Analysis of influencing factors for arteriovenous graft dysfunction in hemodialysis patients / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective:To explore the influencing factors of arteriovenous graft (AVG) dysfunction in hemodialysis (HD) patients, and provide a basis for predicting the risk of dysfunction and prolonging the service time.Methods:Retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical and follow-up data of patients who underwent AVG surgery in Department of Vascular and Interventional Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University from January 2013 to September 2018. The factors of AVG dysfunction were determined by statistical methods.Results:A total of 139 patients were enrolled, including 58 males (41.7%); the median age was 57; in which 83 patients (59.7%) developed AVG dysfunction within 24 months. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the primary patency rates were 76.1%, 56.8%, and 38.5% at 6, 12, and 24 months after the establishment of AVG. The results of Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that at 24 months after surgery, the risk of AVG dysfunction in elderly patients (>65 years old) was significantly higher than that of patients≤65 years old (Log-rank χ2=7.632, P=0.006); the risk of AVG dysfunction in patients with mean platelet volume (MPV)>10.1 fl was significantly higher than that of patients with MPV≤10.1 fl (Log-rank χ2=19.910, P<0.001); the risk of AVG dysfunction in patients with platelet distribution width (PDW)>11.4 fl was significantly higher than that of patients with PDW≤11.4 fl (Log-rank χ2=35.410, P<0.001); the risk of AVG dysfunction in patients with platelet-larger cell ratio (P-LCR)>24.8% was significantly higher than that of patients with P-LCR≤24.8% (Log-rank χ2=7.181, P=0.007). Multivariate Cox proportional risk regression analysis showed that high MPV (MPV>10.1 fl, HR=6.501, 95% CI 1.916-22.054, P=0.003), high PDW (PDW>11.4 fl, HR=3.625, 95% CI 1.957-6.714, P<0.001) and low P-LCR (P-LCR>24.8%, HR=0.145, 95% CI 0.045-0.470, P=0.001) were independent influencing factors for AVG dysfunction. The establishment of a functional prediction equation based on the above factors had a certain value in predicting the risk of AVG dysfunction in HD patients (likelihood ratio test: χ2=49.360, P<0.001). Conclusions:There are multiple factors that affect AVG dysfunction in HD patients, among which MPV, PDW and P-LCR levels may be the influencing factors for AVG dysfunction. Preoperative examination or postoperative comprehensive review of these factors during the follow-up period has certain directive significance for the prevention of AVG dysfunction.

Split-thickness scalp and allogenic acellular dermal matrix in repairing deep wounds of hands in patients with extremely extensive burns / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective@#To explore the clinical effects of split-thickness scalp and allogenic acellular dermal matrix (ADM) in repairing deep wounds of hands in patients with extremely extensive burns.@*Methods@#Six patients with extremely extensive burns complicated by deep burn in hands were admitted to our department from December 2014 to December 2017, including 4 males and 2 females, aged 21 to 58 years. Their total burn areas were from 85% to 95% total body surface area (TBSA), and the sum of deep-partial thickness and full-thickness wounds was larger than 50% TBSA. Under general anesthesia, deep wounds of 10 dorsal hands were repaired by combined transplantation of split-thickness scalp and allogenic ADM in 4 to 6 weeks after injury. The skin grafting range was beyond the metacarpophalangeal joint, including partial dorsal digital deep wounds. Survival of skin grafts on dorsal hands, follow-up of hand shape and functional recovery were observed and recorded.@*Results@#Six patients were successfully treated. There was no infection on the dorsal deep wounds of 10 hands after surgery, and the grafts survived well. During follow-up of 1 to 2 years after operation, there were no recurrent tension blisters or dorsal extension deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joints in 10 hands, the shape and function of hands recovered well, and hand Carroll scores were from 90 to 99 points, with functional levels of Ⅴ and Ⅵ.@*Conclusions@#The combined transplantation of split-thickness scalp and allogenic ADM is a good method for repairing deep hand wounds in patients with extremely extensive burns, which can alleviate the cicatrix hyperplasia and contracture of healed hand wounds, and improve the shape and function of hands.

