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OBJECTIVE：To analyze the metabolites of tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside （THSG）and speculate its metabolism pathway in rats. METHODS ：Male SD rats were randomly divided into plasma group （n＝3），urine group （n＝3），bile group （n＝3），and tissue group （n＝9）. Each group was given single dose of THSG 200 mg/kg intragastrically. Plasma samples 10，30 min and 1，1.5，2，4 h after medication ，the unrine 0-6 h after medication ，the bile 0-4 h after medication ，the tissue of heart ， liver，spleen，lung，kidney and stomach 30 min and 1，2 h after medication （3 at each time point ）were collected respectively.After precipitated with methanol ，the metabolites of samples were analyzed and identified by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS and mass loss filtration （MDF）. Its metabolism pathway was speculated. RESULTS：In the blood ，urine，bile，heart，liver，spleen， lung，kidney，stomach samples ，6，7，11，1，5，1，3，4，4 metabolites were detected ，including two phase Ⅰ（hydrolysis， hydrogenation and hydroxylation ）metabolites，18 phase Ⅱ（glucuronic acid binding and sulfation ）metabolites. There were 12 glucuronic acid binding products. CONCLUSIONS：Most of the metabolites of THSG are found in bile ，mainly glucuronic acid binding products of phase Ⅱ metabolite THSG ； main metabolic pathways involve glucose hydrolysis ， hydrogenation， hydroxylation，glucuronic acid binding and sulfation.
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OBJECTIVE：To establ ish the fingerprint of Sojae Semen Nigrum and content determination method of 5 kinds of isoflavones，so as to provide reference for controlling its quality better. METHODS ：HPLC method was adopted to establish the fingerprint and detect the contents of 5 kinds of isoflavones. The determination was performed on Phenomenex C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile- 0.12％ formic acid solution （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 260 nm；the column temperature was 30 ℃ and sample size was 10 μL. Using daidzin as reference，HPLC fingerprints of 12 batches of samples were determined. The similarity of 12 batches of samples was evaluated by TCM Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System （2012A） to confirm common peak. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were performed by using SPSS 20.0 software and SIMCA 13.0 software. RESULTS ：There were 19 common peaks in HPLC fingerprints of 12 batches of samples ，the similarity of which was higher than 0.94. Totally 5 components were identified，such as daidzin ，glycitin，genistin，daidzein，genistein. Cluster analysis showed that 12 batches of Sojae Semen Nigrum were clustered into 2 categories，i.e. S 1-S3 clustered into one category ，and S 4-S12 clustered into the other category. By principal component analysis ，the contribution rates of two principle components were 53.261％ and 40.715％；accumulative contribution rate was 93.976％. The linear range of above 5 components were 5.97-191.00 µg/mL（r＝0.999 9），1.05-33.46 µg/mL（r＝0.999 9）， 8.93-285.61 µg/mL（r＝0.999 5），0.82-26.33 µg/mL（r＝0.999 9），0.93-29.64 µg/mL（r＝0.999 7），respectively. The limits of quantitation were 0.881 1，0.611 6，0.078 6，0.243 3，0.511 6 μg/mL，respectively. The limits of detection were 0.264 3，0.244 7， 0.021 4，0.124 8，0.106 7 μg/mL，respectively. RSDs of precision ，stability，reproducibility and durability tests were all lower than 5％. Recoveries were 95.15％-96.56％（RSD＝0.51％，n＝6），98.52％-103.45％（RSD＝1.88％，n＝6），95.37％-97.91％ （RSD＝0.95％，n＝6），99.75％-102.00％（RSD＝0.78％，n＝6），100.26％-103.65％（RSD＝1.21％，n＝6）. Among 12 batches of Sojae Semen Nigrum ，the contents of above 5 components were 0.178 3-0.265 9，0.021 7-0.096 2，0.288 5-0.597 2，0.014 1- 0.058 8，0.012 9-0.082 9 mg/g. CONCLUSIONS ：Established HPLC fingerprint and content determination method of 5 kinds of isoflavones can be used for quality control of Sojea Semen Nigrum. The Isoflavone components are similar ，but the contents are different among Sojae Semen Nigrum from different producing areas.
