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Objective To study on the mRNA expression level of IN1 gene associated with the clinical efficacy and prognosis of hepatoblastoma(HB) in children and to elucidate the early warning value of IN1 gene for prognosis and chemotherapy sensitivity.Methods Forty HB patients were selected based on primary diagnosis and treated from January 2015 to May 2018 in Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University.The expression level of INI1 gene was detected by using fluorescence immuno-PCR.Clinical data of children with HB were collected,including staging,grouping,risk,efficacy and prognosis of chemotherapy.The relationship between the mRNA expression of IN1 gene and clinical data was analyzed by SPSS 21.0 software.Results (1) Clinical characters:the medium age of 40 HB patients was (30.50 ± 2.39) months,male 29 cases (72.5 ％),and female 11 cases (27.5 ％).There was 1 case (2.5％) of stage Ⅱ HB,13 cases (32.5％) of stage Ⅲ HB,and 26 cases (65.0％) of stage Ⅳ.The low-and intermediate-risk group had 12 cases (30.0％) of HB,and the high-risk group had 28 cases (70.0％) of HB.(2) Clinical efficacy and prognosis:by July 1st,2018,the medium following-up time was (12.2 ± 10.1) months,4 patients (10％) were treated by chemotherapy without surgery,and 36 patients (90％) were treated by surgery.All patients (100％) received chemotherapy.The average cycle of chemotherapy lasted (13.17 ± 0.02).Ten patients were dead and 30 patients survived till following-up.The overall survival (OS) rates were 75％ and the event-free survival rates were 50％ (20 patients with HB).(3) IN1 gene mRNA expression:The average PCR quantitative of IN1 gene mRNA of 40 HB patients (2-△CT) was 0.31 ± 0.70.The average mRNA quantitative of HB patients (2-△CT) with high-risk and low/intermediate-risk group was 0.23 ± 0.43 and 0.48 ± 1.13 (t =6.363,P =0.05).According to histology diagnosis,the average mRNA quantitative of small cell undifferentiated (SCU) type (12 cases)and other type (25 cases) was 0.09 ± 0.11 and 0.43 ± 0.86 (t =4.533,P =0.04).The average mRNA quantitative of patients with or without radical surgery was 0.04 ± 0.03 and 0.34 ± 0.74 (t =2.935,P =0.022).The data of children with poor chemotherapy sensitivity(19 cases)and those sensitive to chemotherapy (21 cases) were 0.03 ± 0.04 and 0.30 ± 0.82,and the difference was statistically significant (t =5.688,P =0.018).Conclusions Poor therapeutic effect results in low mRNA expression of IN1 gene in children of HB.The IN1 gene expression could be an early warning factor for treatment sensitivity and prognosis.
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Objective To kxplork thk clinical charactkristics,trkatmknt and prognosis of rhabdomeosarcoma (AMS)with intracranial kxtknsion in childrkn. Methods Thk clinical data of 12 casks of childrkn(5 malks and 7 fk-malks)with AMS and intracranial involvkmknt admittkd into thk Dkpartmknt of Pkdiatrics,Bkijing Tongrkn Hospital Lffiliatkd to Capital Mkdical Rnivkrsite from Dkckmbkr 2012 to Dkckmbkr 2017 wkrk analezkd rktrospkctivkle. Thkrk wkrk 5 malks and 7 fkmalks in 12 casks. Thk onskt agk rangkd from 1. 2 to 10. 2 ekars old,with a mkdian agk of 3. 4 ekars old. Thk clinical fkaturks,trkatmknt mkthods and prognosis wkrk summarizkd. ResuIts Thk primare sitks of 9 casks wkrk in thk hkad and nkcc(75﹪),2 casks wkrk in thk chkst and bacc(17﹪),and 1 cask was in thk pkrinkum (8﹪). Nink patiknts had obvious ckntral nkrvous sestkm involvkmknt semptoms,and cranial imaging findings wkrk studikd in all of thk 12 patiknts. Thk clinical pathological stagk and risc classification wkrk:6 casks of stagkⅣ(1 cask of ckntral aggrkssion);6 casks of stagk Ⅲ(4 casks of ckntral aggrkssion);10 casks wkrk in thk high-risc group(4 casks of stagk Ⅲ with ckntral violations),and 2 casks(stagkⅢ)in thk intkrmkdiatk risc group. Lll 12 casks rkckivkd sestkmic chkmothkrape,8 casks rkckivkd local or total cranial╱spink radiothkrape,9 casks undkrwknt primare rkskction, and 4 casks undkrwknt craniotome to rkmovk intracranial lksions. Rp to Januare 2018,4 casks of 12 childrkn survivkd (including 2 diskask-frkk patiknts)and 8 childrkn dikd. Thk ovkrall survival ratk was 33﹪(4╱12 casks)and thk diskask-frkk survival ratk was 17﹪(2╱12 casks). ConcIusions Thk prognosis of AMS with intracranial infiltration is vkre poor,and thk trkatmknt kffkct is not good. Complktk rkskction of karle lksions is thk cke to curk AMS. Aadiothkra-pe,individualizkd chkmothkrape and surgical rkmoval of intracranial lksions mae havk thk valuk in controlling diskask and prolonging survival timk.
