The role of FGF21 in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

The morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are increasing worldwide and seriously threaten human life and health. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a metabolic regulator, regulates glucose and lipid metabolism and may exert beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. In recent years, FGF21 has been found to act directly on the cardiovascular system and may be used as an early biomarker of CVDs. The present review highlights the recent progress in understanding the relationship between FGF21 and CVDs including coronary heart disease, myocardial ischemia, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure and also explores the related mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of FGF21. FGF21 plays an important role in the prediction, treatment, and improvement of prognosis in CVDs. This cardioprotective effect of FGF21 may be achieved by preventing endothelial dysfunction and lipid accumulating, inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and regulating the associated oxidative stress, inflammation and autophagy. In conclusion, FGF21 is a promising target for the treatment of CVDs, however, its clinical application requires further clarification of the precise role of FGF21 in CVDs.

Effect of Dietary Resistant Starch on Prevention and Treatment of Obesity-related Diseases and Its Possible Mechanisms / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Overweight or obesity has become a serious public health problem in the world, scientists are concentrating their efforts on exploring novel ways to treat obesity. Nowadays, the availabilities of bariatric surgery and pharmacotherapy have enhanced obesity treatment, but it should has support from diet, physical exercise and lifestyle modification, especially the functional food. Resistant starch, an indigestible starch, has been studied for years for its beneficial effects on regulating blood glucose level and lipid metabolism. The aim of this review is to summarize the effect of resistant starch on weight loss and the possible mechanisms. According to numerous previous studies it could be concluded that resistant starch can reduce fat accumulation, enhance insulin sensitivity, regulate blood glucose level and lipid metabolism. Recent investigations have focused on the possible associations between resistant starch and incretins as well as gut microbiota. Resistant starch seems to be a promising dietary fiber for the prevention or treatment of obesity and its related diseases.

Effectiveness of different waist circumference cut-off values in predicting metabolic syndrome prevalence and risk factors in adults in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effectiveness of waist circumference cut-off values in predicting the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and risk factors in adults in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional survey was condcuted in 14 provinces (autonomous region, municipality) in China. A total of 47,325 adults aged⋝20 years were selected by multistage stratified sampling, and questionnaire survey and physical and clinical examination were conducted among them. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria and modified IDF criteria.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The age-standardized prevalence of MetS was 24.2% (22.1% in men and 25.8% in women) and 19.5% (22.1% in men and 18.0% in women) according to the IDF criteria and modified IDF criteria respectively. The age-standardized prevalence of pre-MetS was 8.1% (8.6% in men and 7.8% in women) according to the modified IDF criteria. The prevalence of MetS was higher in urban residents than rural residents and in northern China residents than in southern China residents. The prevalence of central obesity was about 30% in both men and women according to the ethnicity-specific cut-off values of waist circumference for central obesity (90 cm for men and 85 cm for women). Multivariate regression analysis revealed no significant difference in risk factors between the two MetS definitions.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Using both the modified IDF criteria and ethnicity-specific cut-off values of waist circumference can provide more useful information about the prevalence of MetS in China. Conclusion Using both the modified IDF criteria and ethnicity-specific cut-off values of waist circumference can provide more useful information about the prevalence of MetS in China.</p>

