Department of Clinicopathological analysis of papillary thyroid carcinoma with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective:To discuss the effect of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) on papillary thyroid carcinoma (РТС) .Methods:The clinical features and pathological characteristics of 682 patients who underwent surgical treatment for the first time from Sep. 1st,2019 to May. 1st, 2021 in Department of Thyroid, Breast and Hernia Surgery, and confirmed by postoperative pathology as papillary thyroid carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. There were 189 male patients, and 493 female patients, 529 patients < 55 years old and 153 patients ≥55 years old. 476 patients were classified as PTC group and 206 patients as PTC combined with HT group. Chi square test was used to compare the difference between two groups in gender, age, thyroglobulin antibody, thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroid peroxidase antibodies, thyroid peroxidase, number of lesions, metastasis lymph node in central region, thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody, carcinoembryonic antigen, whether microcarcinoma, vascular invasion, glandular outside violation, capsule and lateral transfer analysis, ultrasonic calcification, etc. At the same time, all patients were divided into the group without central lymph node metastasis (345 cases) and the group with central lymph node metastasis (337 cases) . The χ 2 test was used to compare the differences between the two groups in terms of sex, age, number of lesions, microcarcinoma, vascular invasion, extradular invasion, capsular invasion, lateral cervical lymph node metastasis, ultrasonic calcification and so on, so as to analyze the differences in clinical characteristics between the two groups. Results:There were 206 cases (30.21%) in PTC combined with HT group and 476 cases (69.79%) in PTC without HT group. There were significant differences in gender (12/194 vs 177/299) ( P=0.000) , age (175/31 vs 354/122) ( P=0.002) , TgAb (115/91 vs 455/21) ( P=0.000) ,TSH (13/175/18 vs 33/429/14) ( P=0.004) , TPOAb (90/116 vs 422/54) ( P=0.000) , number of lesions (114/92 vs 325/151) ( P=0.001) and lymph node metastasis in central area (87/119 vs 250/226) ( P=0.014) between the two groups ( P < 0.05) , but there were no significant differences in TRAb (196/10 vs 461/15) ( P=0.171) , CEA (205/1 vs 469/7) ( P=0.478) , microcarcinoma (136/70 vs 309/167) ( P=0.781) , vascular invasion (4/202 vs 16/460) ( P=0.446) , extraglandular invasion (52/154 vs 108/368) ( P=0.470) , capsule invasion (149/57 vs 358/118) ( P=0.429) , lateral neck lymph node metastasis (31/175 vs 72/404) ( P=0.979) or ultrasonic calcification (157/49 vs 392/84) ( P=0.063) . Compared with PTC group, PTC combined with HT group had the characteristics of more women, younger age, high TgAb, high TSH, high TPOAb, multiple lesions and high proportion of non central lymph node metastasis. There were 345 cases (50.59%) without central lymph node metastasis and 337 cases (49.41%) with central lymph node metastasis. Gender (71/274 vs 118/219) ( P=0.000) , age (246/99 vs 283/54) ( P=0.000) , exadular invasion (66/279 vs 94/243) ( P=0.007) , number of lesions (240/105 vs 199/138) ( P=0.004) , microcarcinoma (259/86 vs 186/151) ( P=0.000) , calcification on ultrasound (250/95 vs 299/38) ( P=0.000) , and HT (119/226 vs 87/250) ) ( P=0.014) had statistical significance ( P<0.05) but had no statistical significance in capsule invasion (250/95 vs 257/80) ( P=0.256) or vascular invasion (10/335 vs 10/327) ( P=0.958) . In addition, patients in the group with central lymph node metastasis were more male, younger, with multiple lesions, exadenocarcinoma, less microcarcinoma, and calcification on ultrasound without hashimoto. Univariate analysis showed that gender, age, number of lesions, extraglandular invasion, calcification, microcarcinoma and Hashimoto had significant effects on lymph node metastasis in the central region; Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of microcarcinoma, ultrasonic calcification, Hashimoto and the number of lesions were independent risk factors for central lymph node metastasis. Conclusion:HT may promote the occurrence of PTC, but at the same time inhibit its development, so that PC patients with HT have a better prognosis.