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In this study,a new medical microbiology experiment teaching system,which was based on outcome-based education combined with inquiry-based teaching model,was developed and evaluated.According to the professional requirements of doctors,the objectives of emotion and comprehensive experimental ability were added,and the requirement for experimental operation skills was raised.In accordance with the concept of inquiry-based teaching,experimental contents were reorganized,and practical operation contents and comprehensive analytical experiments were increased to facilitate students' abilities of independent thinking and innovation.In addition,the proportion of microbiology laboratory examination was increased,experimental skill examination was focused,the assessment method was reformed,and extracurricular interest groups were established to deepen the learning.The teaching effect was evaluated by questionnaire,performance and follow-up survey.The result showed that the new model increased the students' course scores,improved their capability in innovation,academic writing and clinical working,and strengthened the weakness of traditional teaching in application and exploration,providing a new idea for the reform in medical microbiology experiment teaching.
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Objective@#To study on the mRNA expression level of IN1 gene associated with the clinical efficacy and prognosis of hepatoblastoma(HB) in children and to elucidate the early warning value of IN1 gene for prognosis and chemotherapy sensitivity.@*Methods@#Forty HB patients were selected based on primary diagnosis and treated from January 2015 to May 2018 in Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University. The expression level of INI1 gene was detected by using fluorescence immuno-PCR. Clinical data of children with HB were collected, including staging, grouping, risk, efficacy and prognosis of chemotherapy. The relationship between the mRNA expression of IN1 gene and clinical data was analyzed by SPSS 21.0 software.@*Results@#(1)Clinical characters: the medium age of 40 HB patients was(30.50±2.39) months, male 29 cases (72.5%), and female 11 cases (27.5%). There was 1 case (2.5%) of stage Ⅱ HB, 13 cases (32.5%) of stage Ⅲ HB, and 26 cases (65.0%) of stage Ⅳ. The low-and intermediate- risk group had 12 cases (30.0%) of HB, and the high-risk group had 28 cases (70.0%) of HB.(2)Clinical efficacy and prognosis: by July 1st, 2018, the medium following-up time was (12.2±10.1) months, 4 patients (10%) were treated by chemotherapy without surgery, and 36 patients (90%) were treated by surgery .All patients (100%) received chemotherapy.The average cycle of chemotherapy lasted(13.17±0.02). Ten patients were dead and 30 patients survived till following-up.The overall survival (OS) rates were 75% and the event-free survival rates were 50% (20 patients with HB). (3) IN1 gene mRNA expression: The average PCR quantitative of IN1 gene mRNA of 40 HB patients(2-ΔCT)was 0.31±0.70.The average mRNA quantitative of HB patients (2-ΔCT)with high-risk and low/intermediate-risk group was 0.23±0.43 and 0.48±1.13(t=6.363, P=0.05). According to histology diagnosis, the average mRNA quantitative of small cell undifferentiated (SCU) type (12 cases)and other type (25 cases) was 0.09±0.11 and 0.43±0.86(t=4.533, P=0.04). The average mRNA quantitative of patients with or without radical surgery was 0.04±0.03 and 0.34±0.74 (t=2.935, P=0.022). The data of children with poor chemotherapy sensitivity(19 cases)and those sensitive to chemotherapy (21 cases) were 0.03±0.04 and 0.30±0.82, and the difference was statistically significant (t=5.688, P=0.018).@*Conclusions@#Poor therapeutic effect results in low mRNA expression of IN1 gene in children of HB.The IN1 gene expression could be an early warning factor for treatment sensitivity and prognosis.