Relationship between waist circumference and elevation of carotid intima-media thickness in newly-diagnosed diabetic patients / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Waist circumference, as a brief indicator of visceral obesity, is associated with multi-metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. The present study was aimed to find out the relationship between waist circumference and carotid intima media thickness (C-IMT), as well as the best waist circumference cutoff for identifying C-IMT elevation in Chinese male patients with newly-diagnosed diabetes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Five hundred and seventy-eight patients from Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism in Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University were enrolled. Both physical examination (for measurement of waist circumference) and carotid ultrasonography (for measurement of C-IMT) were performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After grouping according to the quartiles of C-IMT, the waist circumference increased across all its quartiles. The waist circumference in 3rd and 4th quartiles (90.7±9.8 cm and 90.8±9.6 cm) was significant higher than in 1st and 2nd quartiles (P<0.05). When subjects were divided into 4 groups according to waist circumference, the C-IMT of subjects with waist circumference 90-95 cm was significant higher than that of subjects with waist circumference 85-90 cm and less than 85 cm respectively (P<0.05). Both spearman and partial correlation analysis showed that C-IMT was positively correlated with waist circumference (P<0.01). C-IMT was found significantly elevated with the increase of waist circumference. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that waist circumference was one of the independent risk factors of C-IMT. After an average of 2.23±0.85 years follow up, there was a significant elevation of C-IMT in the group with baseline waist circumference over 90 cm P<0.05), while no significant difference was detected in the group with baseline waist circumference less than 90 cm (P=0.27). Logistic regression showed that baseline waist circumference over 90 cm was associated with a relative risk to C-IMT elevation of 1.132 (95% CI 1.043-1.431, P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Among newly-diagnosed diabetic male patients, waist circumference over 90 cm not only reflects sub-clinical atherosclerosis in early stage, but also predicts the progression of atherosclerosis.</p>

Correlation between waist circumference and carotid intima-media thickness in women from Shanghai, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate whether waist circumference (WC) ≥85 cm is related to asymptomatic preclinical atherosclerosis in women from Shanghai, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 2365 females aged ≥20 years recruited from 4 communities underwent physical examination and carotid artery scanning. Their carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) was measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The C-IMT was significantly higher in overweight or obese women with their BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2(P<0.01) and in those with their WC ≥85 cm than in those with their WC <85 cm (P<0.01). Spearman and partial correlation analysis showed that the C-IMT was significantly correlated with WC which was independent of menopausal status. The C-IMT significantly increased with the increasing WC and reached to a platform in about 85 cm. An increment tendency was found in the subgroup with its WC <85 cm (P<0.01) while no significant tendency was found in the subgroup with its WC≥85 cm (P=0.07).Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that the WC was an independent risk factor for C-IMT. In logistic regression model, the odd ratio of WC ≥80 cm, ≥80 cm and <85 cm and ≥85 cm for evaluating the risk of C-IMT elevation was 1.632, 1.501, and 1.878, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>WC is significantly correlated with C-IMT in women from Shanghai, China, and WC≥85 cm may be used in identifying the risk of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.</p>

Epidemiological characteristics of major abnormal electrocardiogram in adults from Shanghai / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence,characteristics and risk factors of major abnormal electrocardiogram (MA-ECG) in adults living in Shanghai.Methods The cross-sectional dataset of prevalence survey on diabetes and metabolic syndrome in adults,aged 20-74 years,from Shanghai,in 2007-2008,was analyzed.Demographic information,personal and,family histories of diseases were collected.Physical examination and laboratory tests were done.Subjects underwent examination on resting 12-leads electrocardiogram (ECG),ECG records were coded according to the Minnesota criteria and classified as MA-ECG or non-MA-ECG.Results A total number of 5364 subjects (2003 men,3361 women) were finally included in this analysis.(1) The standardized prevalence of MA-ECG was 7.3％ (7.0％ in men,7.7％ in women).In both genders,the age-specific prevalence of MA-ECG significantly increased with age (Ptrend＜0.01).The age-specific prevalence of MA-ECG in youths,middle aged and the elderly were 2.3％,7.7％,and 17.3％ in men,and 3.3％,8.8％ and 16.4％ in women,respectively (both Ptren＜0.01).(2) The three most common MA-ECG forms were arrhythmia (28.8％),bundle branch block (26.5％) and ST segment depression (20.0％) in men,while there appeared ST segment depression (44.6％),arrhythmia (23.0％) and combined MA-ECG (11.8％) in women.(3) Data from multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that other than age,coronary heart disease (CHD) was the only independent risk factor of MA-ECG in men,with its corresponding OR being 2.33-2.39; while in women,menopause (OR value:1.72-1.85) and hypertension (OR value:1.33-1.34) were main factors related to MA-ECG.Conclusion MA-ECG was prevalent in the middle aged and the elderly,with,arrhythmia and ST segment depression the most frequent forms of MA-ECG.Age,CHD and hypertension were the main risk factors of MA-ECG in the adults from Shanghai.

