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Objective:To analyze the characteristics of the apolipoprotein E(Apo E)genotype and cognitive impairment in patients with cerebral microbleeds(CMBs)and positive β-amyloid(Aβ)by using [18F]-AV45 positron emission tomography(PET).Methods:From September 2015 to May 2018, 152 patients with cognitive impairment and CMBs on the susceptibility-weighted imaging(SWI)sequence of head MRI at the neurology department of our hospital, assessed by mini-mental status examination(MMSE)score ≤26 and Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA)≤25, were consecutively recruited in this retrospective study.After assessment with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 69 patients aged 68.8±9.3 years were considered eligible for further analysis.Patients were divided into the Aβ-positive group(Aβ + Group, n=37)and the Aβ-negative group(Aβ -Group, n=32)after cognitive assessment, ApoE genotyping and [18F]-AV45 PET examination.Twenty-one healthy elderly controls(HC Group)who took health examination during the same period were enrolled.The results of cognitive assessment and Apo E genotyping were compared between the three groups. Results:The positive rate of the ApoE ε4 allele was 35.6%(32/90), 56.8%(21/37), 18.8%(6/32), and 23.9%(5/21)in the Aβ + , Aβ -and HC groups, respectively, with statistical significant differences between the groups( χ2=12.467, P<0.01). There were significant differences in the positive rate of the ApoE ε4 allele between the Aβ + and HC groups and between the Aβ + and Aβ -groups( χ2=5.880 and 10.407, P<0.05 and P<0.01). The percentage of patients with deep cerebral microbleeds was higher(56.3% or 18/32 vs.8.1% or 3/37, χ2=18.784, P<0.01)and of patients with lobar hemorrhage was lower(12.5% or 4/32 vs.45.9% or 17/37, χ2=9.066, P<0.01)in the Aβ -group than in the Aβ + group, while there was no significant difference in the percentage of patients with mixed cerebral microbleeds between the Aβ -and Aβ + groups( χ2=1.556, P>0.05). There were significant differences in cognitive function between the Aβ + and HC groups, in memory, executive function, visuospatial ability and language between the Aβ + and Aβ -groups, and in executive function, visuospatial ability and attention between the Aβ -and HC groups. Conclusions:Cognitive impairment is more extensive and severe in CMBs patients with Aβ deposition and is associated with positive ApoE ε4.
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Objective To analyze the relationship of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs)of different regions,especially mixed-CMBs,with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)detected using 18F-AV45 positron emission tomography(PET).Methods A total of 52 consecutive patients (68.17 ± 9.89 years old)with memory decline and CMBs found in susceptibility-weighted images(SWI)according to the inclusive and exclusive criteria were recruited.Patients were divided into three groups based on different regions of CMBs,the strictly lobar CMBs (SL-CMBs) group,the deep-CMBs (D-CMBs) group and the mixed-CMBs (M-CMBs)group.Patients in the three groups underwent 18F-AV45 PET detection and then were analyzed based on the results of 18F-AV45 PET.Results The positive rates of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the SL-CMBs,M-CMBs and D-CMBs groups were 68.4 ％ (13/19),82.4 ％ (14/17) and 25.0 ％ (4/16),respectively,with statistical significance (P =0.002).There were significant differences in positive rates of cerebral amyloid angiopathy between the D-CMBs group and the M-CMBs group and between the D-CMBs group and the SL-CMBs group(P =0.001 and 0.010,respectively),while there was no difference between the M-CMBs and SL-CMBs groups in positive rates of cerebral amyloid angiopathy(P =0.335).Using the D-CMBs group as the reference group,multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratios of positive CCA detected by PET in SL-CMBs and M-CMBs were 30.585(95％CI:2.492-375.360)and 8.107(95％CI:1.072-61.295),respectively.Conclusions Compared with D-CMBs,M-CMBs and SL-CMBs are more likely to be related to cerebral amyloid angiopathy.The presence of M-CMBs also indicates that patients have a high probability of CAA.