Clinical study of peripheral blood T cell subsets in patients with malignant lymphoma by flow cytometry / 实用肿瘤学杂志

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of flow cytometry on peripheral blood T cell subsets in patients with malignant lymphoma and its relationship with clinicopathological and tumor types.Methods Ninety-eight patients with malignant lymphoma treated in our hospital from August 2014 to September 2016 were selected as the study group.Ninety-eight healthy subjects were selected as the control group.The peripheral blood T cell subsets(CD3 +,CD4 +,CD8 +,CD4 +/CD8 +)were detected in patients and healthy controls by flow cytometry.Results The levels of CD3 +and CD4 +/CD8 +in the study group were (55.63±11.25)and(1.32±0.62),respectively,which were significantly lower than those(68.96±12.63)and (1.59±0.59)of the control group(P<0.05).The levels of CD4 +and CD8 +were(33.67±8.14)and(26.02±4.67),respectively in the study group,were no difference from the control group(34.12±8.33)and(25.67±4.53)(P>0.05).The levels of CD3+and CD4 +/CD8 +in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma were(54.63±11.36),(1.22±0.65),respectively,and(55.52±12.02),(1.34±0.71)for non-hodgkin lymphoma.They were significantly decreoseg in the control group(68.96±12.63 for CD3 +and 1.59±0.59 for CD4 +/CD8 +) (P<0.05).The level of CD4 +and CD8 +were no difference amoupst Hodgkin's lymphoma(33.78±8.23 for CD4 +and 25.74±4.88 for CD8 +),non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(25.74±4.88 for CD4 +and 33.62±8.74 for CD8 +)and control group(34.12±8.33 for CD4 +and 25.67±4.53 for CD8 +)(P>0.05).The levels of CD3 +,CD4+and CD4 +/CD8 +in patients with Ⅲ ~Ⅳ stage malignant lymphoma were(52.66±12.47), (28.25±6.32)and(1.30±0.62),respectively,which were significantly lower than those(68.96±12.63), (34.12±8.33)and(1.59±0.59)in the control group(P<0.05).The level of CD3 +in patients with phase Ⅰ-Ⅱ malignant lymphoma(58.63±11.85)was significantly lower than that in the control group(68.96±12.63)(P<0.05).The level of CD8 +in patients with phase Ⅰ-Ⅱ malignant lymphoma(29.63±3.57)was significantly higher than that in the control group(25.67±4.53)(P<0.05).Conclusion The detection of peripheral blood T cell subsets by flow cytometry can be used as an important methods to diagnose the disease,staging and immune status of patients with malignant lymphoma,which has high application value.

Clinical study of peripheral blood T cell subsets in patients with malignant lymphoma by flow cytometry / 实用肿瘤学杂志

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of flow cytometry on peripheral blood T cell subsets in patients with malignant lymphoma and its relationship with clinicopathological and tumor types.Methods Ninety-eight patients with malignant lymphoma treated in our hospital from August 2014 to September 2016 were selected as the study group.Ninety-eight healthy subjects were selected as the control group.The peripheral blood T cell subsets(CD3 +,CD4 +,CD8 +,CD4 +/CD8 +)were detected in patients and healthy controls by flow cytometry.Results The levels of CD3 +and CD4 +/CD8 +in the study group were (55.63±11.25)and(1.32±0.62),respectively,which were significantly lower than those(68.96±12.63)and (1.59±0.59)of the control group(P<0.05).The levels of CD4 +and CD8 +were(33.67±8.14)and(26.02±4.67),respectively in the study group,were no difference from the control group(34.12±8.33)and(25.67±4.53)(P>0.05).The levels of CD3+and CD4 +/CD8 +in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma were(54.63±11.36),(1.22±0.65),respectively,and(55.52±12.02),(1.34±0.71)for non-hodgkin lymphoma.They were significantly decreoseg in the control group(68.96±12.63 for CD3 +and 1.59±0.59 for CD4 +/CD8 +) (P<0.05).The level of CD4 +and CD8 +were no difference amoupst Hodgkin's lymphoma(33.78±8.23 for CD4 +and 25.74±4.88 for CD8 +),non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(25.74±4.88 for CD4 +and 33.62±8.74 for CD8 +)and control group(34.12±8.33 for CD4 +and 25.67±4.53 for CD8 +)(P>0.05).The levels of CD3 +,CD4+and CD4 +/CD8 +in patients with Ⅲ ~Ⅳ stage malignant lymphoma were(52.66±12.47), (28.25±6.32)and(1.30±0.62),respectively,which were significantly lower than those(68.96±12.63), (34.12±8.33)and(1.59±0.59)in the control group(P<0.05).The level of CD3 +in patients with phase Ⅰ-Ⅱ malignant lymphoma(58.63±11.85)was significantly lower than that in the control group(68.96±12.63)(P<0.05).The level of CD8 +in patients with phase Ⅰ-Ⅱ malignant lymphoma(29.63±3.57)was significantly higher than that in the control group(25.67±4.53)(P<0.05).Conclusion The detection of peripheral blood T cell subsets by flow cytometry can be used as an important methods to diagnose the disease,staging and immune status of patients with malignant lymphoma,which has high application value.