The relationship between glucose excursion and cognitive function in aged type 2 diabetes patients / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of dementia and that glucose variability is an independent risk factor for diabetic complications. This study investigated the relationship between glucose excursion and cognitive function in aged T2DM patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 248 aged T2DM patients wore a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) for 3 days in order to evaluate glucose excursion, including mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) and mean of daily difference (MODD). All subjects were evaluated with a number of accepted cognitive function tests, including the mini-mental status examination (MMSE). The relationship between MAGE and MODD and performance on these cognitive tests was assessed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The MAGE and MMSE score were negatively correlated, likewise with the correlation between MODD and MMSE. Liner multivariate regression analysis showed that MAGE and MODD were also negatively related to MMSE independent of age, sex, glycemic control, hypertension, smoking, or coronary heart disease history.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Glucose excursion is related to cognitive function in aged T2DM patients. Elevated glucose excursion decreased the MMSE score, which reflects general cognitive function. Thus, therapy aimed at controlling glucose excursion may be beneficial for maintaining cognitive function in aged T2DM patients.</p>

Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and cognitive decline in older cohort / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Type 2 diabetes has been recently recognized as an important risk factor for cognitive decline of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). But the roles of hyperinsulinemia (HI) and insulin resistance (IR) in the development of AD are still controversial. This study was designed to evaluate whether HI or IR influenced the cognitive functions of older cohort.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The cognitive functions of 328 consecutive elderly patients were evaluated with a battery of cognitive rating scales. Their fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting insulin (FINS) were analyzed and IR was calculated with modified-Homa. The cognitive scores in different groups and the correlation of cognitive functions with HI or IR were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In our study, there were 180 participants with HI and 148 without HI, and 192 with IR and 136 without IR. The participants with HI showed worse cognitive functions than those without HI in MMSE, MOCA, CDR, orientation, delayed memory, and attention/calculation domains. Similarly, the elderly with IR had lower cognitive scores than those without IR in MMSE, MOCA, CDR, GDS, orientation, delayed memory, and attention/calculation domains. The insulin levels and Homa IR had negative correlation with the scores of MMSE and delayed memory, not only in the model 1 adjusted for FBG and diabetes history, but also in the model 2 adjusted for all nine demographic characteristics.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HI and IR are important risk factors for cognitive decline of the elderly, especially for the dysfunctions in delayed memory domains.</p>

Association of a SLC30A8 genetic variant with monotherapy of repaglinide and rosiglitazone effect in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate a potential relationship between Solute carrier family 30 (zinc transporter) member 8 (SLC30A8) rs13266634 variant and efficacy of rosiglitazone or repaglinide in treating newly diagnosed Chinese type 2 diabetes patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 209 diabetic patients without any antihyperglycemic history were recruited and treated with repaglinide or rosiglitazone randomly for 48 weeks (104 and 105 patients, respectively). Anthropometric measurements and clinical laboratory tests were carried out before and after the treatment. An non-synonymous variant rs13266634 was genotyped by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ninety-one patients in repaglinide group and ninety-three patients in rosiglitazone group completed the study. Δ value of homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function (HOMA-B) and Δ value of fasting proinsulin levels were statistically significant between three genotype groups (P=0.0149 and 0.0246, respectively) after rosiglitazone treatment. However, no genotype association was observed in the repaglinide or rosiglitazone group with other parameters.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The SLC30A8 variant was associated with the efficacy of insulin sensitizer monotherapy on insulin secretion in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in Shanghai, China.</p>