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Autophagy, a cellular housekeeping process, is indispensable to controlling the homeostasis of cytoplasm by removing unused proteins and damaged cell organelles. This process involves different types of human diseases, including cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and infectious diseases. Neurodegeneration is a critical pathological process of many eye diseases, such as glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. The retina and all intraocular cells are constantly exposed to environmental stress and injuries, including oxidative stress and starvation, which lead to autophagy. Autophagy promotes cell survival through the recycling of metabolic precursors, or promotes cell death if autophagy is over-active. Additionally, autophagy and apoptosis have been shown to be harmonious or contrasting, depending on different experimental contexts. All of this contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases. This paper reviews the mechanisms and regulation involved in autophagy, current understandings of neuronal autophagy in glaucoma and retina and strategies for therapeutic modulation.
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Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of sulfonic acid L-amlodipine and its influence on vascular endothelial function in treatment of primary hypertension.Methods Two hundred primary hypertension patients(hypertension group) were divided into amlodipine group and telmisartan group by random digits table method with 100 cases each.The patients of amlodipine group were given the sulfonic acid L-amlodipine treatment,while the patients of telmisartan group were given the telmisartan treatment.The change of systolic blood pressure (SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),nitric oxide (NO),endothelin (ET)-1 and blood lipid before and after treatment,and the adverse reaction were observed continuously for 4 weeks.Also 80 cases of healthy people (control group) were included as a comparative study.ResultsBefore treatment,the lipid levels,blood pressure,NO,ET-1 of hypertension group showed significant difference compared with those of control group (P ＜0.05).The effective rate of amlodipine group and telmisartan group was 97.0％(97/100) and 88.0％(88/100) respectively,and there was significant difference between two groups (x2 =5.838,P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,DBP and SBP of amlodipine group and telmisartan group significantly improved,the difference was significant compared with that before treatment [(77.93 ±24.74) mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa) vs.(103.37 ±34.46) mm Hg,(113.83 ±36.14) mm Hg vs.(167.74 ± 55.91) mm Hg and (85.93 ± 27.28) mm Hg vs.(104.23 ± 34.74) mm Hg,(135.93 ± 43.15)mm Hg vs.(164.57 ±54.86) mm Hg] (P ＜0.05).The blood pressure of amlodipine group meliorated more significantly,and the difference was significant compared with that of telmisartan group (P ＜ 0.05).NO and ET-1 of amlodipine group basically reached normal levels,and the difference was significantly compared with that of telmisartan group [(70.28 ±22.31) μmol/L vs.(50.97 ± 16.99) μmol/L,(60.93 ± 19.34)μ mol/L vs.(51.15 ± 17.05) μ mol/L and (52.69 ± 16.73) ng/L vs.(69.38 ± 23.13) ng/L,(65.71 ± 20.86)ng/L vs.(71.58 ± 23.86) ng/L] (P ＜ 0.05).The adverse reaction was not observed during treatment.Conclusions The clinical efficacy of sulfonic acid L-amlodipine on vascular endothelial function in treatment of primary hypertension is obvious and safe,which could improve the endothelial dysfunction.So this method is worthy of popularizing.
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Objective To explore the influence factors of survival quality in cardiac intervention patients of different age.Methods 96 patients with routine cardiac interventional surgery were divided into three groups by age(the juvenile group,the middle-aged group,the elderly group).All the patients were surveyed by the Quality of life scale(SAQ)and questionnaire sheet of the general condition of patients 24h before treatment,3 months after treatment,respectively.The serum biochemical indicators were also detected,and the multivariate analysis was teken by the non-conditional logistic regression analysis.Results The differences of the average score of SAQ in the patients of three groups before and after treatment were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that TC and LDL were independent risk factors affecting the quality of life in juvenile patients;the history of hypertension,smoking history,TC,LDL were independent risk factors affecting the quality of life in middle-aged patients,and HDL was the protective factor;the history of hypertension,history of diabetes,history of smoking,TG,TC and LDL were independent risk factors that affected the quality of life in elderly patients,and HDL was the protective factor.Conclusion TheThe survival quality of cardiac intervention patients of different age was influenced by TC and LDL,while HDL is the protective factor;adult patients was also impacted by the history of hypertension,history of diabetes,smoking history.
