Microdeletions and vertical transmission of the Y-chromosome azoospermia factor region / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Spermatogenesis is regulated by several Y chromosome-specific genes located in a specific region of the long arm of the Y chromosome, the azoospermia factor region (AZF). AZF microdeletions are the main structural chromosomal abnormalities that cause male infertility. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has been used to overcome natural fertilization barriers, allowing infertile couples to have children. However, these techniques increase the risk of vertical transmission of genetic defects. Despite widespread awareness of AZF microdeletions, the occurrence of de novo deletions and overexpression, as well as the expansion of AZF microdeletion vertical transmission, remains unknown. This review summarizes the mechanism of AZF microdeletion and the function of the candidate genes in the AZF region and their corresponding clinical phenotypes. Moreover, vertical transmission cases of AZF microdeletions, the impact of vertical inheritance on male fertility, and the prospective direction of research in this field are also outlined.

Sperm retrieval rates and clinical outcomes for patients with different causes of azoospermia who undergo microdissection testicular sperm extraction-intracytoplasmic sperm injection / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

The aim of our study was to compare the sperm retrieval rates (SRRs) and clinical outcomes of patients with different causes of azoospermia who underwent microdissection testicular sperm extraction-intracytoplasmic sperm injection (micro-TESE-ICSI). We conducted a retrospective study at the Reproductive Medicine Center of Peking University Third Hospital in Beijing, China, from January 2014 to December 2017. This study examined 769 patients with nonobstructive azoospermia who underwent 347 cycles of micro-TESE-ICSI. Patients with azoospermia were classified into Group A (Klinefelter syndrome, n = 284, 125 cycles), Group B (azoospermia Y chromosome factor c [AZFc] microdeletion, n = 91, 64 cycles), Group C (cryptorchidism, n = 52, 39 cycles), Group D (previous mumps and bilateral orchitis, n = 23, 23 cycles), and Group E (idiopathic azoospermia, n = 319, 96 cycles). Clinical characteristics, SRR, embryonic development, and pregnancy outcomes of the patients were compared between all groups. Patients in Group D had the highest and most successful SRR. The average SRR for all patients was 46.0%. The rates of clinical pregnancy, implantation, and live birth in Group D were 78.3%, 65.0%, and 74.0%, respectively, which were higher than those in all other groups (P 0.05). Patients with orchitis had the highest SRR and best clinical outcomes. Although AZFc microdeletion patients had a higher SRR, their clinical outcomes were worse.

Clinical outcomes of microdissection testicular sperm extraction-intracytoplasmic sperm injection with fresh or cryopreserved sperm in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

We performed this study to evaluate the clinical outcomes of microdissection testicular sperm extraction-intracytoplasmic sperm injection (micro-TESE-ICSI) treatment that used fresh or cryopreserved sperm in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). A total of 338 NOA patients with 344 consecutive cycles received treatment in the reproductive medicine center of Peking University Third Hospital in Beijing, China, from January 2014 to December 2017. Fresh oocytes and fresh sperm were used in 222 patients with 234 cycles (Group A). Fresh oocytes and cryopreserved sperm were used in 116 patients with 110 cycles (Group B). We compared patient characteristics, embryonic development, and pregnancy outcomes between Groups A and B. There was no statistical difference in the patient characteristics, and no differences were observed with fertilization or quality embryo rates between Groups A and B. The rates of clinical pregnancy and live birth were both higher for Group A than those for Group B (both P < 0.05). In conclusion, fresh testicular sperm appears to produce better ICSI outcomes than cryopreserved testicular sperm in patients with NOA.