Liver enzymes concentrations are closely related to prediabetes: findings of the Shanghai Diabetes Study II (SHDS II) / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship of liver enzymes with hyperglycemia in a large population in Shanghai and identify the association between liver enzymes and insulin resistance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 3 756 participants were enrolled. Each participant underwent an oral glucose tolerance test and completed a questionnaire. Anthropometric indices were recorded and serum samples were collected for measurement.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Liver enzymes concentrations were independently associated with i-IGT, IFG+IGT, and diabetes. With the increase of ALT and GGT concentrations, ORs for i-IGT, IFG+IGT, and diabetes increased gradually. By comparing patients in the highest quartile of GGT concentrations or ALT concentrations with those in the lowest quartile (Q1), ORs for i-IGT, IFG+IGT, or diabetes was significant after adjustment. Both ALT and GGT concentrations were linearly correlated with HOMA-IR and independently associated with HOMA-IR [ALT OR (95% CI): 2.56 (1.51-4.34) P=0.00; GGT OR (95% CI): 2.66 (1.53-4.65) P=0.00].</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Serum ALT and GGT concentrations were closely related to pre-diabetes and diabetes in the Shanghai population and positively associated with insulin resistance.</p>

Metabolic disorders increase the risk to incident cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and elderly Chinese / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has not been adequately explored in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. This study aimed to investigate MetS' prevalence and its impact on the CVD incidence in this specific population group.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A data set of a community-based prospective cohort study was analyzed. A total of 2300 subjects aged 40-94 years were followed up for the CVD events. MetS defined according to the JCDCG criteria was assessed at baseline, and the middle-aged and elderly groups were classified by the WHO definition.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>As compared with the middle-aged group, the prevalence of MetS increased by 0.6 times (34.6% vs. 21.3%) and the incidence density of CVD increased by 4.9 times in the elderly group (52.3/1000 person-year vs. 8.9/1000 person-year). Furthermore, the multivariate Cox regression revealed that the risk to CVD incidence was independently related to increased waist circumference in the middle-aged group (HR=2.23, P<0.01) and to elevated blood glucose in the elderly group (HR=1.39, P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>MetS was highly prevalent in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. MetS significantly increased the risk to CVD incidence in the elderly. All individuals with metabolic disorders should receive active clinical care to reduce the incidence of CVD.</p>

A case with insulinoma localized by combined use of various means / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

A patient with insulinoma diagnosed by clinical features and localized preoperatively using a combination of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS), dual phase contrast enhanced spiral computed tomography (DPSCT) and arterial stimulation and venous sampling (ASVS) was reported. A 37-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of hypoglycemic attacks, palpitations, and muscular weakness. Fajans' ratio reported to be an index for insulinoma was positive. Transabdominal computed tomography and ultrasonography failed to detect any abnormalities. CEUS showed a small low echoic lesion in the pancreatic body with blood flow and the early arterial phase of DPSCT revealed a small strengthening focus, which mimicked a pancreatic tumor in the pancreatic body. ASVS showed that the insulin levels in the hepatic vein were extremely increased by calcium injection to the gastroduodenal artery. An open intra-abdominal operation was performed and an insulinoma was confirmed in the pancreatic body. Enucleation of tumor was undertaken and histopathological examination showed an adenoma, insulin expression was positive in immunofluorescence staining. Symptomatic hypoglycemia never happened even without glucose infusion since the operation. His blood glucose level improved to within the normal range.

Duloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of patients with diabetic neuropathic pain in China / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Duloxetine, a selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, has been shown to be effective in treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain and approved for the management of patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP) in the United States, European Union, and many other countries. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of duloxetine in Chinese patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study treated adult patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain and baseline Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) 24-hour average pain severity ratings ≥ 4 with duloxetine 60 mg to 120 mg once daily or placebo for 12 weeks. Dose adjustments of duloxetine or matching placebo were based upon investigator's judgment of clinical response. Change from baseline to endpoint in BPI average pain was the primary efficacy outcome. Secondary outcome measures included BPI-severity and -Interference, Patient Global Impression of Improvement, Clinical Global Impressions of Severity, EuroQol: 5 Dimensions, Athens Insomnia Scale, and safety measures.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 215 patients randomized, 88.4% and 82.1% of patients in placebo and duloxetine groups, respectively, completed the study. Mean change from baseline to endpoint in BPI average pain was not statistically different between the treatment groups (P = 0.124). Duloxetine- treated patients showed significantly greater pain reduction compared with those in placebo group at weeks 1, 2, and 4 (P = 0.004, P = 0.009, and P = 0.006, respectively), but not at weeks 8 (P = 0.125) and 12 (P = 0.107). Duloxetine-treated patients experienced statistically significant improvement in Patient Global Impression of Improvement, Clinical Global Impression of Severity, area under the curve for pain relief, BPI-severity pain right now, and BPI-interference walking ability. Patients treated with duloxetine 120 mg once daily showed significantly greater pain reduction on the Brief Pain Inventory average pain score relative to placebo. Duloxetine-treated patients reported nausea, somnolence, anorexia, and dysuria significantly more than placebo.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Although the primary study endpoint was not achieved, the overall observed response pattern suggests the efficacy of duloxetine in the treatment of Chinese patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. The safety profile for duloxetine is similar to that reported in other global trials.</p>

Characteristics of obesity and its related disorders in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Obesity is a medical condition with excess body fat accumulation to the extent which leads to serious health consequences. Abdominal obesity, also known as central obesity, refers to the presence of excess fat in the abdominal area. Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, contributes to many metabolic disorders including metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The incidence of obesity has increased dramatically in recent years worldwide. In China, more than one-third of adults are overweight or obese and 10%-20% of all adults are affected by MetS. The pathogenesis underlying the abdominal obesity remains unclear. The ultimate health outcome of obesity and its related metabolic disorders haveprompted physicians to take aggressive treatments (lifestyle changes, pharmacological interventions and surgical therapies) before a serious consequence becomes clinically apparent. In this review, we discuss the prevalence, pathogenesis and clinic features of obesity in China.

No association of vascular endothelial growth factor A gene rs9369425 polymorphism with glucose metabolism in Chinese Han population / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship between the vascular endothelial growth factor A gene (VEGFA) rs9369425 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and type 2 diabetes in Chinese Han population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One thousand eight hundred and ninety two type 2 diabetes patients and 1808 controls with normal glucose were recruited in this study. Phenotypes including body mass index, waist, waist hip ratio, plasma glucose and serum insulin levels of blood obtained both at 0 and 120 minute during standard 75-gram glucose oral glucose tolerance tests, were analyzed. Insulin resistance and beta cell function were assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR and HOMA-B). Genotyping was performed by time-of-light mass spectrum using a Sequenom platform.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The frequencies of minor allele G in the diabetic patients and controls were 10.8% and 11.3% respectively. No significant difference of allele distribution was detected between the cases and controls (P=0.5086). No significant difference (P>0.05) was detected on the association between rs9369425 SNP and clinical phenotypes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>VEGFA rs9369425 was not associated with type 2 diabetes in Chinese Han population. Whether there is association in any other loci in this gene remained to be investigated.</p>