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Objective:To explore the function of tumor derived IgG (tIgG) and whether the tIgG can inhibit T cells activity.Methods:The tIgG was purified from ovarian cancer tissue.The cord blood monocyte cells (CBMC) and cord blood lymphocyte (CBL) were isolate from human umbilical cord blood.The CBMC and CBL were stimulated with phytohaemagg lutinin (PHA) in order to let the CBMC and CBL in the state of proliferation.Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl amino ester (CFSE) was cultured with CBMC and CBL.CFSE had no cell toxicity,which could penetrate through the cell membrane and combine the intracellular protein.The fluorescence intensity decreased with the proliferation of cells step by step,so the proliferation of these cells could be detected in flow ctytometry.The tlgG which was puri fied from ovarian cancer tissue was divided into three groups,1 mg/L group,10 mg/L group,and 100 mg/L group,and the intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was also divided into three groups too.The CBMC and CBL were treated by tIgG with 1 mg/L,10 mg/L,and 100 mg/L in order to observe the proliferation of T cells.The cells were treated with IVIG as a positive control group,and the cells were treated with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as a negative control.The proliferation of CD4 + or CD8 + T cells were detected in CBMC and CBL.The proliferation of the T cells in CBMC and CBL after 64 h and 86 h were detected.Results:In the system of CBMC,the tIgG could suppress the proliferation of CD4 + or CD8 + T cells.The results could also be found in the system of CBL.The CD4 + or CD8 + T cells in the group which were treated with PBS were more active than those in the group which were treated with tIgG and IVIG.The suppression in the group which were treated with tIgG,was stronger than that in the group treated with IVIG.In addition,the suppression of T cells in the group which were stimulated with tIgG as 100 mg/L was more effective than that in the group which were stimulated with tIgG as 10 mg/L.This could prove that tIgG had the function of immunomodulation.Conclusion:The tIgG can be involved in immune escape of cancer.
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Objective:To explore the applicability of depressor substances test and histamine test for the quality control of depro-teinized culf blood extractives injection. Methods: Depressor substances test and histamine test were carried out on 10 batches of deproteinized culf blood extractives injection samples. Results:Some samples showed positive reactions in the experiments. The correl-ative analysis showed positive correlation existed between the results of depressor substances test and histamine test. However, part of samples causing blood pressure decrease in anesthetized cats showed negative or relatively reduced results in histamine test. Conclu-sion:Deproteinized culf blood extractives injection may be contaminated by depressor substances. Part of these substances may not be histamine analogue, therefore, depressor substances test may be considered in the quality control of the product.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the treatment effect of Endobutton plate cable system for the treatment of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Total 38 patients with tibiofibular syndesmosis separation treated by surgical operation from October 2011 to October 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. According to internal fixation, 38 cases were divided into two groups involving group A (cortical screw fixation) and group B (Endobutton plate cable system fixation). In group A, there were 26 patients including 16 males and 10 females with an average age of (37.90±4.67) years old ranging from 19 to 63 years old; 14 cases were on the left and 12 on the right;involving 8 cases of Weber-Denis type B, 18 cases of Weber-Denis type C; according to Lauge-Hanson typing, 9 cases of supination external rotation (SER), 10 cases of pronation abduction (PAB), 7 cases of pronation external rotation (PER). In group B, there were 12 cases including 7 males and 5 females, with an average age of (38.70±6.03) years old ranging from 20 to 55 years old;6 cases were on the left and 6 cases on the right;involving 4 cases of Weber-Denis type B and 8 cases of Weber-Denis; involving 7 cases of PER, 3 cases of SER, 2 cases of PAB. The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, surgery cost, hospital stay time, the wound healing, pain score at 1 month after operation, and the load time were recorded and evaluated. According to reviewing of X rays regulary, the healing of fracture were assessed, the function outcomes of ankle was evaluated according to the Ankle Hind Foot Scale of