Altered microRNA profiles of testicular biopsies from patients with nonobstructive azoospermia / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Many studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles during the spermatogenesis. However, little is known about the altered miRNA profiles of testicular tissues in nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Using microarray technology, the miRNA expression profiles of testicular biopsies from patients with NOA and of normal testicular tissues were determined. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to predict the enriched biological processes and functions of identified miRNAs. The microarray data were validated by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), the results of which were then validated with a larger sample size. Correlations between the miRNA expression levels and clinical characteristics were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic ability of miRNAs for azoospermia. Hierarchical clustering showed that 129 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between the NOA and control groups. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the differentially expressed miRNAs were involved in spermatogenesis, cell cycle, and mitotic prometaphase. In the subsequent qRT-PCR assays, the selected miRNA expression levels were consistent with the microarray results, and similar validated results were obtained with a larger sample size. Some clinical characteristics were significantly associated with the expression of certain miRNAs. In particular, we identified a combination of two miRNAs (miR-10b-3p and miR-34b-5p) that could serve as a predictive biomarker of azoospermia. This study provides altered miRNA profiles of testicular biopsies from NOA patients and examines the roles of miRNAs in spermatogenesis. These profiles may be useful for predicting and diagnosing the presence of testicular sperm in individuals with azoospermia.

Analysis of intratesticular condition in micro-dissection testicular sperm extraction era / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To summarizes the intratesticular condition of azoospermia patients, to understand azoospermia more intuitively, and improve the ability of clinical doctors to predict the success rate of microsperm extraction in azoospermia patients.@*METHODS@#Azoospermia patients (excluding Klinefelter's syndrome) who underwent a micro-TESE during January 2014 and January 2018 in a single center were enrolled. The types of seminiferous tubules were summarized, and the clinical characteristics of different types of seminiferous tubules compared with the success rates of sperm extraction. In this study, 472 cases of non-obstructive azoospermia (excluding Klinefelter's syndrome) were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 software package. Relevant data were expressed by median(minimum,maximum).t-test was used to compare the difference of success rate of sperm extraction between each group and the group with the lowest rate (a type).@*RESULTS@#The 472 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia underwent micro-TESE. The mean age of the patients was 31 (23, 46) years, the mean testicular size was 10 (1, 20) mL, the mean FSH was 15.4 (1.21, 68.4) IU/L, the mean T was 8.34 (0.69, 30.2) nmol/L, and totally 202 patients achieved success in micro-TESE (42.7%, 202/472). According to the seminiferous tubules seen during the operation, they were divided into the following six types: Class a, seminiferous tubules developed well and uniformly; Class b, seminiferous tubules developed well, occasionally slightly thick; Class c, seminiferous tubules were generally thin; Class d, seminiferous tubules basically atrophied, occasionally well-developed seminiferous tubules; Class e, all seminiferous tubules atrophied; Class f, seminiferous tubules were infiltrated by yellow substances. The success rate of micro-TESE varied greatly among different types of the patients. A total of 78 patients with type a were 29 (24, 40) years old, FSH 11.1 (1.21, 15.8) IU/L, T 10.2 (3.29, 26.5) nmol/L), and testicular size 12 (12, 20) mL. The successful rate of sperm extraction was 6.41%; 82 patients with type b were 31 (23, 42) years old, FSH 13.8 (3.23, 19.6) IU/L, T 9.44 (3.58, 30.2) nmol/L), and testicular size 12(8,15) mL. The successful rate of sperm extraction was 74.39%; There were 162 patients in group c, aged 31 (25, 40), FSH 19.6 (9.28, 26.6) IU/L, T 8.75 (5.66, 18.6) nmol/L, and testicular size 8 (5, 12) mL. The successful rate of sperm extraction was 45.06%. There were 36 patients in group d, aged 25 (23,38) years and FSH 28.5 (19.3, 45.6) IU/L, T 6.52 (2.12, 9.83) nmol/L, and testicular size 5 (3, 8) mL, and the success rate of sperm extraction was 94.44%. 26 patients with type e were 28(23, 46) years old, FSH 31.3 (18.5, 68.4) IU/L, T 6.72 (0.69, 18.2) nmol/L, and testicular size 5 (1, 8) mL. The success rate of sperm extraction was 45.38%. 88 patients with type f were 29 (24, 38) years old, FSH 18.5 (5.23, 31.6) IU / L, T 8.32 (3.58, 16.5) nmol/L, and testicular size 12 (6, 20) mL. The success rate of sperm extraction was 28.41%.@*CONCLUSION@#The success rate of micro-TESE in different types of seminiferous tubules in testis can be helpful to the judgement of the surgeon during the operation.