Differential gene expression profiling for identification of potential pathogenic genes and pathways in carotid unstable plaques / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the molecular mechanism in the formation of unstable plaques.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The cDNA microarray E-MTAB-2055 was downloaded from ArrayExpress database to screen the differentially expressed genes in 24 ruptured plaques against 24 stable plaques. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted to define the biological processes and pathways involved in disease progression. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed to identify the risk modules with close interactions. Five pairs of carotid specimens were used to validate 3 differentially expressed genes of the risk modules by real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 439 genes showed differential expression in our analysis, including 232 up-regulated and 207 down-regulated genes according to the data filter criteria. Immune-related biological processes and pathways were greatly enriched. The protein-protein interaction network and module analysis suggested that TYROBP, VCL and CXCR4 might play critical roles in the development of unstable plaques, and differential expressions of CXCR4 and TYROBP in carotid plaques were confirmed by real-time PCR.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our study shows the differential gene expression profile, potential biological processes and signaling pathways involved in the process of plaque rupture. TYROBP may be a new candidate disease gene in the pathogenesis of unstable plaques.</p>

Application Evaluation of Clinical Parenteral Nutrition in Our Hospital / 中国药师

Objective:To establish the methods and standard for the evaluation of rational application of parenteral nutrition ( PN) in primary hospitals. Methods:Medical records with the use of fat emulsion, amino acids (17) and glucose (11%) injection were col-lected. The integrity of the medical records was analyzed, the compatibility of supplementary drugs was evaluated, and basal metabo-lism rate(BMR) was calculated for the relevant assessment. Results:Totally 66. 7% of the patients had incomplete basic parameters of nutritional risk assessment, the cases had different course of treatment but showed no significant difference in total usage of fat emul-sion, amino acids (17) and glucose (11%) injection,and the non-protein calories of fat emulsion, amino acids (17) and glucose (11%) injection accounted for 72. 1% of basal metabolism rate of an individual on average (S=8. 9). Supplementary usage of KCl accounted for 63. 0% of the cases, of which 70. 6% were overdosed;62. 9% of the cases used supplementary alanyl-glutamine with overdosage. Conclusion:In the PN application in our hospital, nutritional risk assessment is basically missed, and there is a great gap between the level of developing reasonable individual program and the requirements in guidelines. Clinical pharmacists should enhance the related monitoring and evaluation in PN application.

Application of case-based learning in training vascular surgery resident doctors / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore the application and effect of case-based learning(CBL)in vas-cular surgery clinical teaching. Methods Totally 37 resident doctors were randomly divided into 2 groups respectively: CBL teaching group (n=21)and traditional teaching group (n=16). CBL teaching was con-ducted through the following procedures:selecting typical cases-establishing and applying typical case library-autonomous learning-holding regular seminars. Traditional teaching was conducted through the following procedures: basic theory studying-participating in clinical practice-participating in case discus-sion. Evaluation was conducted based on test socre (written test and clinical operational skill test)and res-idents' feedback of teaching effect. Data were statistically described and independent sample t test was performed. Results Theoretical exam score and clinical skill test score were high in CBL group than in traditional group ((thoretical score:(85.53 ±1.75) vs. (79.94 ±2.29);clinical skill test score:(85.10±1.64)vs.(80.31±1.82)). CBL teaching group had advantages in improving learning efficiency, cultivat-ing clinical thinking,promoting mastery and application of knowledge,broadening knowledge, promoting communication and expression ability and improving study enthusiasm ,et al . Conclusion CBL teaching can effectively improve the teaching quality and obtain higher evaluation. Typical case li-brary should be constantly improved and education of vascular surgical basic theory should be strength-ened to promote CBL.

