, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were measured in each group; hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes of renal tissues; Masson trichrome staining was used to observe the collagen expression level. Periodontium hexaammine silver (PASM) staining was used to observe the changes of basement membrane. Immunohistochemistry assay was used to detect phospho-FoxO1(p-FoxO1) protein expression, and Western blot was used to analyze the expression levels of autophagy marker protein PI3K, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)/Ⅱ, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/adenovirus E1B19 kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), Beclin1, p-Akt, and Akt. Result:As compared with the normal group, the glomerular basement membrane of the model group was thicker; the extracellular matrix was increased; the mesangial was expanded; the collagen was significantly increased; the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signal was increased(PPPPPPConclusion:AS-Ⅳ may increase the autophagic activity of renal cells by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signal, slowing down the development of type 2 diabetic nephropathy.
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OBJECTIVE To explore the protective effects and mechanisms of Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) on H2O2-induced hippocampal neurons aging in vitro. METHODS The primary culture hippo-campal neurons(7 d)were randomly placed into six groups:normal control group,H2O2(200 μM)treat-ment group,and H2O2+Rg1(1,5 and 10μM)groups.The neurons were with Rg1(1,5 and 10 μmol·L-1) for 6h. H2O2(200 μmol·L-1) was added to the medium and incubate for 18 h. The Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining was performed for ROS production assessment. The LDH release and Hoechst 33258 were performed to examine the neuronal damage and apoptosis. The immunoblot was used to deter-mine the expression of β-Gal,NOX2,p22phox,p47phox,NLRP-1,ASC and Caspase-1 in hippocampal neurons.The ELISA was performed to detect the levels of IL-1β and IL-18 released in the supernatant in hippocampal neurons.RESULTS Rg1(5 and 10 μmol·L-1)significantly reduced the ROS production, attenuated H2O2-induced neuronal damage and apoptosis (P<0.05, P<0.01). The immunoblot results showed that Rg1(5 and 10 μmol·L-1)treatment significantly decreased the expression of β-Gal,NOX2, p22phox,p47phox,NLRP-1,ASC and Caspase-1 in hippocampal neurons(P<0.05,P<0.01).Additionally, Rg1(5 and 10 μmol·L-1)treatment significantly decreased IL-1β and IL-18 release in the supernatant. CONCLUSION The protective effect of Rg1 in H2O2-induced hippocampal neurons aging may be due to inhibit NOX2-NLRP1 activation.
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Objective To analyze the status and influencing factors of health literacy among residents in Chaoyang District, Beijing City.Methods Through multi -stage stratified cluster sampling method in Chaoyang District,a total of 1 028 residents aged 1 6 to 69 years were selected.They were interviewed by using the questionnaire based on Chinese Citizens Health Literacy -Basic Knowledge and Skills (Trial)and modified by experts.Non -conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the influencing factors of health literacy.Results The health literacy rate among the respondents was 21 .21 %.The health literacy rates of 7 issues including scientific view of health,safety and first aid,infectious diseases prevention,access to information and applications,basic medical care,chronic diseases prevention and daily health care were 59.05%,55.84%,41 .34%,27.53%,27.1 4%,1 0.31 % and 6.61 % respectively.The health literacy rates of basic knowledge and concepts,health lifestyle and behaviors with basic skills were 25.58%,1 8.09% and 32.20%respectively.The result of multiple logistic regression showed that living area and education level were the influence factors of health literacy.Conclusion According to the characteristics of living area and education level of residents,some measures should be carried out to improve the residents'health literacy,especially focused on the lifestyle and behavior intervention.