Comparison of body mass index with body fat percentage in the evaluation of obesity in Chinese / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the present Chinese body mass index (BMI) criteria with body fat percentage (BF%) in determining obesity in Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 4 907 subjects (age: 20-90 yrs) were enrolled in the baseline survey of a longitudinal epidemiological study, and 2 638 of them were reevaluated in 5.5 years later. The Chinese BMI and WHO BF% were used to define obesity, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The diagnostic agreement between the Chinese BMI and WHO BF% definitions for obesity was poor for both men (kappa: 0.210, 95% CI: 0.179-0.241) and women (kappa: 0.327, 95% CI: 0.296-0.358). However, BMI had a good correlation with BF% both in men (r: 0.785, P<0.01) and women (r: 0.864, P<0.01). The age and sex-adjusted relative risks (RR) for incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were significantly higher in subjects with intermediate BF% (BF%:20.1%-25% for men, 30.1%-35% for women) (RR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.23-4.48) and high BF%(BF%>25% for men and > 35% for women)(RR: 2.89, 95% CI: 1.43-5.81), or in subjects with high BMI (BMI>or=28 kg/m(2)) (RR: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.31-4.63) when compared to those with low BF% (BF%<or=20% for men and<or=30% for women) or low BMI (BMI24 kg/m(2)) respectively. No difference in risk could be found in those with intermediate BMI (BMI: 24-27.9 kg/m(2)) (RR: 1.44, 95% CI: 0.86-2.40), as compared to those with low BMI (BMI<24 kg/m(2)), whose BF% ranged widely from 7.8 to 50.3%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>BMI was correlated with BF%. Both BMI and BF% were associated with high risk for T2DM. However, BMI had its limitations in the interpretation of subjects with BMI between 24 and 27.9 kg/m(2).</p>

Precise microdeletion detection of Prader-Willi Syndrome with array comparative genome hybridization / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Prader-Willi Sydrome (PWS) is a human disorder related to genomic imprinting defect on 15q11-13. It is characterized by a series of classic features such as hypotonia, hyperphagia, obesity, osteoporosis, typical facial and body dysmorphosis, hypogonadism, mental and behaviour disorders. Our study was designed to precisely detect the microdeletions, which accounts for 65%-70% of the PWS.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Physical and laboratory examinations were firstly performed to diagnose PWS clinically, and to discover novel clinical features. Then the patient was screened with bisulfite-specific sequencing and precisely delineated through high-density array CGH.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With the bisulfite-specific sequencing, the detected CpG island in the PWS critical region was found homozygously hypermethylated. Then with array CGH, a 2.22 Mb type II microdeletion was detected, covering a region from MKRN3, MAGEL2, NDN, PWRN2, PWRN1, C12orf2, SNURF-SNRPN, C/D snoRNAs, to distal of UBE3A.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Array CGH, after the fast screening of Bisulfite-specific sequencing, is a feasible and precise method to detect microdeletions in PWS patients. A novel feature of metacarpophalangeal joint rigidity was also presented, which is the first time reported in PWS.</p>

Comparison of the application of three diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome in familial type 2 diabetic pedigrees / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the significance of the application of three diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome (MS), issued by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel II (ATPIII) in 2005, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 2005 and Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) in 2004, in type 2 diabetes mellitus pedigrees.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally,4468 subjects (including spouses) from 715 type 2 diabetic pedigrees were selected in this study. Complete laboratory data, including blood pressure, lipid profile and plasma glucose, were collected. The prevalence rates of MS and the unity of three criteria were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence rates of MS were 44.94% (2008/4468), 37.87% (1692/4468) and 23.86% (1066/4468) according to the ATPIII, IDF and CDS criteria respectively. It subsequently increased in second-degree relatives, spouses, first-degree relatives and probands (ATP III: 23.78% (117/492), 35.77% (318/889), 45.40% (1077/2372) and 69.37% (496/715); IDF: 20.53% (101/492), 31.61% (281/889), 38.74% (919/2372) and 54.69% (391/715); CDS: 8.94% (44/492), 16.99% (151/889), 25.08% (595/2372) and 38.60% (276/715); ATPIII: chi2 = 266.359, IDF: chi2 = 155.950, CDS: chi2 = 165.087, respectively, P < 0.01). The prevalence rates of MS, as defined by the ATP III and IDF criteria, were higher in females than in males (ATP III: 47.47% (1156/2435) and 41.91% (852/2033); IDF: 43.00% (1047/2435) and 31.73% (645/2033); chi2 = 13.871 and 60.169, respectively, P < 0.01), and was lower in females than in males as defined by the CDS criterion (22.38% and 25.63%, respectively, chi2 = 6.423, P = 0.011). The agreement in the diagnosis of MS using ATPIII and IDF, ATPIII and CDS, IDF and CDS was 92.93%, 75.56% and 77.21% respectively. Kappa index were 0.855, 0.484 and 0.478 respectively (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ATP III criterion showed the highest prevalence of MS and the percent of risk factor aggregation which best reflected the characteristics of MS in familial type 2 diabetic pedigrees.</p>