One case of recurrent parathyroid carcinoma complicated with lung metastasis after parathyroid adenoma operation and literature review / 中华内分泌外科杂志

This paper reports the clinical data of a patient with recurrent metastatic parathyroid carcinoma. The causes, clinical manifestation, diagnose, treatment and prognosis of parathyroid carcinoma were discussed in order to perfect the experience of diagnosis and treatment and improve the survival rate of such patients.

Effect of annexin A1 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of papillary thyroid carcinoma / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of ANXA on biological behavior of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cells by interfering with the expression of annexin A1 (ANXA1) in PTC cell lines by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) .Methods:The shRNA with specific and high efficiency was designed to specifically interfere with the expression of ANXA1 in TPC-1 and BCPAP cell lines, and transfect the TPC-1 and BCPAP cell lines respectively, including specific ANXA1 interference and negative control virus transfection, and they were divided into shANXA1 group and negative control virus group. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR (Q-PCR) and Western Blot were employed to verify gene expression. The shANXA1 group was used as the experimental group, the untransfected virus group and the negative control virus group were set as the control groups. The expression levels of ANXA1 in the three groups were compared and the shRNA interference efficiency was verified. The effects of ANXA1 knockdown on the proliferation, migration and invasion of TPC-1 and BCPAP cell lines were investigated by scratch, CCK8 and Transwell invasion experiments. Independent sample t test was used to compare the means between the two groups, and one-way analysis of variance was employed to compare multiple groups, with P<0.05 as statistically significant. Results:shRNA could efficiently silence the expression of ANXA1 at the transcription and translation level in PTC cell lines. Compared with the negative control cells, the cells proliferated after successful lentiviral transfection of TPC-1 and BCPAP (BCPAP, 24h: F= 25.15, P<0.001; 48h: F=6.44, P<0.001; 48h: F=46.94, P<0.001; TPC-1, 24h: F=207.50, P<0.001; 48h: F=202.45, P<0.001; 48h: F=55.89, P<0.001) , its migration (BCPAP, F=12511.10, P<0.001; TPC-1, F=3966.10, P<0.001) and invasion ability (BC-PAP: F=94.65, P<0.001; TPC-1: F=681.74, P<0.001) significantly decreased. Conclusion:After shRNA knock-down of ANXA1 gene, the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of TPC-1 and BCPAP cell lines decreased significantly, indicating that silencing this gene can reduce tumor aggressiveness, and initially reveals that ANXA1 may be an important potential in PTC biotherapy Target.

γδ T cells in liver diseases / 医学前沿

γδ T cells display unique developmental, distributional, and functional patterns and can rapidly respond to various insults and contribute to diverse diseases. Different subtypes of γδ T cells are produced in the thymus prior to their migration to peripheral tissues. γδ T cells are enriched in the liver and exhibit liver-specific features. Accumulating evidence reveals that γδ T cells play important roles in liver infection, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, and liver cancer and regeneration. In this study, we review the properties of hepatic γδ T cells and summarize the roles of γδ T cells in liver diseases. We believe that determining the properties and functions of γδ T cells in liver diseases enhances our understanding of the pathogenesis of liver diseases and is useful for the design of novel γδ T cell-based therapeutic regimens for liver diseases.

Natural killer cells in liver diseases / 医学前沿

The liver has been characterized as a frontline lymphoid organ with complex immunological features such as liver immunity and liver tolerance. Liver tolerance plays an important role in liver diseases including acute inflammation, chronic infection, autoimmune disease, and tumors. The liver contains a large proportion of natural killer (NK) cells, which exhibit heterogeneity in phenotypic and functional characteristics. NK cell activation, well known for its role in the immune surveillance against tumor and pathogen-infected cells, depends on the balance between numerous activating and inhibitory signals. In addition to the innate direct "killer" functions, NK cell activity contributes to regulate innate and adaptive immunity (helper or regulator). Under the setting of liver diseases, NK cells are of great importance for stimulating or inhibiting immune responses, leading to either immune activation or immune tolerance. Here, we focus on the relationship between NK cell biology, such as their phenotypic features and functional diversity, and liver diseases.