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AIM:To observe the rehabilitation effect of oral Calcium Dobesilate Tablets and Epalrestat Tablets on the proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( PDR ) patients after vitrectomy. METHODS:After vitrectomy patients informed consent, they were randomly divided into intervention group and control group, and their vision and fundus were followed up and compared at 2d;3, 6, 9, 12mo after operation. RESULTS: The recovery and sustainment of visual acuity, and subsiding of macular edema of patients in drug intervention group were significantly better than that in control group. CONCLUSION: PDR patients after vitrectomy actively orally take medicine to protect retina, which can improve vision and fundus rehabilitation.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCBMC) promoting nerve behavior function and brain tissue recovery of neonatal SD rat with hypoxic ischemic brain injury (HIBI).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>A modified newborn rat model that had a combined hypoxic and ischemic brain injury as described by Rice-Vannucci was used, early nervous reflex, the Morris water maze and walking track analysis were used to evaluate nervous behavioral function, and brain MRI, HE staining to evaluate brain damage recovery.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Newborn rat Rice-Vannucci model showed significant brain atrophy, obvious hemiplegia of contralateral limbs,e.g right step length [(7.67 ± 0.46) cm vs. (8.22 ± 0.50) cm, F = 1.494] and toe distance [(0.93 ± 0.06) cm vs. (1.12 ± 0.55) cm, F = 0.186] were significantly reduced compared with left side, learning and memory ability was significantly impaired compared with normal control group (P < 0.01); Cliff aversion [(8.44 ± 2.38) s vs.(14.22 ± 5.07) s, t = 4.618] and negative geotaxis reflex time [(7.26 ± 2.00) s vs. (11.76 ± 3.73) s, t = 4.755] on postnatal 14 days of HIBI+ transplantation group were significantly reduced compared with HIBI+NaCl group (P < 0.01) ; the Morris water maze experiment showed escape latency [ (23.11 ± 6.64) s vs. (34.04 ± 12.95) s, t = 3.356] and swimming distance [ (9.12 ± 1.21) cm vs.(12.70 ± 1.53) cm, t = 17.095] of HIBI+transplantation group were significantly reduced compared with those of HIBI+NaCl group (P < 0.01) ; the residual brain volume on postnatal 10 d [ (75.37 ± 4.53)% vs. (67.17 ± 4.08)%, t = -6.017] and 67 d [ (69.05 ± 3.58)% vs.(60.83 ± 3.69)%, t = -7.148]of HIBI+ transplantation group were significantly larger than those of HIBI+NaCl group (P < 0.01); After human UCBMC transplantation, left cortical edema significantly reduced and nerve cell necrosis of HIBI+ transplantation group is not obvious compared with HIBI+NaCl group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Human UCBMC intraperitoneal transplantation significantly promoted recovery of injured brain cells and neurobehavioral function development.</p>
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Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Rats , Animals, Newborn , Atrophy , Pathology , Brain , Diagnostic Imaging , Pathology , Cerebral Cortex , Pathology , Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation , Methods , Disease Models, Animal , Fetal Blood , Cell Biology , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain , Pathology , Therapeutics , Learning Disabilities , Leukocytes, Mononuclear , Cell Biology , Transplantation , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Maze Learning , Neurons , Pathology , Psychomotor Performance , Radiography , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Transplantation, HeterologousABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the protective effect of astragaloside IV (AS IV) on H2O2 induced human mesangial cells (HMC), and further explore its molecular mechanism.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The cultured mesangial cells were divided into 5 groups: the normal control group, the H2O2 model group, the AS IV (12.5, 100 nmol x L(-1)) group and the Tempol (1 x 10(5) nmol x L(-1)) group. The MTT method was used to observe cell viability. Hoechst 33258 staining was used to observe the HMC apoptosis and DHE staining was used to detect the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The flow cytometry was used to detect the changes in cell cycle. Western blot was used to detect the expression of Cyclin D1, CyclinA, p38, and T-p38.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>H2O2 (1 x 10(5), 2 x 10(5), 3 x 10(5), and 4 x 10(5) nmol x L(-1)) could induce HMC oxidative stress injury, with significant decrease in the cell survival rate. AS IV (100 nmol x L(-1)) could significantly inhibit HMC oxidative stress injury induced by H2O2 (3 x 10(5) nmol x L(-1)), increase the survival rate of HMC cells, inhibit cell apoptosis, and decrease intracellular ROS production. AS IV could also increase the expression of Cyclin D1, recover normal cell proliferation, and decrease the expression of p38.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>AS IV can protect H2O2 induced oxidative stress injury in mesangial cells. Its mechanisms may be related to inhibiting the p38/MAPK signaling pathway, increasing the expression of Cyclin D1 and decreasing the intracellular ROS oxidative stress injury.</p>