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In this study, a new medical microbiology experiment teaching system, which was based on outcome-based education combined with inquiry-based teaching model, was developed and evaluated. According to the professional requirements of doctors, the objectives of emotion and comprehensive experimental ability were added, and the requirement for experimental operation skills was raised. In accordance with the concept of inquiry-based teaching, experimental contents were reorganized, and practical operation contents and comprehensive analytical experiments were increased to facilitate students' abilities of independent thinking and innovation. In addition, the proportion of microbiology laboratory examination was increased, experimental skill examination was focused, the assessment method was reformed, and extracurricular interest groups were established to deepen the learning. The teaching effect was evaluated by questionnaire, performance and follow-up survey. The result showed that the new model increased the students' course scores, improved their capability in innovation, academic writing and clinical working, and strengthened the weakness of traditional teaching in application and exploration, providing a new idea for the reform in medical microbiology experiment teaching.
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Objective To explore the treatment and prognosis of advanced stage childhood hepatoblastoma with pulmonary metastasis.Methods Fifty-six cases of advanced stage hepatoblastoma with pulmonary metastasis diagnosed through pathology from April 2006 to June 2014 in Department of Pediatrics,Beijing Tongren Hospital Affilia-ted to Capital Medical University were enrolled,among them 33 cases were males and 23 cases were females,and the median age was 2.33 years old(1 month-15 years and 1 month old).The clinical effects of multidisciplinary therapy were analyzed.Results (1)Follow-up studies were conducted till December 2016,in which 21 cases of 56 children achieved complete remission,the complete remission rate was 37.5%(21/56 cases),while 12 cases were partial re-mission and 14 cases were deceased,and the effective rate reached 58.9%(33/56 cases).The follow-up period of 41 children were over 24 months,in which the 2-year free event survival(EFS)rate was 37.5%,2-year overall survi-val(OS)rate was 75.0%,5-year survival rate was 42.4%,and the 95% average survival confidence interval was 35.7-55.9 months.(2)The OS rate of children with small age(≤3 years old)was 88.1%(36/42 cases),the ove-rall prognosis was better than that of >3 years old children(35.7%,5/14 cases)(P=0.003).The survival rate of children with complete tumor resection[OS rate was 89.2%(33/37 cases)]was significantly higher than that of the incomplete excision[OS rate was 47.4%(9/19 cases)],and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.001). The prognosis of epithelial type cases was better than that of other types,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05),while the fetal type prognosis was the best,and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=8.56,P=0.014).The growth of alpha fetoprotein was negatively correlated with the clinical efficacy and prognosis(r=-0.468, P=0.023).Conclusions Lung is the most common metastatic site of hepatoblastoma,and the marginal lung metasta-sis is more common.With insidious onset and poor prognosis.Therefore,it should be treated with early diagnosis and multidisciplinary therapy to improve prognosis.
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Chitosan (CS) is a natural,non-toxic biopolymer mainly made from the deacetylation of chitin. Chitosan has good bio-compatibility with unique antioxidant and biodegradable properties. Due to the poor solubility of chitosan in neutral or alkalinized media,the application of chitosan is restricted. Thus,numerous chitosan derivatives have been developed through chemical modifica-tions to broaden the application scope and improve its value. Chitosan and its derivatives with antioxidant activity have shown superior medical value in recent years. In this paper,several modification methods of chitosan were reviewed. In addition,the research progress in chitosan and its derivatives as antioxidants was introduced.