Challenges of NK cell-based immunotherapy in the new era / 医学前沿

Natural killer cells (NKs) have a great potential for cancer immunotherapy because they can rapidly and directly kill transformed cells in the absence of antigen presensitization. Various cellular sources, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), stem cells, and NK cell lines, have been used for producing NK cells. In particular, NK cells that expanded from allogeneic PBMCs exhibit better efficacy than those that did not. However, considering the safety, activities, and reliability of the cell products, researchers must develop an optimal protocol for producing NK cells from PBMCs in the manufacture setting and clinical therapeutic regimen. In this review, the challenges on NK cell-based therapeutic approaches and clinical outcomes are discussed.

Advance in memory NK cells study / 中国免疫学杂志

Natural killer ( NK) cells have historically been considered short-lived cytolytic cells that can rapidly respond against microbial pathogens and tumors in an antigen-independent manner.Recently,NK cells have been shown to possess features of a-daptive immunity with immunological memory in a manner similar to that of T and B cells.Three major viewpoints of NK cell memory initially arose from the studies of NK cell memory to recall to mouse cytomegalovirus ( MCMV ) , cytokine and skin-contact hypersensitive chemical antigens.Currently,NK cell memory has been reported in acute infection of mouse HSV ,influenza virus,HCMV and simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV).Here,we review the latest discoveries and unsolved questions regarding NK cell memory in these models.Studies to reveal the mechanisms for NK cell memory may provide opportunities for the therapeutic use of NK cells in in -fectious diseases and cancer.

Resae rch advances of HBV mous e model and liver immunology / 中国免疫学杂志

Hepatitis B virus ( HBV) threatens human's health seriously, immune disorder is the main pathogenesis.HBV cannot naturally infect mouse liver, thus the researchers tried to established HBV mouse models to imitate the immunological pathogenesis of HBV infection.This review summarize various methods to establish HBV mouse models, including HBV transgenic technics, HBV in vivo liver-target transfection technics and HBV naturally infected humanized mouse technics etc.Their advantages, disadvantages and contributions to immunological studies were also analyzed, and the development of this area was also prospected.

Research progress on negative regulation of adaptive immune response by NK cells / 中国免疫学杂志

Natural killer ( NK) cells are important innate effector cells and play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis through potent cytotoxic activity and cytokine production. Recent findings show that NK cells can also shape adaptive immune responses by in-fluencing a variety of immune cells. In addition to direct interactions with other immune cells,NK cells can indirectly stimulate or inhibit adaptive immune response via influencing infected cells and pathogen load. Abundant studies have highlighted the positive regulatory functions of NK cells, while their negative regulatory functions have increasingly attracted attention in recent years. Here, we review recent findings on negative regulation of adaptive immune response by NK cells, discussing the involved effector cells and function mechanism,and demonstrate how this negative regulation influences the overall outcome of adaptive immunity in infection and tumor disease.

Study progresses in respiratory mucosal immunity and related diseases / 中国免疫学杂志

As the passage of environmental atmosphere entering the body,the respiratory tract suffers persistent challenge from foreign substances.The mucosal immune system of the respiratory tract is the main defense line against the invasion of pathogens,which needs to distinguish not only beneficial and detrimental materials but also resident and pathogenic bacteria.Because the knowledge about respiratory mucosal immunity is limited,the immunopathologic mechanisms of related diseases such as asthma,acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and respiratory infection need investigation.The study about the immune features of the respiratory tract not only contributes to the prevention and treatment of respiratory disease but also provides ideas for the development and design of new vaccines and medicines.