American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients were followed up for 8 to 18 months with an average of 13.5 months. There were no statistical significance in intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay time, average load time and postoperative pain score at 1 month after operation between two groups (>0.05). Duration of operation, the operative time were significantly shorter in cortical screw group;however, the average cost of hospitalization was significantly higher in Endobutton group. No significant differences were found between two groups in outcome of radiographic measurement. The X rays of 36 patients showed well healing of fracture, normal mortise and no distal tibiofibular syndesmosis separation. AOFAS score at the final follow up in group A was (87.50±8.67) scores, 18 cases got excellent result, 4 cases were good, and 4 cases were fair. AOFAS score at the final follow up in group B was (86.23±7.42) scores, 7 cases obtained excellent result, 4 cases were good and 1 case was fair; AOFAS score between two groups were no significant difference (>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Endobutton plate cable system is a dynamic capital equipment in treating the tibiofibular syndesmosis separation, it has a similar outcome compared with the screw, but without screw fractured and do not regular remove after operation. The patients could take the functional exercises earlier.</p>
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This study aimed to conduct measurement uncertainty assessment of a new method for determination of Sudan colorants (Sudan I, II, III and IV) in food by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Samples were extracted with organic solvents (hexane, 20% acetone) and first purified by magnesium trisilicate (2MgO·3SiO2). The Sudan colorants (Sudan I-IV) were also initially separated on C8 by gradient elution using acetonitrile and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phases and detected with diode-array detector (DAD). The uncertainty of mathematical model of Sudan I, II, III and IV is based on EURACHEM guidelines. The sources and components of uncertainty were calculated. The experiment gave a good linear relationship over the concentration from 0.4 to 4.0 μg/mL and spiked recoveries were from 74.0% to 97.5%. The limits of determination (LOD) were 48, 61, 36, 58 μg/kg for the four analytes, respectively. The total uncertainty of Sudan colorants (Sudan I, II, III and IV) was 810±30.8, 790±28.4, 750±27.0, 730±50.0 μg/kg, respectively. The recovery uncertainty was the most significant factor contributing to the total uncertainty. The developed method is simple, rapid, and highly sensitive. It can be used for the determination of trace Sudan dyes in food samples. The sources of uncertainty have been identified and uncertainty components have been simplified and considered.
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Humans , Azo Compounds , Chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Methods , Food Analysis , Methods , Food Coloring Agents , Chemistry , Limit of Detection , Magnesium Silicates , Chemistry , Naphthols , ChemistryABSTRACT
A new, simple and sensitive method was developed for the determination of silicon tetrahydride in the air of workplace in this study. The alkaline resin-based spherical activated carbon was used to collect sample of silicon tetrahydride at workplace. Silicon tetrahydride was then desorbed from active carbon in 100°C hot water. After reacting with ammonium molybdate, oxalic acid and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene alpha-naphthol amino sulfonic acid under acid condition, silicon tetrahydride was transformed into silicon molybdenum blue. The absorbance of silicon molybdenum blue was quantitatively measured at the wavelength of 680 nm. The results showed that the average sampling efficiency and desorption efficiency were 97.53% and 94.94%, respectively by this method. Detection limits were 0.054 μg/mL for the spectrophotometric method and 0.14 mg/m(3) for the determination of silicon tetrahydride in the air of workplace (sampling volume was 7.5 L). The conversion rate of silicon tetrahydride gradually decreased when storage time of samples was extended. The descent rate of sample was less than 10% when the sample was sealed for 7 days in the room temperature. It was concluded that this spectrophotometric method can be successfully used to determine silicon tetrahydride in the worksites.