Dietary total antioxidant capacity and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study

There is growing evidence that dietary antioxidants may have favourable effects in reducing cancer risk. In a case-control study we investigated the association of dietary total antioxidant capacity [TAC] and risk of breast cancer. Sociodemographic data, medical history and anthropometric measurements were collected from 275 women [100 breast cancer cases and 175 controls]. Participants' usual dietary intake was measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and their dietary TAC was estimated. An inverse, but non-significant, association was observed between dietary TAC and breast cancer risk. Multiple logistic regression models based on TAC of individual food groups showed that consumption of fruits and vegetables with higher TAC [micro molTE/100 g] was associated with a significantly decreased risk of breast cancer. Our study supports a protective effect of dietary antioxidants in relation to breast cancer risk. Food selection based on TAC of foods may be an effective strategy to modify the risk of cancer

[Dietary patterns and breast Cancer among women]

Although breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women worldwide, only a few investigations have addressed the role of dietary patterns. Our main objective, was to identify the relationship of major dietary patterns and breast cancer. In this case-control study, 100 patients, 30-65 years old, with breast cancer, and 174 controls from the Shohada hospital in Tehran, were sampled. Dietary intake was measured with a food frequency questionnaire. Physical activity, demographic factors and health status were questioned. The questionnaires were completed by an interviewers. Factor analysis was used to identify major dietary patterns. The association between major dietary patterns and breast cancer risk were examined by logistic regression analysis. Two dietary patterns were identified. The healthy food pattern was characterized by the consumption of vegetables, fruits, low fat dairy, legumes, olive and liquid oils, Condiments, fish, organic meat, poultry, pickles, soya, and whole grains and the unhealthy food pattern was characterized by consumption of colas, sugar, tea, coffee, potato chips, fried potatoes, salt, sweets, desserts, hydrogenated fats, nuts, commercial fruit juice, refined grains, and red and processed meat. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, women in the highest tertile of the healthy dietary pattern scores, had a 66% decreased risk of breast cancer compared to those in the lowest [OR: 0.34 CI: 0.11-1.05]; the unhealthy dietary pattern significantly increased the risk of breast cancer [OR: 5.17 CI: 1.56-17.14]. The healthy dietary pattern was inversely, and the unhealthy dietary pattern was directly associated with breast cancer risk

Fermentation, fractionation and purification of streptokinase by chemical reduction method

Streptokinase is used clinically as an intravenous thrombolytic agent for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction and is commonly prepared from cultures of Streptococcus equisimilis strain H46A. The objective of the present study was the production of streptokinase from strain H46A and purification by chemical reduction method. The rate of streptokinase production evaluated under the effect of changes on some fermentation factors. Moreover, due to the specific structure of streptokinase, a chemical reduction method employed for the purification of streptokinase from the fermentation broth. The H46A strain of group C streptococcus, was grown in a fermentor. The proper pH adjusted with NaOH under glucose feeding in an optimum temperature. The supernatant of the fermentation product was sterilized by filtration and concentrated by ultrafiltration. The pH of the concentrate was adjusted, cooled, and precipitated by methanol. Protein solution was reduced with dithiothreitol [DTT]. Impurities settled down by aldrithiol-2 and the biological activity of supernatant containing streptokinase was determined. In the fed -batch culture, the rate of streptokinase production increased over two times as compared with the batch culture and the impurities were effectively separated from streptokinase by reduction method. Improvements in SK production are due to a decrease in lag phase period and increase in the growth rate of logarithmic phase. The methods of purification often result in unacceptable losses of streptokinase, but the chemical reduction method give high yield of streptokinase and is easy to perform it

[ study on trauma epidemiology in children referred to Isfahan Alzahra hospital during 2004-7]

Accidents are the leading cause of emergency room admissions and mortality for children below the age of 15. This study evaluate overall epidemiological information of pediatric trauma in children referred to Isfahan Alzahra Hospital. This cross-sectional study included 2300 children admitted to Alzahra Hospital emergency room during 2005-8. Data including age, sex, kind of trauma, site of injury, blood pressure and cause of death were recorded in prepared checklist by the study of hospital files. Female to male ratio was 2:1 [66.7% versus 33.3]. Most of the events [45%] happened at home and school. Fall [32%] followed by motor vehicle accidents [31.1%] were the most common mechanisms of trauma. The most common areas injured in pediatric multiple trauma victims were head [34.3%] and limbs [18.9%]. Mortality rate was [4.1%].Falling down and traffic accidents are very common in pediatric emergencies. Training the parents to believe that their children are in need of protection and surveillance is the most effective program of decreasing trauma-induced mortality in children