Advances in innate lymphoid cells / 中国免疫学杂志

Natural killer (NK) cells have long been considered the only representative of lymphocyte lineages among the innate immune system ,but recent studies have revealed that several types of innate lymphoid cells ( ILC ) exist in both humans and mice.These newly identified ILC populations were mainly distributed at mucosal barriers ,regardless of their rarity ,they play important roles in the defense against pathogens and in the maintenance of tissue or organ homeostasis .In the early stages of ILC development ,a common ILC lineage-restricted progenitor exists and under the control of different transcription factors ,the progenitor can later give rise to different ILC subsets with distinct phenotypes and functions.Different ILC subsets exhibit distinct cytokine secretion profiles ,based on the categorization of helper T cell subsets , ILC family has been further classified into three groups.The finding of diverse ILC extremely enriches the content of innate immunity ,and also provides new insights into links between innate and adaptive immunity .

Approach to the patient with Riedel thyroiditis / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

[Summary] Riedel thyroiditis is an extremely rare form of thyroiditis, the etiologic mechanism remains obscure. It often onsets insidiously and has non-specific clinical manifestations, most of the patients visit doctor because of goiter and clinical manifestation caused by involvement of the surrounding tissue and organs, histopathological examination is the gold standard for diagnosis. Riedel thyroiditis can be easily confused with the other common thyroiditis and thyroid malignant tumor due to lack of understanding of Riedel thyroiditis. Thyroid isthmus wedge resection is recommended if symptoms of oppression are obvious, glucocorticoid or tamoxifen treatment can be used after the operation if Riedel thyroiditis still progresses. Here we present a case of Riedel thyroiditis with diagnosis and treatment in order to call attention to the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Research progress on type Ⅱ innate lymphoid cells in respiratory mucosal immunity and lung diseases / 中国免疫学杂志

Type Ⅱ innate lymphoid cells is an emerging family of innate lymphocytes mainly distributed in mucosal tissues such as the lungs,intestines,skin,etc.These cells are capable of producing Th2-type cytokines including IL-5 and IL-13 in response to IL-25 and IL-33.ILC2s has attracted much attention for its important roles in anti-infection immunity and allergic diseases in respiratory tract.Studies have shown that ILC2s represented a crucial source of Th2-type cytokines and could regulate the adaptive immune response in allergic airway diseases.Meanwhile,ILC2s was able to fulfill vital functions in parasite clearance, anti-virus infection and subsequent tissue repair.Therefore,research in ILC2s phenotype,development and function has great practical significance.This paper reviews the definition, classification, developmental regulation of ILC2s with a particular focus on its role in respiratory mucosal homeostasis and lung-related diseases.

Molecular mechanisms of NK cell development and diseases associated with functional compromise of NK cells / 中国免疫学杂志

Natural killer cells are the key effector cells in innate immune response,playing the role in pathogen clearance and tumor immunosurveillance by cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity.Hematopoietic stem cells go through developmental intermediates to generate mature NK cells under the progressive regulation of extrinsic factors and intrinsic factors.In the past thirty years, great progresses have been made in the developmental progress,niches,regulation of NK cells and the relationship between NK cells and dis-eases.In this review,we will discuss in detail the molecular mechanisms of NK cell development and the diseases caused by functional compromise of NK cells.

The effect of aspiration thrombectomy catheter in primary percutaneous coronary intervention after implant different vessel diameter stent / 重庆医学

Objective To assess under different vessel diameter ,the effect of the aspiration thrombectomy catheter in improving the myocardial reperfusion and clinical prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI)who were undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) .Methods 205 patients with AMI immediate implant stents after thrombus suction ,the TIMI flow grade(myocardial infarction thrombolysis treatment test flow classification ) ,postoperative ecg evolution ,incidence of no-reflow MACE in 30 days and MACE in 6 months were compared between conventional thrombus suction group and suction again group(blood vessels of <3 .0 mm and ≥3 .0 mm) .Results The level 3 blood flow rate ,MACE in 6 months in suction again group with blood vessels of ≥3 .0 mm had improved significantly ,but had no beneficial effects in blood vessels of ≥3 .0 mm .Conclusion In AMI patients treated with primary PCI ,application of aspiration thrombectomy catheter with blood vessels of ≥3 .0 mm may im-prove the flow condition before infarction related blood vessels ,reduce MACE .