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Humans , Apoptosis , Cell Cycle , Cell Line , Cell Survival , Cyclin A , Metabolism , Cyclin D1 , Metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Gene Expression Regulation , Hydrogen Peroxide , Pharmacology , Mesangial Cells , Cell Biology , Metabolism , Oxidative Stress , Reactive Oxygen Species , Metabolism , Saponins , Pharmacology , Triterpenes , PharmacologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the protective effects of Shexiang Xingnaonin (SXN) on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and its mechanism.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used to make focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model by in travascular nylon filament occlusion. The protective effects of SXN at different doses were evaluated by investigating neurological function score, pathomorphology of brain, the ultrastructure of neuron, expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, thrombogenesis in vitro, platelet aggregation and lysing effect of blood clot in vitro.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Compared with model group, SXN (0.08, 0.16 g x kg(-1)) could decrease the neurological score, improve pathomorphology and neuron ultrastructure of brain, inhibit the expression of TNF-alpha, decrease the length, wet weight and dry weight of thromb and inhibit platelet aggregation. And SXN (0.16, 0.32 g x L(-1)) could dissolve blood clot in vitro.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SXN has protective effects on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The role of inhibit the expression of TNF-alpha, inhibit thrombogenesis and platelet aggregation might contribute to its neuroprotective effects.</p>
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Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Brain , Brain Ischemia , Drug Therapy , Genetics , Metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Gene Expression , Platelet Aggregation , Random Allocation , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Reperfusion Injury , Drug Therapy , Genetics , Metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Genetics , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of Astragaloside (AST) and Astragalus Saponin I (ASI) on metabolism of free radical and immune function in senescent rats treated by HC.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Hydrocorisone (HC) was used to estabilsh the aging model in rats. The content of molondialdehyde (MDA), glutathoine (GSH) and oxidized glutathoine (GSSG) in liver and brain was detected according to kit. The activity of Mn superoride dismulase (Mn-SOD) and catalase (CAT) was also surveyed by kit. Concanavalin (ConA) was used to detect the proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production of splenocytes.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Compared with HC control, AST and ASI could decrease the content of MDA, GSH and GSSG in liver and brain, increase the activity of Mn-SOD and CAT, and promote the proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) activity of splenocytes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>AST and ASI could delay the aging effect in rats treated by HC, and its mechanism maybe the antioxidant and regulating immunity.</p>
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Animals , Female , Male , Rats , Aging , Metabolism , Astragalus propinquus , Chemistry , Catalase , Metabolism , Cell Proliferation , Cerebral Cortex , Metabolism , Free Radicals , Metabolism , Glutathione , Metabolism , Glutathione Disulfide , Metabolism , Hydrocortisone , Toxicity , Interleukin-2 , Metabolism , Liver , Metabolism , Malondialdehyde , Metabolism , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Random Allocation , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Saponins , Pharmacology , Spleen , Cell Biology , Superoxide Dismutase , Metabolism , Triterpenes , PharmacologyABSTRACT
HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp41,which is a hopeful target for HIV-1 fusion inhibitors,plays a critical role in the fusion of viral and cellular membranes.In order to build up the screening assay of HIV-1 fusion inhibitors targeting gp41,HIV-1 gp41 5-helix and 6-helix were expressed in prokaryotic cells.Gp41 5-helix and 6-helix recombined plasmids were constructed by using PCR,enzyme digestion and ligation taking the clade B HIV-1 genome as a template.The plasmid was transferred into E.coli BL21(DE3)and then induced by IPTG.The expressed protein was purified by affinity chromatography after denaturation and renaturation.The SDS-PAGE analysis was used during expression and purification.Native-PAGE was used to identify the interaction between gp41 5-helix and T-20.The result will be helpful to build up the screening assay of HIV-1 fusion inhibitors targeting gp41.
