ABSTRACT
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a vitamin A derivative and plays an important role in the regulation of cell aggregation, differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, and inflammatory response. In recent years, some progress has been made in the role of ATRA in renal diseases, especially its protective effect on podocytes. This article reviews the research advances in podocyte injury, characteristics of ATRA, podocyte differentiation and regeneration induced by ATRA, and the protective effect of ATRA against proliferation, deposition of fibers, and apoptosis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Apoptosis , Cell Differentiation , Cell Proliferation , Cytoprotection , Podocytes , Physiology , Tretinoin , PharmacologyABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA) on the expressions of Prohibitin1 (PHB1) and Prohi-bitin2 (PHB2) in hypoxic damage of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC).Methods Rat proximal tubular epithelial cell line NRK-52E culture was performed in the 37 ℃ 50 mL/L carbon dioxide incubator with mixture medium of fetal bovine serum and double-antibody(100 mL medium plus 5 mL fetal calf serum and 1 mL double-antibody).After 3 times cell propagation,the cells were divided into 3 groups:normal group,model group and ATRA intervention group.The normal group wasn't disposed,and the model group was put into vacuum tank filled with hypoxic gas(950 mL/L nitrogen and 50 mL/L carbon dioxide) to induce a hypoxic damage of RTEC.The ATRA intervention group was added 0.1 μmol/L ATRA and was treated with hypoxic gas as model group.After 24 h and 36 h,the mRNA expressions of PHB1,PHB2 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were measured by using real-time PCR method,and the protein expressions of PHB1,PHB2 and TGF-β1 were detected by using Western blot method.Results 1.Compared with normal group,NRK-52E cells PHB1,PHB2 protein expressions and mRNA expressions at 2time points(24 h,36 h) were significantly decreased in model group and ATRA intervention group (all P ＜ 0.05),and the longer hypoxia time,the lower expression value.Compared with model group,NRK-52E cells PHB1 and PHB2 protein expressions and mRNA expressions in ATRA intervention group were increased significantly at 2 time points (all P ＜ O.05).2.Compared with normal group,NRK-52E cells TGF-β1 expressions and mRNA expressions at 2 time points(24 h,36 h) were significantly increased in model group and ATRA intervention group(all P ＜ 0.05),and the longer hypoxia time,the higher expression value;Compared with model group,NRK-52E cells TGF-β1 protein expressions and mRNA expressions in ATRA intervention group were decreased significantly at 2 time points(all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions ATRA can significantly up-regulate the mRNA expressions and protein expressions of PHB1 and PHB2 in hypoxic damage of RTEC,and ATRA may have a protective effect against hypoxic damage.
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Objective To investigate expression and significance of matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2),MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1) in rats with glomerular sclerosis made by doxorubicin.Methods Forty Wistar male rats(8-week-old) were randomly assigned into 2 groups:sham operated and model groups.Rats in model group were nephrectomized after anesthesia and injected with adriamycin(5 mg/kg) after 1 week.Rats in sham operated group was subjected to sham operation and injected with normal saline after 1 week through the tail vein.All rats were killed in the 12th week.Immuno-histochemistry was performed on renal tissue to detect Collagen Ⅳ(Col-Ⅳ),fibronectin(FN),MMP-2,-9 and TIMP-1.Results Immunohistochemistry staining indicated that expressions of MMP-2,-9 in model group decreased significantly compared to sham operated group(Pa
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Objective To study the expression of ?-smooth muscle actin(?-SMA)in glomerulosclerosis rats and its relationship with renal function.Methods Forty healthy Wistar rats were equally divided into 2 groups including sham operated group and model control group.Rats in model groups were uninephrectomized and injected with daunorubicin(5 mg/kg)after 1 week through the tail vein.Twenty-four hours of urinary protein excretion,serum creatinine(Scr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN)were measured at the 12th week.Renal pathology was evaluated.Immunohistochemistry(SupervisionTM)was performed on renal glomeruli tissue to detect the expression of ?-SMA.Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)was used to examine the expression levels of ?-SMA mRNA in glomeruli.SPSS 13.0 software was used to analyze the two variables.Results In model control group,the urinary protein,Scr,BUN significantly increased(Pa
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Objective To study the distribution of apolipoprotein E(apoE) genotypes and alleles in children with primary nephrotic syndrome(PNS),and to investigate the relationship between apoE gene polymorphism and disturbance of serum lipid metabolism.Methods Forty-six children with PNS were compared with 39 age-sex-matched healthy children.Serum levels of total cholesterol(TC),triglyeride(TG),high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C),low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C),apoA_1,apoB and apoA_1/B were detected,and polychain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism(PCR-SSCP) combined with gene sequence determination was used to confirm the apoE genotypes in two groups.Results 1.Serum TC,TG,HDL-C,LDL-C,apoB and apoA_1/B in PNS group were higher than those of control group,respectively(P