Pre-induction sedation with intranasal midazolam in children

Surgical procedures are one of the most stressful experiences in life, especially in children, and different methods are used preoperatively to decreasing this stress. Intranasal midazolam is an effective method for preparing the children before operation and prevents separation irritability. Sixty patients aged 2-6 years that have elective surgery for the first time were chosen randomly. Subjects were randomly allocated into two groups. For the patients in group 1, intranasal midazolam [0.2 mg/kg] and for the patients in group 2, the equal volume of normal saline 0.04ml/kg was administered intranasally. Patients' cries, irritability, hand moving during IV canulla insertion, consciousness before anesthesia and cooperation during face mask ventilation were evaluated. In group 1, 93.3% of children did not cry or cried mildly when separated from parents, 90% of children in group 2 cried moderately or severely [P<0.05]. Ninety percent of patients in group 1 cooperated well, but resistance was moderate or severe in group 2 [76.6%] [P<0.05]. Before anesthesia 73.4% of patients in group 1 were asleep, but woke up with stimulation. In contrast, 63.3% of patients in group 2 were awake and 30% of patients were irritable [P<0.05]. Ninety percent of patients in group 1 moved their hands slightly during IV canulla insertion but hand moving was exaggerated in 83.3% of patients in group 2 [P<0.05]. All patients in group 1 cooperated well during face mask ventilation but 76.6% of patients in group 2 refused it [P<0.05]. The results of the present study suggested that intranasal midazolam was an effective drug for pre-induction sedation in children

study of nursing students attitudes towards patients training

Patient training has many benefits and positive results such as: decreasing health cares expenses, increasing their quality and helping patient to gain independency and self-sufficiency. This study is done to determine the importance of patients training from nursing student's point of view. This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study in which 50 nursing students [3[rd] and 4[th] year] from Yasouj nursing and midwifery college participated. The instrument of data collection was a questionnaire consisting of three parts: [the importance of patient training, the most important causes of preventing and facilitating of performing patient training]. The questionnaire validity and reliability was determined using content validity and test-retest respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistical indexes. Results indicated that, 48 students [96.0%] were absolutely agree with patient training, 46 persons [92.0%] with effective communication of nurse with patient in relation with training acceptance by patient and 45 students [90.0%] were agree with using different training methods. 45 of them [90.0%] believed that, educational level and culairal background of patients and their accompanies influence in their learning. The most important preventive and facilitative training factor based on students attitude includes; patient's lack of physical and psychological readiness during training [94.0%] and trainer's interest and motive [98.0%]. Considering the research results based on recognition of the preventive and facilitative training factors, performing nursing process at internship period based on patient training, using different educational methods for readiness and attracting patient's confidence for training, executing training programs while servicing and appointing sufficient personnel are necessary

nurse role and value from Yasouj people view point

The nursing is a dynamic profession that it's functions are continuously changing. During the nursing history, nurses had an important role in providing the remedy services. What is important in this field is the meditation of society which guide the nurses to understand this fact that, each person has right to have a suitable health and remedy services. So this research has been done to determine the type of view point of society people to the subject. This research is a descriptive analytic type, which has been done in 2002 on 657 persons in Yasouj. The tools and devices for collecting data was a questionnaire with three section information about demography, nurses multi roles and view points about the nursing nobility. Method of sampling was simple and was based on the available samples. The collected data were analyzed by use of SPSS soft ware, descriptive parameters and T test, Correlation test and analysis of Variance. The results showed positive view point of most people [79.5%] about the multi roles of nurse in the society. The statistical studies showed that, 86.8% of people had a positive aspect to nursing profession. There was no significant difference in the view point of people in different education level, age, sex and job to these roles. The other results showed that, there was positive aspect due to nursing profession [p<0.05]. Since most of questioned samples had positive aspect towards nursing profession, there is a suitable condition to introduce the role and position of nurse in the society in order to expand good nursing services in health and medical system