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Objective To investigate the laboratory indexes changes of cardiotoxicity before and after pirarubicin(THP)chemotherapy in children with hepatoblastoma(HB).Methods The clinical data of 76 cases were collected whose were postoperative HB children and were given THP chemotherapy from January 2012 to June 2015 in our hospital.Changes of serum laboratory indexes including N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)and creatine kinase isoenzymes(CKMB)were analyzed by statistical methods between pre-treat-ment and post-treatment with THP.Results There was no definite cardiotoxicity case in 76 children with HB. The serum NT-proBNP level of pre-treatment was(80.93 ± 74.13)ng/L and the level of post-treatment was (211.85 ± 211.42)ng/L.The changes of serum NT-proBNP showed statistical difference(P=0.00,P<0.05) between pre-treatment and post-treatment.The serum NT-proBNP level in group with THP cumulative doses more than 200 milligram per square meter was(225.67 ± 237.63)ng/L,which was higher than that level of NT-proBNP ((182.39 ± 140.43)ng/L)in group with THP cumulative dose less than or equal to 200 milligram per square meter.But the difference of the two groups showed no statistical significance(P=0.338,P>0.05).The pre-treatment level of CKMB was(23.08 ± 13.52)U/L and post-treatment level was(30.90 ± 13.92)U/L.The changes of serum CKMB level showed statistically difference(P=0.00,P<0.05).Conclusion The serum NT-proBNP level of postoperative HB was significantly increased after given THP chemotherapy,which might have a certain clinical significance for early monitoring of cardiotoxicity.
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Objective To investigate the value of temporary balloon occlusion of the abdominal aorta in the treatment of complete placenta previa with placenta accreta. Methods From January 2015 to February 2016, 24 cases of complete placenta previa with placenta accreta were treated with temporary balloon occlusion of the abdominal aorta (the study group) before cesarean, and 24 cases of complete placenta previa with placenta accreta did not receive balloon occlusion (the control group). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative blood transfusion volume, the perioperative hemoglobin level, the hysterectomy rate and the related complications were compared retrospectively.Also, the hospitalization time, the blood coagulation parameters after operation, including activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), D-Dimer and reperfusion injury parameters including creatine phosphokinase (CK), creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and serum creatinine were compared between the 2 groups. Results The blood loss [750 ml (400-2 000 ml) vs 2 000 ml (1 500-2 375 ml);Z=-3.214, P=0.001] and blood transfusion volume [200 ml (0-800 ml) vs 800 ml (0-1 200 ml);173, P=0.030] in the study group were lower than in the control group. The hemoglobin difference between before and after operation in the study group was lower than the control group [(12.8±13.4) g/L vs (22.9±20.1) g/L;t=-2.041, P=0.047]. In the study group, there were still bleeding in 13 cases after releasing the balloon, 5 of them received uterine artery embolization, 5 cases received uterine artery ligation, and 3 cases received uterine packing. One case had venous thrombosis in the right lower limb. Two cases (8%,2/24) in the control group had hysterectomy, while none in the study group, there was no statistical significance (P=0.489). Conclusions Temporary balloon occlusion of the abdominal aorta can effectively reduce blood loss and blood transfusion in the treatment of complete placenta previa with placenta accreta, but there is still the risk of continuing bleeding after releasing the balloon. Other methods of hemostasis might be needed.
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Aim To observe the antifibrogenic effect of resveratrol on mice with schistosomiasis japonica and its effect on Th1 and Th2 responses .Methods Forty-five mice infected with S.japonicum cercariae for 3 weeks were randomly divided into three groups named as infection group ( A) , resveratrol group ( B) and praz-iquantel group ( C) .Fifteen normal mice were taken as normal control group ( D) .In the 13th week post-infec-tion, all mice were sacrificed and the liver tissues were removed.Histopathological changes were observed in the liver of all groups .Splenocytes were prepared from spleens of mice with S.japonicum infection and the proportions of Th1 and Th2 cells in T cells were deter-mined by FACS respectively .RT-PCR was used to de-tect the relative IFN-γ,IL-13,TGF-βmRNA levels in liver tissue .Results After treatment , the degrees of liver fibrosis in groups B and C decreased in the 13th week post-infection ( P <0.01 ) .Compared to group A, the proportions of Th1 cells in group B significantly increased ( P<0.05 ) and the proportions of Th 2 cells in group B decreased significantly ( P <0.01 ) .The level of anti-SWA IgG 2 a in group B was significantly higher ( P<0.05) , while the anti-SEA IgG1 level in group B was lower ( P <0.01 ) than that in group A . The hepatic expression of IFN-γmRNA level in group B was higher than that in group A ( P<0.05 ) , and IL-13 ,TGF-βmRNA levels in group B were lower than in group A ( P<0.01 ) .Conclusion Resveratrol has an antifibrogenic effect through upregulating Th 1 cell re-sponse and downregulating Th 2 cell response in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum.