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate and compare the outcome of two kinds of diameter hollow screws for the treatment of femoral neck fractures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From June 2008 to June 2013, 117 patients with femoral neck fractures were treated by closed reduction and hollow screws fixation. Among them,48 patients were fixed by 6.5 mm screw including 30 males and 18 females with an average age of (45.61 ± 11.99) years old ranging from 19 to 60 years old, involving 17 cases in Garden I/II and 31 cases in Garden III/IV; 69 patients were fixed by 8.0 mm screw including 40 males and 29 females with an average age of (45.17 ± 9.95) years old ranging from 18 to 60 years old, involving 31 cases in Garden I/II and 38 cases in Garden III/IV. The general information, operative time, hospital stay time, reduction quality, diameter of femoral head and neck, fracture healing time, the rate of fracture healing, postoperative complications were recorded and evaluated. Harris scoring was used to evaluate the hip joint function.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients were followed up for 19.6 months (18 to 24 months). The difference of operative time, duration of hospitalization, quality of reduction were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). There was no difference between two groups about the average diameter of the femoral head and neck, the fracture healing time, the rate of healing and the postoperative complications (P > 0.05). There were no difference between two groups about Harris scale. There were significant difference between Garden III/IV and I /II (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Closed reduction and internal fixation with hollow screw in treating the young adult patients with femoral neck fracture is the first choice, both different diameters hollow screws could meet the requirements of fixation of femoral neck fracture, and not affect on fracture healing time and postoperative complications.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Bone Screws , Femoral Neck Fractures , General Surgery , Fracture Fixation, Internal , MethodsABSTRACT
A new, simple and sensitive method was developed for the determination of silicon tetrahydride in the air of workplace in this study. The alkaline resin-based spherical activated carbon was used to collect sample of silicon tetrahydride at workplace. Silicon tetrahydride was then desorbed from active carbon in 100°C hot water. After reacting with ammonium molybdate, oxalic acid and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene alpha-naphthol amino sulfonic acid under acid condition, silicon tetrahydride was transformed into silicon molybdenum blue. The absorbance of silicon molybdenum blue was quantitatively measured at the wavelength of 680 nm. The results showed that the average sampling efficiency and desorption efficiency were 97.53% and 94.94%, respectively by this method. Detection limits were 0.054 μg/mL for the spectrophotometric method and 0.14 mg/m(3) for the determination of silicon tetrahydride in the air of workplace (sampling volume was 7.5 L). The conversion rate of silicon tetrahydride gradually decreased when storage time of samples was extended. The descent rate of sample was less than 10% when the sample was sealed for 7 days in the room temperature. It was concluded that this spectrophotometric method can be successfully used to determine silicon tetrahydride in the worksites.
Subject(s)
Humans , Air Pollutants, Occupational , Limit of Detection , Reproducibility of Results , Silanes , Spectrophotometry , Methods , WorkplaceABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the genetic characterization of the complete genome from a human coxsackievirus B3 strain A103/KM/09 isolated in Yunnan province, 2009.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>By using RT-PCR, all the eight fragments which containing about 1000 nucleotides and covering full viral genome, were sequenced. By using Mega 5.05,Geneious, RDP 3 and SimPlot 3.5.1 software, sequences were aligned with other enterovirus reference sequences. Phylogenetic and recombination analysis were also carried out.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The A103/KM/09 isolate genome showed 7389 nucleotides in length , encoding for 2185 amino acids. In the complete genome, the homology of nucleotide and amino acid among the seven coxsackievirus B3 isolates were 81.0%-88.0% and 95.7%-98.0%, respectively. There appeared 81.0% and 95.7% homology when compared with that of Nancy prototype strain. Results from the Phylogenetic analysis showed that the coxsackievirus B3 formed five distinct clades, I-V. Nucleotide divergence rates between clades were 16.2%-24.3% . The A103/KM/09 strain belonged to clade V. Clade V was further divided into four sub-clades,A-D. The nucleotide divergence between sub-clades was 4.3%-11.4%. Putative recombinant event for A103/ KM/09 was detected.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All coxsackievirus B3 isolates could be divided into five clades, with A103/KM/09 strain belonged to Clade V-D. Evolution of coxsackievirus B3 had occurred in China.</p>