[ knowledge level and attitude of pre-university students of Yasuj city towards AIDS in 2003]

AIDS is not only a health problem but also a socio-cultural intricacy followed by economical consequences. Since a definite treatment has not been found so far and considering the importance of adolescence of status of school in health education, this research has been carried out with the aim to determine the knowledge level and attitude of pre- university students towards Aids. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study which was performed on 400 pre university students at the high-schools of the Yasuj city in 1382. The subjects were selected through regular and random sampling. The data collections device was a questionnaire including demographic information and questions about knowledge and attitude toward AIDS. The data were then analyzed by SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistical tests. Findings showed that most of the cases [98.2%] have heard about the disease. The source of getting information for most of students [63%] was mass media such as radio, TV, Newspapers and magazine. The knowledge level of most of the cases [77.5%] were good and their attitude were desirable [77%]. The study also showed a significant difference between the knowledge level of samples with sex, educational field, parent's occupation and mother's education and their attitude with their sex and mother's occupation and education [p<0.05]. There was also a significant difference between knowledge level and attitude of sample with their sex and mother's occupation and educatine. Findings revealed that most of the subjects had got their information from the mass media and the level of knowledge of most of them was good and their attitude was desirable. Thus extensive use of health education programs through mass media is recommended

effect of local heat on incidence of sore throat and hoarseness after endotracheal intubation

Sore-throat and hoarseness are the most common complication after endotracheal intubation which take place 12-24 hr after operation. Different studies have reported the incidence of these complications between 24-90%. Increase of heat on the trachea will raise the blood pressure in the local capillaries and therefore induce better blood supplementation to the local tissues. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of local heat on the incidence of sore- throat and hoarseness after endotracheal intubations. One hundred and sixty patients aging 15 -50 years old, candidate for elective surgeries under general anesthesia, were randomly divided into two groups. Patients for head and neck surgeries were excluded from the study. Methods of intubation, type, size, cuff pressure of ETT, method of anesthesia and time of operation were the same for all patients. During the operation time, local heat was applied on the external surface of trachea [up to 40 [oc] by using electrical blanket for the patients in the study group. 24 hr after operation all the patients were visited by anesthesiologist for evaluating the sore- throat and hoarseness. The incidence of sore-throat in the control group was 65% versus 40% in the study group [p<0.05]. Moreover the incidence of hoarseness was 66.2% in the control group versus 10% in the case group. Application of local heat [40[oc] on the external surface of trachea can effectively decreases the incidence of postoperative sore - throat and hoarseness

[ effect of suppository diclofenac na on post operative shivering in elective caesarian section surgery]

Introduction and Objective: post-operative shivering is a common complication of general anesthesia with a reported incidence of 40-70 percent. It increases metabolic rate of oxygen demand, cardiac output, intracranial pressure, surgical incision retracture and post-operative pain. Various drugs such as NSAIDS have been used to treat or prevent post-anesthetic shivering. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Diclofenac Na suppository on post-anesthetic shivering

Materials and Methods: this is a double? blind randomized clinical trial performed on 120 primiparous women undergone elective Caesarian delivery. They were randomly divided into two case and control groups. Vital signs of all the patients were measured before anesthesia and recorded. Drugs used for premedication, induction and maintenance of anesthesia were the same in both groups. Just before the induction of general anesthesia, patients in case group received one suppository [100 mg] of diclofenac Na. Shivering was evaluated during 60 minutes after extubation and vital signs were measured as well. The data were analyzed by SPSS software

Results: post anesthetic shivering was observed in 61/7% of control group and 5% of case group [p< 0. 0001]. Post anesthetic hypothernia was much more frequent in control group in comparison with Diclofenac Na group [p<0. 0001]. In comparison with control group, case group had more stability in body temperature

Conclusion: results of this study indicate that a single dose of suppository Diclofenac Na [100 mg] prevents post-anesthetic shivering without significant effect on body temperature. Accordingly, it can be suggested that suppository Diclofenac Na can be used for the management of post operative shivering