Novel DPY19L2 variants in globozoospermic patients and the overcoming this male infertility / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Globozoospermia has been reported to be a rare but severe causation of male infertility, which results from the failure of acrosome biogenesis and sperm head shaping. Variants of dpy-19-like 2 (DPY19L2) are highly related to globozoospermia, but related investigations have been mainly performed in patients from Western countries. Here, we performed a screening of DPY19L2 variants in a cohort of Chinese globozoospermic patients and found that five of nine patients carried DPY19L2 deletions and the other four patients contained novel DPY19L2 point mutations, as revealed by whole-exome sequencing. Patient 3 (P3) contained a heterozygous variant (c.2126+5G>A), P6 contained a homozygous nonsense mutation (c.1720C>T, p.Arg574*), P8 contained compound heterozygous variants (c.1182-1184delATC, p.Leu394_Ser395delinsPhe; c.368A>T, p.His123Arg), and P9 contained a heterozygous variant (c.1182-1184delATCTT, frameshift). We also reported intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes in the related patients, finding that ICSI followed by assisted oocyte activation (AOA) with calcium ionophore achieved high rates of live births. In summary, the infertility of these patients results from DPY19L2 dysfunction and can be treated by ICSI together with AOA.

Ambient ozone pollution is associated with decreased semen quality: longitudinal analysis of 8945 semen samples from 2015 to 2018 and during pollution-control period in Beijing, China / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Previous studies suggest that air pollution has a negative effect on semen quality. However, most studies are cross-sectional and the results are controversial. This study investigated the associations between air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3) and semen quality among sperm donation candidates, especially when the air pollution was artificially controlled in Beijing, China. We analyzed 8945 semen samples in the human sperm bank of Peking University Third Hospital (Beijing, China) from October 2015 to May 2018. Air pollution data during the entire period (0-90 days prior) and key stages (0-9, 10-14, and 70-90 days prior) of sperm development were collected from the China National Environmental Monitoring Centre. The association between air pollutants and semen parameters (sperm concentration and progressive motility) was analyzed by a mixed model adjusted for age, abstinence duration, month, and average ambient temperature. Only O3during key stages of 0-9 days and 10-14 days and the entire period was negatively associated with sperm concentration between 2015 and 2018 (P < 0.01). During the period of air pollution control from November 2017 to January 2018, except for the increase in O3concentration, other five pollutants' concentrations decreased compared to those in previous years. In this period, the sperm concentration decreased (P < 0.001). During the pollution-control period, O3exposure 10-14 days prior was negatively associated with sperm concentration (95% CI: -0.399--0.111; P < 0.001). No significant association was found between the other five pollutants and semen quality during that period. Our study suggested that only O3exposure was harmful to semen quality. Therefore, O3should not be neglected during pollution control operation.

