Protective effects of vitamin E on sperm characteristics and some serum parameters in mice toxicity induced by dianabol

Background: Anabolic steroid drugs, especially dianabol, were used as energy producer drug for growth and enhancement of muscles in athletes. Using of anabolic-androgenic steroids among athletes is extended. However, there are limited information about the adverse effects of mentioned drugs on genital system. This study aimed to evaluation of protective effects of vitamin E against damages caused by dianabol on male genital system

Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 72 male mice grouped randomly to one control group and seven experimental groups [n=9]. Mice in experimental groups 1, 5, 6 and 7 received vitamin E with dose 100 IU/kgBW. Experimental groups 5, 6 and 7 were administrated dianabol with doses 5, 10 and 20 mg/kgBW after 4 hours of vitamin E reception. Mice in experimental groups 2, 3 and 4 received just dianabol with doses 5, 10 and 20 mg/kgBW. Administration method in all groups was orally by gavage for 42 days. 24 hours after last treatment, blood samples were collected from heart and sperm characteristics were evaluated

Results: Results showed significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity [TAC] and increase in malondialdehyde [MDA] in serum; vitamin E administration remarkably improved above mentioned parameters. Also, vitamin E administration caused improvement in sperm parameters and blood testosterone level

Conclusion: This study showed that vitamin E, as inhibitor of free radical, can decrease oxidative damages caused by dianabol

[Study of histometric and histopathologic changes and biochemical functioning of liver in mice Balb/C treated with methylphenidate]

Background: Methylphenidate or ritalin is one of the brain stimulant drug and used in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], narcolepsy and situational tachycardia syndrome. In the present survey, the effect of methylphenidate on the liver was studied

Materials and methods: In this experimental study, a total of 24 male mice were randomly divided into three groups, including one control and two experimental groups. In experimental groups, Ritalin was used in the doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg by gavages method for 40 days. At the end of the period and after animals' euthanasia, the livers specimens were removed. Then, histological changes were studied using a light microscope. Also, blood sera were collected and the hepatic enzymes activity was determined. The data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA test and the p<0.05 was considered as significant

Results: Administration of methylphenidate in different concentrations resulted in significant reduction of hepatocytes diameters, decrease in nuclei diameters, increase in the size of hepatic sinusoids, and also necrosis and congestion in central vein. Furthermore, in the liver parenchyma belonging to treated groups, the infiltration of mononuclear leukocytes was observed. In the treated groups, the activity of the hepatic enzymes showed a significant increase compared with the control group

Conclusion: Considering the present findings, it could be suggested to avoid of prescribing of methylphenidate, especially in the patients with hepatic failures

[Study of anatomical, histological and biochemical changes of liver in the mice exposed to phenol]

Liver is one of the most important body's organs which metabolize many of substances such as phenol. This study was done to investigate the probable effects of phenol administration on the histo-anatomical structure and also biochemical functions of the liver. In this experimental study, eighty male Balb/C mice were selected and randomly divided into one control group and three experimental groups. Distilled water was administered through gavage method on the control group and experimental groups received 80, 180 and 320 mg/kg/day of phenol, respectively, for one month. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized by chloroform and the liver was removed from body. Then, absolute and relative weights of liver were recorded. Hepatic tissue samples were taken and histological changes were examined using optical microscopy. Blood samples were also collected and after separating the sera, liver enzyme activities were analyses. Administrating phenol caused significant elevation in absolute and relative liver weights. Also, phenol treatment induced significant increase of hepatocyte diameter, hepatocyte's nuclear diameter and hepatic sinusoid size [P<0.05]. Furthermore, phenol treated animals had leukocyte infiltration, necrosis, congestion and bile duct hyperplasia in comparison with the control group. Phenol treatment caused significant elevation in the serum levels of AST, ALT and ALP [P<0.05]. The present study showed that exposing to the different concentrations of phenol can cause severe damages in the mice's liver

effect of chronic administration of methylphenidate on morphometric parameters of testes and fertility in male mice