Skeletonization of the great saphenous vein at the saphenofemoral junction for primary varicosity: techniques and outcomes / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the surgical technique of skeletonization of the great saphenous vein (GSV) at the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) in surgical intervention of primary varicosity and evaluate the outcomes one year after the operation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 624 cases (774 limbs) of primary varicosity of the GSV were prospectively divided into skeletonization group (265 cases, 325 limbs) and control group (359 cases, 449 limbs). In the skeletonization group, skeletonization of the GSV at the SFJ, its branches and other aberrantly joined superficial veins was performed, and in the control group, routine high ligation of the GSV was performed, after which laser-ablation of the GSV, GSV stripping, Muller's operation, mutilation of the perforators and ulcer-related operations were performed in both groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty cases in the skeletonization group were found to have superficial veins directly joining into the femoral vein or into the GSV in different tissue layers. In 14 cases in the control group, the superficial veins of the internal femoris or lateral femoris were mistaken for the GSV. No difference was found in the operating time between the two groups (t=0.68, P>0.05), but the skeletonization group had a significantly less bleeding volume (t=1.75, P<0.05). Statistical differences were found between the two groups in intraoperative bleeding rate in the inguinal regions, venous clinical severity scores (2.1∓0.5 vs 4.6∓0.9, t=1.96, P<0.05), and residual varicosity and recurrences (3/325 vs 13/449, V=1.25, P<0.05) at the one year follow-up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Skeletonization of the GSV and its branches and other aberrantly joined superficial veins at the SFJ can decrease the postoperative residual varicosity and recurrence due to blood reflux.</p>

The influence of lateral occlusal forces to the stress distribution of restorative material of wedge-shaped defect / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluation the influences of lateral occlusal forces to stress distribution in filling material after the restorative therapy of wedge-shaped defect.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A three-dimensional finite element model of maxillary first premolar with wedge-shaped defect was established. The defect zone of the model with simulated glass ionomer was restored. Loads of different directions were applied on the model and stress analysis of restorative material were conducted.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>When the loading direction was parallel to the tooth long axis, restorative material unit subjected to relative small stress. When the loading direction was vertical to the cusp inclined plane, stress endured by restorative material unit was significantly increased, as the angle of loading inclination increased, the increase of stress became more pronounced.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>After the restorative treatment of wedge-shaped defects in clinical, occlusal adjustment should be applied to reduce the inclination of cusp to relieve the lateral forces subjected by tooth so as to ease the stress burden of restorative material.</p>

A Study of Strephenopodia and Strephexopodia of Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy Based on Gait Analysis / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To find out the mechanism of strephenopodia and strephexopodia of children with spastic cerebral palsy by analyzing their gait character.MethodsForty children with spastic cerebral palsy and forty healthy children with normal walking ability were involved in this research.Footscan 7 gait analysis system was used to measure foot initial touchdown part,the ratio of different part touchdown phase to single supporting phase,the degree of strephenopodia and strephexopodia in different part.Two groups' characteristic parameters were analyzed by statistics method.ResultsSignificant differences were found in foot first touchdown part between two groups(P<0.05).The phenomenon that toes or metatarsus or whole foot first touch the earth was found in children with spastic cerebral palsy.The ratio of anterior foot and middle foot touchdown phase to single supporting phase were higher than normal children(P<0.05).In spastic cerebral palsy group the phenomenon of strephexopodia was more serious than strephenopodia during anterior foot touchdown phase.ConclusionLots of children with spastic cerebral palsy are suffering long-time compression pain and strephexopodia with anterior foot,active rectification must be performed during rehabilitation care.