Nanotechnology-assisted adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) therapy for erectile dysfunction of cavernous nerve injury: In vivo cell tracking, optimized injection dosage, and functional evaluation / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Stem cell therapy is a potentially promising option for erectile dysfunction; however, its risk of tumorigenicity is a clinical hurdle and the risk is positively related to the number of injected cells. Our previous study showed that nanotechnology improved adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) therapy for erectile dysfunction of cavernous nerve injury (CNI) by attracting cells in the corpus cavernosum. These results indicated the possibility of using a reduced dosage of ADSCs for intracavernous injection. In this exploratory study, we used lower dosage (2 × 105 cells) of ADSCs for intracavernous injection (ICI) and the nanotechnology approach. Intracavernous pressure and mean arterial pressure were measured at day 28 to assess erectile function. The low-dose ADSC therapy group showed favorable treatment effects, and nanotechnology further improved these effects. In vivo imaging of ICI cells revealed that the fluorescein signals of NanoShuttle-bound ADSCs (NanoADSCs) were much stronger than those of ADSCs at days 0, 1, and 3. Both immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in smooth muscle, endothelium, and nerve tissue in the ADSC group compared to that in the CNI group; further improvement was achieved with assisted nanotechnology. These findings demonstrate that nanotechnology can be used to further improve the effect of small dosage of ADSCs to improve erectile function. Abundant NanoADSCs remain in the corpus cavernosum in vivo for at least 3 days. The mechanism of erectile function improvement may be related to the regeneration of the smooth muscle, endothelium, and nerve tissues.

The role of Tif1γ on apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells / 复旦学报（医学版）

Objective To investigate the effect of transcriptional internediary factor 1 gamma (Tif1γ)and its signal pathway related proteinson apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cell line Capan-1 treated with either gemcitabine (GEM) or raltitrexed (RTX).Methods Capan-1 cells were treated with GEM of 559 μmol/L or RTX of 0.86 μmol/L for 36 h.The cell apoptosis of Capan-1 was determined using flow cytometry.Protein levels of Tif1γ,TGF-β1,Smad3,p-Smad3,Smad4,Bcl2,BAX and Caspase3 in Capan-1 cells were determined by Western blot.Results The late apoptosis and death ratio after RTX treatment were 28.7％ ± 5.1％ and 3.7％ ± 0.5％,respectively,showing significant difference from that after GEM treatment or untreated control group (P＜0.01).The results of Western blot showed that the relative protein levels of Tif1 γ,TGF-β1,p-Smad3,BAX and Caspase3 in Capan-1 cells were increased in RTX group compared with those in GEM group or control group (P＜0.05).The relative protein levels of Smad4 and the Bcl2/Bax ratio were decreased in RTX group compared with those in GEM group or control group (P＜0.05).Conclusions Increased level of Til1γ by RTX treatment resulted in decreased level of Smad4 to regulate the balance of Bcl2/Bax,increased Caspase3 and increased apoptosis in Capan-1 cells.

Effects of obesity on global genome DNA methylation and gene imprinting in mouse spermatozoa / 中华男科学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the influence of high fat diet-induced obesity (HFDIO) on the differentially methylated region (DMR) of the imprinted gene and global genome methylation of sperm DNA.@*METHODS@#We performed bisulfite sequencing on the DMR of the imprinted gene and global genome methylation of sperm DNA in the mouse model of HFDIO.@*RESULTS@#No statistically significant differences were found between the HFDIO model and normal control mice in MEG3-IG (93.73 vs 97.26%, P = 0.252), H19 (98.00 vs 97.83%, P = 0.920), IGF2 (97.34 vs 96.25%, P =0.166), IGF2R (1.43 vs 1.11%, P = 0.695), PEG3 (0.19 vs 0.38%, P = 0.537), MEST (0.23 vs 0.68%, P = 0.315), NNAT (0.31 vs 0.00%, P = 0.134), or SNRPN (1.88 vs 3.13%, P = 0.628). A total of 8 942 DMRs were detected across the sperm genome (P <0.05). Gene functional enrichment analysis indicated that the enriched terms with the largest numbers of genes were the metabolic process (n = 1 482), RNA synthesis (n = 779), and transcription (n = 767).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The methylation level underwent no significant change in the DMRs of the imprinted genes from the mice with HFDIO, but the CG methylation of the genes involved in the metabolic process, RNA synthesis and transcription were significantly altered.

Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation for asthenozoospermia / 中华男科学杂志

Objective@#To study the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) in the treatment of asthenozoospermia.@*METHODS@#We randomly divided 72 asthenozoospermia patients into a 2 Hz TEAS (n = 29), a 100 Hz TEAS (n = 20), and a blank control group (n = 23), those in the former two groups treated by 30 minutes of TEAS at 2 Hz and 100 Hz respectively, applied to the acupoints of bilateral Shenshu, left Zusanli, and Guanyuan, once a day for 60 days, while those in the blank control group left untreated. Using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA), we examined sperm concentration and motility as well as the percentages of grade a and grade a+b sperm in different groups of the patients.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the baseline, 2 Hz TEAS significantly increased sperm motility (［12.76 ± 1.39］ vs ［18.89 ± 2.46］%, P<0.05) and the percentage of grade a+b sperm ( ［10.68 ± 1.22］ vs ［16.32 ± 2.10］%, P<0.05) in the asthenozoospermic patients, while 100 Hz TEAS improved not only sperm motility (［12.32 ± 2.21］ vs ［23.81 ± 3.42］%, P<0.01) and the percentage of grade a+b sperm (［10.45 ± 1.98］ vs ［20.25 ± 2.82 ］%, P<0.01), but also the percentage of grade a sperm (［6.44 ± 1.16］ vs ［13.31 ± 2.30］%, P<0.05). Moreover, in comparison with the blank control group, 2 Hz TEAS also remarkably increased sperm motility (［9.57 ± 1.60］ vs ［18.89 ± 2.46］%, P<0.05) and the percentage of grade a+b sperm (［7.81 ± 1.31］ vs ［16.32 ± 2.10］%, P<0.05) in the asthenozoosperma patients, while 100 Hz TEAS improved not only sperm motility (［9.57 ± 1.60］ vs ［23.81 ± 3.42］%, P<0.01) and the percentage of grade a+b sperm (［7.81 ± 1.31］ vs ［20.25 ± 2.82］%, P<0.01) but also the percentage of grade a sperm (［4.87 ± 1.01］ vs ［13.31 ± 2.30］%, P<0.01). Meanwhile, the rate of clinical effectiveness was significantly higher in the 100 Hz TEASthan in the blank control group either in intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis (100% vs 18.18%) orper-protocol (PP) analysis (90% vs 0%), and so was it than in the 2 Hz TEAS group based on the data of ITT (100% vs 33.33%).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Both 2 Hz and 100 Hz TEAS are effective for the treatment of asthenozoospermia by improving sperm motility and vitality.

Microdissection testicular sperm extraction for patients with nonmosaic Klinefelter syndrome: A report of 143 cases / 中华男科学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the clinical application and outcomes of microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) in patients with nonmosaic Klinefelter syndrome (KS).@*METHODS@#A total of 143 nonmosaic KS patients underwent micro-TESE in the Center of Reproductive Medicine of Peking University Third Hospital between July 2012 and August 2016. We analyzed their clinical and follow-up data and evaluated the outcomes.@*RESULTS@#Spermatozoa were successfully retrieved from the testicular tissue in 44.76% (64/143) of the patients, 84.4% (54/64) by unilateral and 15.6% (10/64) by bilateral micro-TESE. Seventy-five of the KS patients were followed up in the years of 2014 and 2015. Of the 34 patients with successful sperm retrieval, 73.52% (25/34) achieved clinical pregnancy and 8 boys and 8 girls were already born in 14 of the 25 cases.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The micro-TESE is a useful method for sperm retrieval in nonmosaic KS patients, with high rates of sperm retrieval, clinical pregnancy, and birth of biological offspring.