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Base Sequence , China , Epidemiology , Encephalitis, Viral , Epidemiology , Virology , Enterovirus B, Human , Genetics , Enterovirus Infections , Epidemiology , Virology , Genome, Viral , Phylogeny , Viral Proteins , GeneticsABSTRACT
To characterize the complete genome sequence of coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) MSH/KM9/2009 strain isolated from Yunnan, China,2009. Eight overlapping clones covering the whole viral genome (excluding the poly-A tail) were obtained by RT-PCR and sequenced, and their nucleotide and amino acid sequences were compared with other known CVB1 strains. The genome of the CVB1 MSH/KM9/2009 strain had 7384 nucleotides in length, and contained a 741nt non-translated region (NTR) at the 5' end and a 94nt NTR at the 3' end. The entire open reading frame contained 6 549 nt, encoding a 2 183-aa polyprotein. In the coding region, there was no nucleotide deletion or insertion, but some changes of amino acid were unique. The complete genome sequence alignments showed that the CVB1 isolate MSH/KM9/2009 strain shared the highest nucleotide (80.9%, 81.6%, 80.5% and 80%) and amino acid (95.6%, 95.8%, 96.2% and 95.6%) identities to the CVB1 M16560, pmMC, Tucson B1 and CVB1Nm strain, respectively. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the MSH/KM9/2009, CVB1 M16560, pmMC, Tucson B1 and CVB1Nm strain clustered into same group. The newly isolated CVB1 strain MSH/KM9/2009 from Yunnan Province belonged to genotype CVB1.
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Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Base Sequence , China , Coxsackievirus Infections , Virology , Enterovirus , Classification , Genetics , Genome, Viral , Genotype , Open Reading Frames , Phylogeny , Viral Proteins , GeneticsABSTRACT
The complete nucleotide sequence of two human enterovirus 71 strains (KMM09 and KM186-09) isolated in Yunnan,China, were determined by RT-PCR and sequencing. As with other human enteroviruses, the genomes were 7 409 nucleotides (nts) in length and encoded 2 193 aa. Phylogenetic analysis based on VP1 regions revealed that the two isolates belonged to subgenotype C4a. In structural genomic regions, subgenotype C4 was most homologous to other strains of C genotype when compared to other genotypes. In non-structural genomic regions, subgenotype C4 was more homologous to CA16/G10 and other strains of B genotype than to other strains of C genotype. RDP3 and Blast analysis displayed evidence of recombination in non-structural genomic regions between subgenotype B3 and C4, C4 and CA16/G10. The full-length genome of the human enterovirus 71 strains provided an overview of the diversity of genetic characteristics of a circulatinghuman enterovirus 71.
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Animals , Humans , Base Sequence , Chlorocebus aethiops , China , Enterovirus A, Human , Classification , Genetics , Feces , Virology , Genome, Viral , Genotype , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Vero CellsABSTRACT
This study was aimed to investigate the effect of proteasome inhibitor MG-132 at different doses on cultured K562 cell apoptosis. MTT assay was used to observe the activity of K562 cell proliferation inhibition rate after treating for 48 hours at different doses (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 micromol/L). Immunocytochemistry was used to detect the NF-kappaB activity and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression. Flow cytometry was used to determine the K562 cell apoptosis. The results indicated that proliferation inhibition rate of K562 cells after treated for 48 hours showed dose-dependent, the inhibitory rates of cell proliferation in test groups were significant higher than that in control group, and the effect in 32 micromol/L test group was the most obvious (45.24 +/- 4.12)% (p < 0.05). The NF-kappaB activity and GR expression after treating for 48 hours showed dose-dependent. Compared with control group, the NF-kappaB activities in test groups were lower (p < 0.05), and the NF-kappaB activity in 32 micromol/L test group was the lowest (63.60 +/- 2.95); the GR expression in test groups was higher (p < 0.05), and the GR expression in 16 micromol/L test group was the highest (75.62 +/- 2.70). The K562 cell apoptosis rate after treating for 48 hours also showed dose-dependent. Compared with control group, the K562 cell apoptosis rates in test groups were higher (p < 0.05), the K562 cell apoptosis rate in 32 micromol/L test group was the highest (21.37 +/- 2.02)%. It is concluded that the MG-132 may induce K562 cell apoptosis and proliferation inhibition through up-regulation of NF-kappaB activity and down-regulation of GR expression both in dose-dependent manner.