A Study of Strephenopodia and Strephexopodia of Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy Based on Gait Analysis / 中国康复理论与实践

@# Objective To find out the mechanism of strephenopodia and strephexopodia of children with spastic cerebral palsy by analyzing their gait character.MethodsForty children with spastic cerebral palsy and forty healthy children with normal walking ability were involved in this research.Footscan 7 gait analysis system was used to measure foot initial touchdown part,the ratio of different part touchdown phase to single supporting phase,the degree of strephenopodia and strephexopodia in different part.Two groups' characteristic parameters were analyzed by statistics method.ResultsSignificant differences were found in foot first touchdown part between two groups(P<0.05).The phenomenon that toes or metatarsus or whole foot first touch the earth was found in children with spastic cerebral palsy.The ratio of anterior foot and middle foot touchdown phase to single supporting phase were higher than normal children(P<0.05).In spastic cerebral palsy group the phenomenon of strephexopodia was more serious than strephenopodia during anterior foot touchdown phase.ConclusionLots of children with spastic cerebral palsy are suffering long-time compression pain and strephexopodia with anterior foot,active rectification must be performed during rehabilitation care.

Diagnosis of Arteriosclerosis Obliterans of Lower Extremity in Early Stage / 中国普外基础与临床杂志

Objective To explore the methods of early diagnosis of arteriosclerosis obliterans of lower extremity (ASOLE).Methods The related literatures on ASOLE detection means adopted clinically were reviewed,and their advantages and disadvantages were compared.Results Asymptomatic ASOLE could be discovered by determination of ankle brachial index (ABI) and toe brachial index (TBI),which was a good index for arterial function assessment of lower extremity.Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was more vulnerable and less sensitive than ABI,and therefore more suitable for screening of a large sample.ASI was an index to assess arterial structure and function,and it had a good correlation with PWV.Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was a measurement evaluating the function of endothelial cell;Pulse wave measurement was simple,sensitive,and its result was reliable.Color Doppler ultrasonography could localizate the lesion and determine the degree of stenosis at the same time.Multiple-slice CT angiography (MSCTA) was more accurate than color Doppler ultrasonography,but its inherent shortcomings,such as nephrotoxicity of contrast agent,was still need to be resolved.3D-contrast enhancement magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) had little nephrotoxicity,but a combination of other imaging methods was necessary.Microcirculation detections required high consistency of the measurement environment,but they were simple,sensitive and noninvasive,and therefore could be used for screening of ASO.Conclusion Publicity and education of high-risk groups,and reasonable selection of all kinds of detection means,are helpful to improve the early diagnosis of ASOLE.

A study of the pour blood and the oxygen metabolic in tissue for extra-artery fascia flap / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of the work was to study the change for blood pour into the artery fascial flap and oxygen metabolic in tissue that knew the process of the flap.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We do the artery fascial flap in the rabbit, then measured the skin capillary blood flow and the content of the MDA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The content of the MDA rise when the blood flow descends in the flap, but it lives well.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>That the content of the MDA rise as time the blood flow descend in the flap is a gradual process of the whole flap from tip to end, the flap will not appear necrosis until the MDA reach a rather degree.</p>

Assay of gram-negative bacteria 16SrRNA gene in chronic abacterial prostatitis / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To explore the possible etiological factors in chronic abacterial prostatitis. Methods 16SrRNA gene of gram-negative bacteria was assayed in 10 urethral swab and 24 EPS samples from the patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis.Also,samples from 10 normal male adults (controls) EPS were assayed by the same technique. Results Among the 24 chronic abacterial prostatitis EPS samples,16SrDNA was positive in 13.But the result was negative in all the urethral swab samples.Only one of the 10 normal EPS was positive for 16SrRNA gene( P