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@#ObjectiveTo study the relation between premature and cerebral palsy(CP).MethodsTo sample all the children between the age of 1 to 6 years old for investigating CP situation in Nanning city, Heng county and Qinbei region of Qinzhou city (once named Qinzhou county ) from May to December, 1998 by qualified pediatricians.ResultsThe total investigating cases were 150,806,in which diagnosed CP were 193 cases and the incidence of CP was 1.28‰. Among them, premature infants were 872 and diagnosed CP were 46,the incidence of CP was 52.75‰ in this group. While term laboring infants were 149,934 with CP 142 and the incidence of CP was 0.95‰. The difference between two groups was very significant(P<0.001).The shorter the gestational weeks were, the higher the incidence of the CP was. Among 46 premature infants with CP, there were 18 cases' mothers(26 person times) involved in abnormal pregnancy and delivery history, accounted for 39.1%, while 36 with pregnancy complications(78.3%). There were 23 cases (30 person times) suffered from the disease during neonate, accounted for 50%.ConclusionThe premature delivery is a risk factor associated with childhood CP.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the prevalence of cerebral palsy (here in after referred to CP) in children aged 1 - 6 in Guangxi, China, and its epidemiologic characteristics and relevant risk factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Investigations on the prevalence and etiology of CP in children at ages of 1 - 6 were conducted in Nanning, Hengxian and Qinzhou of Guangxi from June to December in 1998, with a cluster sampling.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Totally, 150 806 children aged 1 - 6 were investigated in Nanning, Hengxian and Qinzhou of Guangxi, with 89 418 boys and 61 388 girls. Among them, 193 children were diagnosed as CP, with a prevalence rate of 1.28 per thousand, higher in boys (136 cases, 1.52 per thousand ) than in girls (57 cases, 0.93 per thousand ), with statistical significance (chi(2) = 9.536 7, P = 0.02). Logistic regression analysis showed that risk factors for CP were children who could not cry after birth (neonatal asphyxia), Apgar score less than eight, delivery at lower level of maternity hospital, number of mother's gravidity, no prenatal checks for mothers, and taking antipyretics and preserved food with salt during pregnancy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Prevalence of CP in children of Guangxi was at a lower level in comparison with that in other areas at home and abroad, which, maybe, was related with the lower neonatal survival and higher infant mortality.</p>
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Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Pregnancy , Cerebral Palsy , Classification , Epidemiology , China , Epidemiology , Logistic Models , Pregnancy Trimesters , Prevalence , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the relations between low birth weight and infantile cerebral palsy. Methods Population based survey was done in townships in Nanning city, Heng county and northern district of Qinzhou city from May to December in 1998. All children in the project townships, from 1 to 6 years old, was investigated for cerebral palsy(CCP). The pediatricians were well trained and qualified before participated. Results One hundred and fifty thousand eight hundred and six infants were enrolled, and 193 infants with cerebral palsy were diagnosed, and the morality of CP was 1.28‰. Sixty one infants with cerebral palsy were found among 1 450 low birth weight infants(42.07‰. One hundred and twenty five cerebral palsy infant were diagnosed among 148 599 infants with normal birth weight(0.84‰). The cerebral palsy rates were significantly different between low birth weight and normal birth weight infants. The lower the birth weight was, the higher the morality. Among the 61 cases of the cerebral palsy infants with low birth weight, there were different conditions of the mothers in the aspects of environment and nutrition during their pregnant period. Among these mothers, 1/3 of them had been got the unhealthy factors;26 cases of them (42.6%) had had complications of pregnancy;38 cases of them(62.3%)had been ill during the neonatal period;20 case of them(32.8%) had been got the abnormal pregnant and delivering history or the premature labor history. Conclusions The low birth weight is a highly risk factor related to cerebral palsy, the mothers have similar disease in the pregnant period. Low birth weight infants should get intensive care, and the illness neonates should be prevented.