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Humans , Apoptosis , Cell Proliferation , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors , Pharmacology , K562 Cells , Leupeptins , Pharmacology , NF-kappa B , Metabolism , Receptors, Glucocorticoid , MetabolismABSTRACT
Experiment teaching is a most important item of college teaching, and plays a vital and unexchangeable role to train students for their ability to practice and to innovate. To construct a feasible and scientific examination system of experiment teaching, will significantly help deepen the reformation of experiment teaching and improve the teaching quality. So according to the request for cultivating qualified ap- plication person, we preliminarily constitute the valuation system throughout the whole course and in the final, of theoretic examination and practice examination, and combined with students’ self-valuation and valuation from teachers. In fact, the system works well with a perfect effect.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the characteristics of circulating type II pre-dendritic cells (pDC2) and evaluate its role in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The quantitative alterations of pDC2 in 27 chronic HBV-infected patients as treated group and 15 healthy individuals as a control group were analyzed by using flow cytometry based on the comparison of CD4+/CD8+ ratios of T lymphocyte subsets between the two groups. The IFN-alpha-producing ability of pDC2 after incubation was determined by ELISA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The percentage of pDC2 (0.096 +/- 0.086) from the peripheral blood in chronic HBV-infected patients were significantly lower than that (0.304 +/- 0.093) from the normal controls (P less than 0.001) while the CD4+/CD8+ ratios were higher than those in normal controls (P less than 0.01). The values of IFN-alpha-producing function and IL-12 of circulating pDC2 in chronic HBV-infected patients group were significantly lower than those in healthy subjects (P < 0.001). The percentage of pDC2 and CD4+/CD8+ ratios were higher in the patients positive for HBV DNA in sera than those in patients negative for HBV DNA in sera (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The decreased number of circulating pDC2 and IFN-alpha-producing function from peripheral blood in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection may result in the decline of host immune response, which may partially contribute to the disease progress of HBV infection and existence of viral genomic DNA in patient's sera.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , CD4-CD8 Ratio , Cell Count , DNA, Viral , Blood , Genetics , Dendritic Cells , Cell Biology , Allergy and Immunology , Metabolism , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Hepatitis B virus , Genetics , Hepatitis B, Chronic , Blood , Allergy and Immunology , Virology , Interleukin-12 , T-Lymphocyte Subsets , Cell Biology , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the antigenicity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) F protein and investigate serum prevalence of anti-F in HCV-infected patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eleven pairs of overlapping primers were used to synthesize the full-length HCV f gene, from which the truncated HCV f65 gene fragment was amplified by PCR. HCV f65 gene was then cloned into pET32a(+), and transformed into E. coli strain Plyss (DE3). This recombinant E.coli was induced by IPTG for the production of HCV F65 protein. The expressed HCV F65 protein, purified by Ni-NTA agarose, was further used in ELISA to detect serum anti-F, and to immunize rabbits for making polyclonal anti-F. The rabbit polyclonal anti-F was purified by Staphylococcus aureus protein A agarose.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After recombinant pET32a(+)-f65 was constructed successfully, HCV F65 protein was expressed and purified. The purified HCV F65 protein was used as a capture antigen in ELISA to detect serum anti-F in HCV infected patients (n = 30). The result showed that the mean A450 value and the positive rate of serum anti-F were 0.125+/-0.061 and 63.3%, respectively. The rabbit-derived polyclonal anti-F reacted specifically with HCV F65 protein, of which the titer was 1:30,000.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our expressed HCV F65 protein is of antigenicity, and can be used to determine serum anti-F. Anti-F IgG does exist in the sera of the HCV-infected patients. Moreover, the rabbit-derived polyclonal anti-F can be used to detect HCV F protein.</p>