Clinicopathological features of resectable carcinoma of the pancreatic head:a report of 102 cases / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To explore the clinicopathelogical features of resectable carcinoma of the head of (pancreas).Methods A retrospcctive analysis was made on the clinicopathological data of 102 patients with cancer of the head of pancreas, who had received pancreatoduodenectomy from Nanfang Hospital in January 1990 to January 2003. Results The incidence rate of the peri-pancreatic tissue infiltration was 74.5%,the infiltration rate of retroperitonealfat was 27.5% and the incidence rate of peri-pancreatic lymph-node (metastasis) was 71.6%. Metastasis rate of 21.1% was seen in the abdominal aorta lymph nodes. (Conclusions) Surgically resectable carcinoma of the pancreatic head is not equivalent to early cancer. The surgical area of radical resection of cancer of the pancreatic head should at least include pancreatoduodenectomy and clearance of regional soft tissue and lymph nodes. It may be more reasonable if the abdominal aorta lymph nodes were assigned to the first station of lymph drainage of carcinoma of head of the pancreas.

The relationship between expression of p53 protein and AgNORs count and histological grade in pancreatic adenocarcinoma / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To study the relationship between expression of p53 protein and AgNORs count and histological grade in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.METHODS:Fifty-six patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and 25 normal pancreatic tissue were examined for mutant P53 protein by immunohistochemistry,silver binding nucleolar organizer regions(AgNORs)were counted in cancer cells,and histological grade was observed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.RESULTS:P53 protein positive expression was 50% in pancreatic adenocarcinoma,P53 protein expression was negative in all normal pancreatic tissue.There is a significant difference in P53 expression between normal pancreatic tissue and pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissue.The mean AgNORs count was 9.14?2.08 in group with P53 protein positive expression,and 5.99?1.84 in group with P53 protein negative expression group.The P53 expression was associated with AgNORs significantly.The P53 expression was significantly related with histological grade,and AgNORs count was also significantly related with histological grade.CONCLUSION:P53 may be closely related to carcinogenesis and development of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.P53 protein expression and AgNORs count might be a useful prognostic factor in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

THE ARTERIES OF THE DORSALIS PEDIS FLAP / 解剖学报

The Arteria dorsalis pedis of 50 lower limbs of adult Chinese cadavers were injected with the chloroform solution of red pigment.Then the cutaneous arteries of the Ar- teria dorsalis pedis were dissected,observed and measured under an operating microscope. The arteria dorsalis pedis was divided into proximal,intermediate and distal portions. In all cases this artery gives off direct cutaneous arteries which are more concentrated in the proximal and distal portions. In the proximal portion,the cutaneous arteries are constantly provided with larger caliber and longer length of extension.The percentage of the presence of the cutaneous arteries of the distal portion is rather high,yet both their caliber and length of extension are smaller than the branches of the proximal portion. There are certain anastomoses between the neighboring cutaneous arteries.Most of the cutaneous arteries run along the course of the medial dorsal cutaneous nerves.This nerve may be considered as a guide to find those cutaneous arteries. The caliber of the most cutaneous arteries is large enough for microsurgical vaso- anastomosis.Thus the data of this article may be helpful to clinicians who want to make a vascularized free dorsalis pedis skin flap.

THE VESSELS OF THE SKIN FLAPS AT GROIN REGION 2. THE MACRO-MICROANATOMY OF THE SUPERFICIAL EPIGASTRIC VESSELS / 解剖学报

In many textbooks and literature, the course and distribution of the superficial epigastric artery (SEA) was described as a single vessel corresponding to the medial main branch (MMB) in our series, the lateral main branch (LMB) was always neglected. In 20% of fifty cases we observed, the SEA possesses a trunk which divides into two main branches.The LMB is present in 66%. It enters the superficial fascia by passing through the fascia lata. The penetrating points of the LMB are found mostly around a center 5 mm lateral and 15 mm distal to the origin of the femoral artery. It ascends along a vertical line 10 mm lateral to the origin of the femoral artery, and supplies the lateral part of the middle portion of the lower abdomen at that side.The MMB is present in 68%. It enters the superficial fascia by passing through the fossa ovalis. The penetrating points of the MMB are found mostly around a center 25 mm distal to the origin of the femoral artery. It ascends along a vertical line 10mm medial to the origin of the femoral artery, and supplies the medial half of lower abdomen at that side.The caliber of each main branch is intimately correlated with the area of the skin it supplies. The axis, depth, distribution of the SEA or its main branches as vessels of the skin flaps at groin region has been discussed.