Recognition and Interaction of Innate Immune Receptors / 生物化学与生物物理进展

NKR and TLR are most important receptor superfamilies in innate immunity and act as first line of host defense against infection. Those receptors exert peculiar recognition mechanisms to sense danger signals and distinguish infectious nonself from noninfectious self. More importantly, they coordinate and regulate each other and therefore play major roles in initiation of innate immunity and also help to direct adaptive immune responses. The importance of recognition and interaction of those receptors are highlighted. The precise mechanisms can be harnessed to aid the rational design of therapy against infection, inflammation, cancer or autoimmune diseases.

Off-target Effects of RNAi and Design of Highly Effective Modified siRNAs / 生物化学与生物物理进展

RNA interference mediated by short interfering RNA is widely used to study functional genes and also being developed for therapeutic applications. However, recent study demonstrated that siRNA might activate innate immune system and induce huge production of inflammatory cytokines in mammals, and also randomly inhibit expression of undesired genes. Designing highly effective siRNAs or modifying the siRNA to retain or enhance the silence efficiency and meanwhile abolish the off-target effects associated with immunostimulation then become the key techniques in application of siRNAs as safe and effective therapeutic agents.

The Molecular Mechanisms of microRNA Regulating Innate Immune Response / 生物化学与生物物理进展

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are another interest of small, non-coding RNAs, which regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level in a sequence-specific manner. Recent researches demonstrate that miRNAs play important roles in innate immune response at various phases in vertebrates. In order to eliminate pathogens such as virus, miRNAs are crucial molecules in signaling of innate immune, and also in directly interfering in virus replication, therefore, miRNA may work as one important aspect of classical innate immune response against pathogenic microorganism. Meanwhile, pathogenic microorganism, especially viruses, can encode miRNA or regulate the miRNAs expression in host cells to disturb the expression of many immune associated genes directly and/or indirectly, so that they can escape from immune attacking. So, pathogenic microorganism and their hosts might fight with each other at miRNA level immediately after infection in the earliest phase.

"Reverse Immunology" and The Discovery of Immune-related Functional Genes / 生物化学与生物物理进展

The completion of sequencing human genome creates a new era of biological science and technology. Although the sequence of the human genome has been known, it is still hard to rapidly explore the whole functional genes, especially, their interaction with each other and the meaning to the body. However, the "reverse biology" which comes into being in the recent years provides us a series of novel ideas and technologies for discovering new functional gene, among which the immune-related genes have attracted more attentions, clarifying how functional gene works and their potential value in application.

Effect of arsenic trioxide on cytokine expression by acute promyelocytic leukemia cells / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To detect the expression of cytokines by acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells before and after exposure to arsenic trioxide.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Diagnoses were performed according to the FAB cytological classification criteria and cytogenetic criteria. Bone marrow or blood samples from APL patients were collected in heparinized tubes, then primary APL cells were separated by traditional Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation and purified after adherence to plastic surfaces. IL-1(beta), IL-6, IL-8, TNF alpha and G-CSF levels in the leukemia cell culture supernatants were detected by ELISA. At the same time, nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test was used to detect the differentiation of APL cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 96 hours exposure to arsenic trioxide, 10 - 6 mol/L in vitro or 10 mg/d in vivo, APL cells showed a significant increase of IL-1(beta) (P < 0.05) and G-CSF (P < 0.05) production, and a significant decrease of IL-6 (P < 0.05) and IL-8 (P < 0.05). However, there was no obvious variation of TNF alpha when compared with APL cells without exposure to arsenic trioxide. On the other hand, the proliferation ratio of APL cells in vitro was statistically correlated to the IL-1(beta) secretion ratio or G-CSF secretion ratio. The cell number ratio in patients with detectable IL-1(beta) or G-CSF was higher than that without detectable IL-1(beta) or G-CSF.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>IL-1(beta) and G-CSF secretion may play an important role in the proliferation of APL cells after exposure to arsenic trioxide.</p>