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Objective:To review the drug absorption evaluation methods for pulmonary delivery. Methods: The drug absorption cell models, in vitro pulmonary membrane model and in vivo animal model were systematically summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of those models and applications were reviewed by referring to the databases in CNKI and Pubmed. Results:The appro-priate animal model and method for the study of pulmonary absorption should be chosen according to the experimental purpose and char-acteristics of drugs. Conclusion:The review provides the thoughts and theoretical basis for the research and development of pulmonary delivery.
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The stratum corneum barrier and the other issues in transdermal drug delivery system have attracted more and more at-tention, and the novel liposomes as the drug delivery vehicles effectively solve the problems. The novel liposomes can significantly im-prove transdermal drug penetration, therefore, can enhance efficacy and shows high application value and development prospects. In the paper, combined with some domestic and foreign current researches, the classification, penetration mechanisms and application of the novel liposomes were reviewed.
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@#Objective To observe the effect of mouse nerve growth factor (mNGF) on cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Methods 35 patients with delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning were randomly divided into treatment group (n=18) and control group (n=18). Both groups accepted hyperbaric oxygen and medication, while the treatment group was injected with mNGF 20 mg a day in addition for 12 weeks. They were assessed with Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Asessment (LOTCA) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and after treatment. Results The scores of LOTCA and MBI improved more in the treatment group than in the control group after treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion mNGF can obviously improve cognitive function and ADL for patients with delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning.
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To investigate theological properties of common hydrophilic gel excipients such as Carbopol based on viscosity, the viscosity was determined by rotation method and falling-ball method. Linear regression was made between ln(eta) and concentration, the slope of which was used to explore the relation between viscosity and concentration of different excipients. The viscosity flow active energy (E(eta)) was calculated according to Arrhenius equation and was used to investigate the relation between viscosity and temperature of different excipients. The results showed that viscosities measured by two methods were consistent. Concentration of guargum (GG) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) solution had a great influence on the viscosity, k > 5; while concentration of polyvinylpyrrolidone-K30 (PVP-K30) and polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) exerted a less effect on viscosity, k < 0.2; viscosity flow active energy of different excipients were close, which ranged from 30 to 40 kJ x mol(-1). Therefore, theological properties study could provide the basis for application of excipients and establish a foundation for the research of relation between excipients structure, property and function.
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Objective To observe the effect of mouse nerve growth factor (mNGF) on cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Methods 35 patients with delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning were randomly divided into treatment group (n=18) and control group (n=18). Both groups accepted hyperbaric oxygen and medication, while the treatment group was injected with mNGF 20 mg a day in addition for 12 weeks. They were as-sessed with Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Asessment (LOTCA) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and after treat-ment. Results The scores of LOTCA and MBI improved more in the treatment group than in the control group after treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion mNGF can obviously improve cognitive function and ADL for patients with delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monox-ide poisoning.
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@# Objective To observe the effect of E-LINK system on hand function of patients with stroke. Methods 30 stroke patients were divided into treatment group (n=16) and control group (n=14). All the patients accepted routine rehabilitation, while the treatment group was trained additionally with the E-LINK system for 12 weeks. Results The strength of grip and pinch, the scores of Barthel index and Fugl-Meyer assessment of upper limb, and the range of supination of forearm improved more in the treatment group than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Training with E-LINK system can improve the motor function of upper limb and activities of daily living of stroke patients.