Due to common use of methylphenidate [MPH] for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD] and the role of the reproductive system in the production of gametes, studying the effects of this medication on the morphometry of testes, serum testosterone concentration, leydig cells function, and fertility rate was the aim of this study. Twenty seven male mice [Balb/C], eight weeks old, were randomly divided into one control and two treated groups. After weighing the mice, the treated groups received MPH [produced in Novartis company] at the doses of 2 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg for 40 days. The control group received only normal saline. Subsequently, after weighing the animals, the weights of testes, dimensions of the testis, and the serum testosterone concentration were measured in six mice belonging to each group. After tissue processing, the samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, then the leydig cells were counted. In order to assess male fertility in each group, 3 male mice were chosen and each of them was kept with three female mice in a separate cage. After 10 days, the fertility rates of the male mice were determined by counting the number of embryos in uterus and the corpora lutea in their ovaries. The results of this study revealed that prescription of different doses of MPH can cause a significant decrease of the body weight. It reduces the number of leydig cells, too [p<0.01]. Moreover, serum testosterone concentration [67.72 +/- 8.24 ng/ml in control group and 0.302 +/- 0.416 ng/ml after treatment with 2 mg/kg/day MPH] and fertility rate [95.42% +/- 4.68% in control group and 64.96% +/- 18.51% after treatment with 2 mg/kg/day MPH] of the male mice declined significantly in the treated groups compared with the control group [p<0.01], but it did not cause any changes in the weight or morphometric parameters of testes. The results of this study confirmed that MPH can negatively affect serum testosterone concentration and fertility rate of the male mice by decreasing the number of leydig cells and reducing the body weight

[Effects of nicotine on sperm motility in male mice under methylphenidate treatment]

Nicotine is an important part of cigarette smoke with strong physical and psychological effects on smokers. Methylphenidate [mph] is a medicine that has been prescribed widely for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]. In the present study, effects of both mph and nicotine on sperm motility which is one of the most effective factors in male fertility genital tract have been evaluated. In this experimental study, one hundred and twenty male mice divided in 11 treated and one control groups. In treated groups, mph with doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg and nicotine with doses of 100, 200 and 400 micro gr/kg were prescribed separately and in combinations orally for 40 days. At the final day, mice were killed and percent of sperm motility was calculated by counting gametes present in vasodeferan. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-wallis, Post-Hoc [Scheffe] and student's t-test. P<0.05 was considered significant. The sperm motility has been reduced significantly in groups that received both mph and nicotine. it can be concluded that even in light smokers, mph administration at high amount can reduce sperm motility

effects of soya consumption on retrieving protein in cartilage growth [animal model]

In medical fieldj prevention and treatment of articular diseases are very important. Regarding the effect of soya on the treatment of articular diseases, we decided to underline the preference of soya compared to complete protein regimen on the growth of articular cartilage. 30 female mice [Balb/C] with 3 weeks ages were divided to three groups. Each group was fed by three different regimens: The first one; enriched protein without soya, the second one; low protein regimen, and the third: enriched protein regimen with 40% soya. At the end of 6 months, the blood samples were collected from cardiac puncture under general anesthesia and the serum level of alkaline phosphatase was measured. Then, both hind limbs were removed and after histological preparing, the thickness of the middle part of tibia cartilage, the number of chondrocytes, the concentration of intercellular substance, and the thickness of the lateral part of tibial cartilage were measured using computer assisted histomorphometric analysis. There was statistically significant increase in the thickness of the middle and lateral part of tibia cartilage, the number of chondrocytes and the serum level of alkaline phosphatase in the soya content regimen compared to the other groups [P<0.001]. This study showed that soya can stimulate the production of alkaline phosphatase, increasing of the number of chondrocytes and thickness of cartilage, and also may have an effective role in the maintenance of cartilage