Serum vaspin level in relation to postprandial plasma glucose concentration in subjects with diabetes / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Vaspin is a newly-identified adipocytokine related to obesity and insulin sensitivity. However, its pathophysiologic role in humans remains largely unknown. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between serum vaspin level and glucose metabolism or obesity in Chinese adults.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 123 subjects, including 84 subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 39 subjects with diabetes, were enrolled in this study. Anthropometric parameters, abdominal fat areas, plasma glucose concentration, serum insulin, lipids, and vaspin level were measured in each participant.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Serum vaspin concentration was significantly higher in diabetic patients than that in NGT subjects (592 (438 - 695) pg/ml vs 380 (294 - 517) pg/ml, P = 0.020) in women. In all participants, age, fasting plasma glucose concentration (FPG), 2-hour post-load plasma glucose (PG2h), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) significantly increased from the lower tertile to the higher tertile of vaspin. Univariate linear regression analyses revealed that vaspin level was only positively correlated with age (beta = 0.340, P = 0.002) in NGT subjects. And vaspin was positively associated with FPG (beta = 0.365, P = 0.023), PG2h (beta = 0.526, P = 0.001), HbA1c (beta = 0.388, P = 0.016), and HDL-c (beta = 0.353, P = 0.027), while negatively with homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function (HOMA-beta) (beta = -0.361, P = 0.024) in diabetic patients. In stepwise multivariate regression analyses, age was independently associated with circulating vaspin in NGT subjects, whereas PG2h was an independent predictor of vaspin in diabetic patients. In addition, there was no significant difference of serum vaspin level between men and women. And no significant correlations between vaspin and body fat indexes were detected.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Serum vaspin level is higher in diabetic patients than that in NGT subjects in women. Age predicts serum vaspin level in NGT subjects, while PG2h is independently associated with vaspin in diabetic patients.</p>

Relationship of plasma creatinine and lactic acid in type 2 diabetic patients without renal dysfunction / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>As one of most widely-used biguanides, metformin can induce the lactic acidosis in patients with renal failure though its incidence is very low. However, lactic acidemia induced by metformin was reported in patients without renal dysfunction. It is unclear that whether lactatemia exists in diabetic patients with normal renal function in Chinese or not and its influencing factors. This study aimed to clarify the influencing factors of lactic acid, and identify a practiced clinical marker to predict the hyperlactacidemia in diabetics with normal renal function.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data and venous blood samples of 1024 type 2 diabetic patients treated with (n = 426) or without metformin (n = 599) were collected. The lactic acid was assayed by enzyme-electrode method. The biochemical indexes included creatinine (Cr) and hepatase were measured with enzymatic procedures. The lactic acid concentrations of different Cr subgroups were compared, and the correlation and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were used.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean lactic acid level and the proportion of hyperlactatemia of metformin group were significantly higher than that of non-metformin group (P < 0.01), but no lactic acidosis was found in all patients. The correlation and multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that the correlative factors of lactic acid in turn were Cr, metformin, alanine transferase (ALT), body mass index (BMI), Urine albumin (Ualb), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in total patients; and Cr, ALT, BMI and BUN in non-metformin treated patients; Cr and ALT in metformin-group. The lactate concentration increased with the increment of Cr levels, and reached its peak at Cr 111-130 micromol/L, and the optimal cutoff of Cr in predicting hyperlactacidemia was 96.5 micromol/L.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Metformin can increase the incidence of lactatemia in type 2 diabetic patients without renal dysfunction. Cr, ALT, and BMI are independent associated factors of blood lactic acid levels. There is low proportion of lactatemia in type 2 diabetics without metformin therapy, the optimal cutoff of Cr to predict lactatemia in these patients is 96.5 micromol/L.</p>