Impact of the CFTR chloride channel on the cytoskeleton of mouse Sertoli cells / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the impact of the chloride channel dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) on the cytoskeleton of Sertoli cells in the mouse.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>TM4 Sertoli cells were cultured and treated with CFTR(inh)-172 at the concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L for 48 hours. Then the cytotoxicity of CFT(inh)-172 was assessed by CCK-8 assay, the expressions of F-actin and Ac-tub in the TM4 Sertoli cells detected by immunofluorescence assay, and those of N-cadherin, vimentin and vinculin determined by qPCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>CFTR(inh)-172 produced cytotoxicity to the TM4 Sertoli cells at the concentration of 20 μmol/L. The expressions of F-actin and Ac-tub were decreased gradually in the TM4 Sertoli cells with the prolonging of treatment time and increasing concentration of CFTR(inh)-172 (P < 0.05). The results of qPCR showed that different concentrations of CFTR(inh)-172 worked no significant influence on the mRNA expressions of N-cadherin, vimentin and vinculin in the Sertoli cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The CFTR chloride channel plays an important role in maintaining the normal cytoskeleton of Sertoli cells. The reduced function and expression of the CFTR chloride channel may affect the function of Sertoli cells and consequently spermatogenesis of the testis.</p>

Detection of spermatozoa in the testicular tissue of non-obstructive azoospermia patients: cell suspension examination versus histopathology / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare cell suspension examination with histopathology in detecting spermatozoa in the testicular tissue of non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients, and to investigate the reliability of sperm retrieval and appropriate therapeutic options when the results of the two methods are inconsistent.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 1 112 NOA patients underwent testicular sperm extraction (TESE), their testicular tissues subjected to cell suspension examination and histopathology, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The consistency rate of the two methods was 92.63%, with the sperm detection rate of 41.82% and non-sperm detection rate of 50.81%. Sperm were retrieved from 96.0% (24/25) of the patients on the day of oval retrieval, in whom sperm were found in cell suspension examination but not in histopathology. After intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), pregnancy was achieved in 8 cases (33.33%), abortion occurred in 4 (16.67%), and non-pregnancy in 12 (50.0%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Cell suspension examination combined with histopathology for detecting sperm in the testicular tissue of NOA patients gives instant, accurate, reliable and consistent results, and therefore insures successful sperm retrieval for NOA patients during the IVF cycle. In case of inconsistency between the results of the two methods, cell suspension examination is more helpful for clinical therapeutic option.</p>

Tadalafil combined with behavior therapy for semen collection from infertile males in whom masturbation fails / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of Tadalafil combined with behavior therapy in helping obtain semen from infertile men in whom masturbation has failed.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty male infertile patients from whom masturbation had failed to obtain semen were equally assigned to receive Tadalafil combined with behavior therapy (combination group) or Tadalafil only (control group). All the patients took Tadalafil 20 mg orally the night before the day of semen collection by masturbation. Before this procedure, the patients of the combination group practiced masturbation 16 - 24 times at home.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average ages of the patients were (37.0 +/- 5.1) yr and (37.5 +/- 5.2) yr and their IIEF-5 scores were 16.50 +/- 1.25 and 16.90 +/- 1.09 in the combination and the control group, respectively, neither with statistically significant difference between the two groups. Semen was successfully obtained from 9 patients (30.0%) of the combination group and 1 patient (3.33%) of the control group, with statistically significant difference between the two groups (chi2 = 7.680, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>By training the patients and establishing a conditioned response to masturbation, Tadalafil combined with behavior therapy can significantly increase the success rate of semen collection from the male infertile patients in whom masturbation fails.</p>

Influence of recombination abnormality in spermatocyte meiosis on the pathology of patients with non-obstructive azoospermia / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To primarily study the influence of recombination abnormality in human spermatocyte meiosis on the pathology of the patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We obtained testis tissues from 6 NOA patients by testicular biopsy and divided the tissue of each patient into 2 portions, one for pathological examination and the other for immunofluorescent staining. We observed the synaptonemal complex and the numbers of the recombination sites on homologous chromosomes, and analyzed the relationship between abnormal recombination and pathological findings.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Pathological examination showed that the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules was thickened in 3 of the cases and atrophied in the other 3, the number of autosomal MLH1 foci in a spermatocyte ranging from 10 to 50 in the former 3, and from 30 to 50 in the latter 3.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The increased range of the homologous chromosomal recombination frequency may be one of the possible factors for the thickening of seminiferous tubule basement membrane and even lumen occlusion in NOA patients.</p>