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Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) has effectively inhibited the prevalence of HIV-1 and reduced the death rate caused by AIDS. In recent years,the emergence of resistance-conferring RT gene mutations in HIV-1 strains has become the major reason for HAART failure. The detection of drug resistance is important for the HAART regimen choice and novel drug development. A novel assay for the detection of HIV-1 RT drug resistance mutations was developed. HIV-1 drug resistance and wild strains in B subtypes were investigated using Two-Step Mutagenically-Separated PCR (MS-PCR),and point mutations including M41L,K70R,K103N,Y181C,T215F were detected. A longer mutant type primer was designed,using microplates hybridization and ELISA technique to detect several point mutations within a mixed mutant-wild type population. The results indicate that the Two-Step MS-PCR is as sensitive and specific as that in the traditional MS-PCR and MS-PCR combined with ELISA can give a good P/N quotient with better sensitivity,low cost,relatively less time consumption and high-throughput screening. It will be used in clinic usage for the detection of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations as well as other point mutations.
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The pol gene of HIV-1 encodes mainly three enzymes: reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (PR) and integrase (IN). Currently, FDA approved drugs targeting RT and PR are available and administered in various combinations, while no anti-IN drug was approved. HIV-1 integrase is an essential enzyme for the viral replication and an interesting target for the design of new pharmaceuticals for multi-drug therapy of AIDS. The 288 amino acids of IN (32kDa) recognizes specific sequences in the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of the retroviral DNA. The IN protein catalyzes the 3′-processing step and the 5′-strand transfer step reaction in vivo, which was called integration and this reaction could be analysed by ELISA Assay in vitro. It has been reported that F185K and C280S mutations of HIV-1 integrase would improve the enzyme solubility, and the catalytical activity of the enzyme was the same as that of the wild-type enzyme in vitro. In order to build the platform of screening inhibitor against integrase of HIV-1 virus, the IN enzyme was expressed and the function of integrase protein was assayed. The cDNA of clade B HIV-1 genome was used as a template, overlapped PCR was used to construct site mutagenesis of F185K/C280S and NdeI/Xho I restriction sites were brought in. The PCR product was cloned into the prokaryotic vector pET-28a(+) to form a recombined plasmid, transferred into the host cell E.coli(BL21 DE3). The recombined clones were identified by PCR and Nde I/Xho I digestion .The positive plasmid was sequenced, and the successfully recombined plasmid in the host cell was induced by IPTG. The expressed IN protein was puriied sy the Co+ affinity chromatography column and SDS-PAGE was used to analyze the molecular weight and specificity. In addition, ELISA assay was used to analyze the function of the recombined IN protein. The recombinant protein was soluble, and expressed highly and stably in E.coli. The molecular weight of the expression product was identical to the expectation. The IN protein was proved to be functional in 3′ processing and 5′strand transfer by ELISA. It will be helpful to build the platform of screening inhibitors against HIV-1 integrase.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the prevalence and disability of stroke as well as the stroke-related diseases among elderly in urban and rural regions of Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In 2002, three communities were selected from urban, suburb and rural regions from Beijing areas, respectively. Twenty percent of the elderly were randomly selected from three communities. The information about history of stroke, hypertension, heart diseases and diabetes, self-rated health (SRH), activity of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL), smoking and drinking habits, knowledge about cardiovascular diseases prevention were collected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 2487 elderly were interviewed and the prevalence of stroke was 12.9% (321/2481). Eighty-seven of the stroke patients were diagnosed by CT/MRI. 19.9% of stroke patients had experienced 2 or more attacks. The highest prevalence of stroke was in the urban region and the lowest in the rural region (16.9% vs. 8.5%, P for trend < 0.01) while it was higher in males than in females (P < 0.05). The prevalence of stroke tended to increase with age in urban and 34.6% of the stroke patients had recovered completely. The proportions of poor SRH, ADL and IADL dependence, as well as the prevalences of hypertension, heart diseases and diabetes were higher among the elderly with stroke than those without. Although rates of awareness and treatment of hypertension were at the high levels among the elderly with stroke , the control rate was low, especially in the rural region (as low as 4.3%). The level of knowledge on the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, and the rates of smoking and drinking were similar between the elderly with or without stroke.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of stroke had increased dramatically during the past decade in Beijing. The proportion of poor SHR, ADL and IADL dependence, prevalence rates of stroke related diseases were higher among the elderly with stroke than those without. Secondary prevention of stroke among Beijing elderly called for urgent action.</p>