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Objective To investigate the immune response of IL-10 to Schistosoma japonicum infection in the early infectioin model and SEA immunization model of the IGTP~(-/-) and IRG-47~(-/-) mice.Methods In the early infection model,the IGTP knock out (IGTP~(-/-)) mice,IRG-47 knock out (IRG-47~(-/-)) mice and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 300 S.japonicum cercariae via the pinna and sacrificed on day 7 post-infection.Each mouse pinna section was stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) to detect the pathological lesions,and the culture supernatant of pinna was used to test the levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines by indirect ELISA.In the SEA immunization model,IGTP~(-/-) IRG-47~(-/-) and WT mice were immunized with SEA twice and sacrificed in 3 weeks after the initial immunization.SEA-specific IgG antibody in sera was detected by indirect ELISA;the levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines were tested in culture supernatant of splenocytes by indirect ELISA;the proportions of CD4~+ T cells,CD8~+ T cells,B cells,Th1 and Th2 cells in the spleen were assayed by FACS.Results Although no obvious differences on the pathology of pinna were observed among the three mouse groups,the level of IL-10 in the culture supernatant of pinna of IRG-47~(-/-) mice was lower than that of IGTP~(-/-) mice in 7 days after the exposure.Following SEA immunization,the level of SEA-specific IgG antibody in sera of IGTP~(-/-) mice was lower than that in WT mice,the level of IL-10 in the culture supernatant of splenocytes of IRG-47~(-/-) mice was higher than that of IGTP~(-/-) and WT mice with the stimulation of SEA.However,the proportion of Th2 cells in the spleen of IRG47~(-/-) mice was the lowest among the three mouse groups.Conclusions SEA is the stimulus of IRG-47 deficiency mice to defend Schistosoma japanicum infection and promote the host to produce a protective response,and IL-10 may play an important role in immune regulation in this process.
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Objective To improve the permeation of nasal mucosa by preparing the cholic acid-hydroxypropyl-?-cyclodextrin(HP-?-CD) and characterize the inclusion complex.Methods The inclusion complex was characterized by using phase solubility,scanning electron microscope(SEM),Fourier transform-infrared(FT-IR),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),and superconducting NMR;In an effort to investigate the effect of HP?-CD on cholic acid,the studies of in vitro permeation of nasal mucosa was performed.Results Phase solubility curve was AL type,K=564.30 L/mol,and the characterization de-monstrates the formation of inclusion complex;The permeability coefficients and steady state fluxes through ovine and porcine nasal mucosa were enhanced by the formation of inclusion complex with HP-?-CD about 1.46 and 1.44 times of the uncomplexed cholic acid,respectively.Conclusion The inclusion complex is formed and it could increase the permeability of nasal mucosa by preparing the cholic acid-HP-?-CD.
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AIM: To optimize the preparation of cholic acid-hydroxypropy-?-cyclodextrin inclusion complex,and its phase solubility analysis. METHODS: Orthogonal test,including molar ratio,inclusion temperature,mixing time and liquid dropping rate of cholic acid-HP-?-CD,was adopted to screen the optimal preparation,based on the inclusion efficiency by HPLC method.The solubilization effect was evaluated by using phase solubility.(RESULTS): The optimal preparation consisted of the molar ratio of cholic acid-HP-?-CD was 1∶3,60 ℃ inclusion temperature,60 min mixing time,1.6 mL/min liquid dropping rate;A_L type of phase solubility curve,K=564.30 L/mol,and 11.81 times solubilization. CONCLUSION: The optimal preparation is stable,reasonable and practicable with the encapsulation efficiency of 97.1%.Inclusing cholic acid with HP-?-CD is feasible,and the solubilization effect is significant.
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AIM:To optimize the flocculation-clarification process of Danshen aqueous extract.METHODS:Based on the single factor experiment,the turbidity of the index components danshensu,protecatechnic aldehyde concentration in the Danshen aqueous extract after flocculation were choose among the kinds and amount of flocculant and flocculation temperature.RESULTS:The turbidity of the chitosan-treated supernatant was lower than that of the ZTC1+1Ⅱ-treated ones,and this treatment can mitigate the membrane fouling better.CONCLUSION:Chitosan is superior to ZTC1+1Ⅱ as the flocculant of the Danshen aqueous extract.