Relationship of sperm morphology with reproductive hormone levels in infertile men / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship of sperm morphology with reproductive hormones in infertile men and the pathogenesis of teratozoospermia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study included 90 infertile men aged 25 - 40 years. We measured their testis volumes using the Prader orchidometer, conducted routine semen analyses according to the WHO laboratory standard, and determined the concentrations of reproductive hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) by chemiluminescence and the levels of free testosterone (FT) and bioavailable testosterone (BioT).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the subjects showed normal sperm concentration. Based on the results of semen morphology analysis, the 90 infertile men were equally divided into groups 1 (morphologically normal sperm <4%), 2 (morphologically normal sperm > or = 4% and <10%), and 3 (morphologically normal sperm > or = 10%), with no significant differences in age among the three groups (P>0.05). The volumes of the left testis were (14.27 +/- 3.65) ml, (16.90 +/- 3.57) ml and (14.57 +/- 3.57) ml, respectively (P = 0.006 group 1 vs group 2, P = 0.741 group 1 vs group 3, P = 0.014 group 2 vs group 3), and those of the right testis were (14.60 +/- 3.70) ml, (16.60 +/- 3.35) ml and (14.67 +/- 3.54) ml, respectively (P = 0.050). There were no significant differences among the three groups in prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, estradiol, total testosterone and SHBG, (P>0.05). The levels of serum FT were (0.25 +/- 0.07) nmol/L, (0.29 +/- 0.07) nmol/L and (0.31 +/- 0.13) nmol/L (P = 0.086 group 1 vs group 2, P= 0.010 group 1 vs group 3, P= 0.364 group 2 vs group 3), and those of BioT were (5.81 +/- 1.58) nmol/L, (6.78 +/- 1.55) nmol/L and (7.29 +/- 3.02) nmol/L, respectively (P = 0.086 group 1 vs group 2, P = 0.010 group 1 vs group 3, P = 0.364 group 2 vs group 3). The percentage of morphologically normal sperm was positively correlated with the levels of serum FT and BioT (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The higher the levels of serum FT and BioT, the higher the percentage of morphologically normal sperm, which suggests that serum FT and BioT might be involved in the pathogenesis of teratozoospermia.</p>

Correlation of testicular volume and reproductive hormone level with the results of testicular sperm aspiration in non-obstructive azoospermia patients / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the correlation of the testis volume and reproductive hormone level with the results of testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) in non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients, and to explore the cut-off value of the testis volume and reproductive hormone level in predicting the results of TESA so as to provide reliable information for the diagnosis and treatment of NOA.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We enlisted 121 NOA patients in this study, divided them into a sperm group and a non-sperm group based on the results of TESA, and measured their testis volumes and reproductive hormone levels.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The left testis volume, the right testis volume, and the levels of prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), estradiol (E2) and total testosterone (T) in the non-sperm and sperm groups were (7.07 +/- 1.06) ml vs (11.75 +/- 1.38) ml, (7.37 +/- 1.37) ml vs (11.70 +/- 1.98) ml, (12.43 +/- 11.69) ng/ml vs (9.60 +/- 4.55) ng/ml, (15.77 +/- 10.84) mIU/ml vs (8.01 +/- 7.43) mIU/ml, (6.12 +/- 2.92) mIU/ml vs (8.11 +/- 20.11) mIU/ml, (119.36 +/- 43.52) pmol/L vs (141.12 +/- 48.33) pmol/L, and (11.43 +/- 4.05) nmol/L vs (12.46 +/- 4.60) nmol/L, respectively. The mean levels of serum FSH and PRL were significantly higher in the non-sperm than in the sperm group. Although the mean testis volume of the former was less than that of the latter, there were no significant differences between the two groups, and nor were any significant differences in age and the levels of E2 and T. The cut-off value of the testis volume was 9 ml, with sensitivity of 93.8%/89.6% (left/right) and specificity of 100%/94.3% (left/right). The area under curve (AUC) of the left testis volume was 0.984 and that of the right was 0.961, indicating a high diagnostic accuracy. The cut-off value of the serum FSH level was 8.18 mIU/ml, with a sensitivity of 71.2% and a specificity of 75.0%. The AUC of the FSH level was 0.743, suggestive of a moderate diagnostic accuracy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The testis volume and FSH level are important for predicting the TESA results of NOA patients, and the former has even a higher diagnostic accuracy than the latter.</p>

Influence of erectile dysfunction course on its progress and efficacy of treatment with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common impairment among older men, and the prevalence rates increase sharply after age of 60 years. Most studies have focused on the prevalence rate or dangerous factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the basic epidemiologic data about ED patients with different ED courses. The purpose of this research was to understand the therapeutic effect of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5-I) and see how and why the ED course impact the progress of ED and the therapeutic effect of PDE5-I treatment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From June 2008 to June 2009, 4252 questionnaires (Quality of Erection Questionnaire, QEQ) were gathered from 46 centers by urology or andrology doctors all around China. Patients with ED (age ≥ 20 years) filled in first half of the questionnaires when they came for the first time, and then completed the second half 4 weeks after PDE5-I therapy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>ED courses of most patients were less than 5 years (< 5 years, 74.0%; 5 - 10 years 20.8%; > 10 years, 5.2%). As ED course increasing, the incidence of the risk factors of ED, such as smoking, drinking, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and hyperlipidemia also increase (P ≤ 0.01). PDE5-I was effective in improving the quality of sexual activities (P ≤ 0.01). Administration of PDE5-I improves satisfaction, enjoyment and frequency of sexual activities. The longer the ED course, the worse the therapeutic effect (< 5 years, 96.1%; 5 - 10 years, 94.9%; > 10 years, 89.0%) (P ≤ 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The ED course greatly affected the therapeutic effect of PDE5-1, the patients with ED should consult doctor at early stage of the disease. Administration of PDE5-I effectively improves the penile erection and the quality of sexual life of the patients hence should be considered as first-line medicine in the treatment of ED.</p>

Impact of abnormal myoelectricity at gastroduodenal anastomosis on gastric emptying in rats / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the impact of abnormal myoelectricity at gastroduodenal anastomosis on gastric emptying in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rats were randomly divided into experimental group (n=16) and control group (n=16). Pylorectomy and end-to-end gastroduodenal anastomosis were performed in the experimental group and electrodes were implanted in the serosal surface adjacent to the anastomosis. Slow waves were recorded by the implanted electrode in vivo. Gastric emptying was examined by scintigraphy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At the first week after surgery, antral slow-wave frequency was significantly lower in the experimental group (0.8±1.4 vs. 3.3±1.2, P<0.01), as was the duodenal slow-wave frequency (2.1±0.6 vs. 11.1±0.7, P<0.01). There was no consecutive slow-waves transduction across the pylorus or the anastomosis. Within 12-16 weeks after operation, antral slow-wave frequency in the experimental group and the control group were (8.7±0.6) cpm and (4.0±0.4) cpm, respectively (P<0.01), and duodenal slow-wave frequency were (11.1±0.8) cpm and (10.8±0.7) cpm, respectively (P>0.05). Retrograde and antegrade myoelectricity transduction through the anastomosis were detected. The mean semi-emptying time in the proximal stomach was 14.7 min in the experimental group and 13.6 min in the control group (P>0.05). Radionuclide retention rate was 25.4% in the experimental group and 39.4% in the control group (P>0.05). The mean semi-emptying time in the distal stomach was 25.3 min in the experimental group and 10.5 min in the control group (P<0.01). Radionuclide retention rate was 46.4% in the experimental group and 18.7% in the control group (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The abnormal myoelectricity in the region of gastroduodenal stoma may delay liquid gastric emptying in pylorectomy rats.</p>