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1.
Braz. j. biol ; 79(4): 625-628, Nov. 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001470

ABSTRACT

Abstract The isolation of Escherichia coli from food is a major concern. Pathogenic strains of these bacteria cause diseases which range from diarrhea to hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Therefore the virulence genes in E. coli isolates from the mussel ( Mytella guyanensis) commercialized in Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil were investigated. Samples were purchased from four vendors: two from supermarkets and two from fair outlets. They were conditioned into isothermal boxes with reusable ice and transported to the laboratory for analysis. E. coli strains were isolated in eosin methylene blue agar, preserved in brain-heart infusion medium with 15% glycerol and stored at -20 °C, after microbiological analysis. Virulence genes in the isolated strains were identified by specific primers, with Polymerase Chain Reaction. Twenty-four isolates were obtained, with a prevalence of elt gene, typical from enterotoxigenic infection, in 75% of the isolates. The stx and bfpA genes, prevalent in enterohemorragic and enteropathogenic E. coli, respectively, were not detected. The occurrence of elt virulence-related gene in the E. coli isolates of Mytella guyanensis reveals urgent improvement in food processing, including good handling practices, adequate storage and cooking before consumption, to ensure consumer's health.


Resumo O isolamento de Escherichia coli a partir de alimentos é uma grande preocupação, pois cepas patogênicas desta bactéria podem causar desde diarreia até síndrome hemolítico-urêmica. Diante do exposto, o objetivo do trabalho foi pesquisar genes de virulência em isolados de Escherichia coli provenientes do sururu Mytella guyanensis comercializado na cidade de Cachoeira, Bahia, Brasil. As amostras foram adquiridas de quatro comerciantes, sendo duas de mercados e duas em pontos de venda na feira livre da cidade de Cachoeira, acondicionadas em caixas isotérmicas com gelo reutilizável e transportadas até o laboratório para a análise. Após a análise microbiológica, as cepas de Escherichia coli foram isoladas em ágar Eosina Azul de Metileno e preservadas em caldo Brian Heart Infusion e glicerol a 15% e mantidas a - 20° C. A identificação dos genes de virulência nas cepas isoladas foi realizada utilizando primers específicos, por meio da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase. Foram obtidos 24 isolados de Escherichia coli, destes a prevalência do gene elt , característico de Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica, foi de 75% dos isolados. Não houve a detecção dos genes stx e bfpA nos isolados, os quais são prevalentes nas cepas de Escherichia coli enterohemorrágica e Escherichia coli enteropatogênica, respectivamente. A presença do gene elt relacionado à virulência de Escherichia coli nos isolados de Mytella guyanensis revela a necessidade da melhoria no processamento, incluindo boas práticas de manipulação, armazenamento adequado e cocção previa ao consumo, visando a garantia da saúde do consumidor.


Subject(s)
Animals , Seafood/microbiology , Virulence Factors , Escherichia coli/genetics , Mytilidae/microbiology , Food Microbiology , Genes, Bacterial , Brazil
2.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 25(3/4): 93-97, jul.-dez. 2018. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1491631

ABSTRACT

A preocupação com a qualidade do pescado é de grande importância para todos, pois é um alimento de alto valor nutritivo, mas tem grande susceptibilidade à deterioração e formação de substâncias prejudiciais à saúde, quando as condições de conservação e manipulação não são mantidas. O cultivo de moluscos bivalves além de ser uma fonte alternativa de alimentos, é uma opção para a subsistência das populações ribeirinhas de todo o litoral, à medida que a matriz alimentícia ganha espaço no mercado, principalmente nas regiões nordeste, sul e sudeste. Os sururus são organismos filtradores, capazes de absorver micropartículas em suspensão, as quais podem carrear elevadas concentrações de microrganismos patogênicos, outro fator importante relacionado a este molusco é a má condição de manipulação no beneficiamento, que pode provocar toxinfecções alimentares, ambos provocando danos à saúde. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas em sururu in natura e após cozimento. Nas amostras analisadas houve ausência de Salmonella spp., com redução na contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase-positiva e de Coliformes Termotolerantes a 45ºC nos produtos cozidos. Os resultados são indicativos de que mesmo havendo redução de contaminação bacteriana, a manipulação das catadoras, após cozimento, é inadequada e que medidas corretivas devem ser adotadas para se obter o produto adequado bacteriologicamente ao consumo.


Fish quality has a great importance concerning to its high nutritional value, due to its great susceptibility to deterioration and occurrence of harmful substances to human health when the storage and handling conditions are not kept properly. The bivalves farming is an alternative source of food and also a source of livelihood for riverside communities, as the product is accepted in the market, mainly in the Northeast, South and Southeast regions. As filter feeders organisms, “sururu” mussels can absorb microparticles which can carry high level of pathogenic micro-organisms. Another important factor is the bad handling conditions both can lead to foodstuff infections. Microbiological analyzes were performed in raw “sururu” mussel and after cooking. The samples analyzed there was no Salmonella sp., a reduction in coagulase-positive Staphylococcus count and thermotolerant coliforms at 45 °C in baked products. Results of the analyzes showed that even with the contamination reduction, the handling of the women staff after cooking is inadequate and corrective measures should be taken to obtain a safe product for the final consumer.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bivalvia/microbiology , Mollusca/microbiology , Mytilidae/microbiology , Salmonella/pathogenicity , Colimetry , Shellfish/microbiology , Legislation, Food/standards
3.
Braz. j. biol ; 78(4): 773-784, Nov. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-951592

ABSTRACT

Abstract The golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, is an Asian freshwater bivalve introduced in South America in the beginning of the 1990's, probably through ballast water releases in La Plata River estuary. It dispersed north through Paraná, Uruguay and Paraguay Rivers. The study evaluated the macroscale (18° to 34° S; 45° to 60° W) distribution of L. fortunei (larval stages) in the main rivers and reservoirs of La Plata Basin. Samplings were performed through 68 µm vertical plankton net hauls. Limnological variables were simultaneously determined. Larvae abundance correlated significantly with oxygen (positively) in summer, with temperature (positively) in winter and with total phosphorus and total nitrogen (both negatively) in winter. We expected densities to decrease towards north (latitudinal gradient) and increase in lentic conditions (reservoirs). Despite maximum density was found near the introduction point (La Plata River) similar value was also observed 2,000 km north (Paraguay River). The first hypothesis was refuted. The second hypothesis was partially accepted. Abundances were consistently higher in summer. Higher trophic conditions and fast flow seem to inhibit population growth. Food resources (chlorophyll a) locally influenced temporal variation. Limnoperna fortunei is widely distributed in La Plata basin, reaching high larval densities superior to 10,000 ind. m-3, in all major sub-basins. The species exhibits a high intrinsic dispersal ability (free planktonic larvae), wide tolerance to environmental factors and dispersion is potentialized by natural dispersion processes (e.g. fauna displacement) and human facilitation (e.g. commercial navigation).


Resumo O mexilhão dourado, Limnoperna fortunei, é um bivalve de água doce originário da Ásia e introduzido na América do Sul no início de 1990, provavelmente através da água de lastro liberada no estuário do rio La Plata. Dispersando-se para o norte através dos rios Paraná, Uruguai e Paraguai. Esse estudo avaliou a distribuição em macroescala (18° a 34° S; 45° a 60° W) de L. fortunei (estágios larvais) nos principais rios e reservatórios da bacia La Plata. Amostragens foram realizadas através de arrastos verticais com rede planctônica de 68 µm. Variáveis limnológicas foram simultaneamente determinadas. A abundância larval correlacionou-se significativamente com oxigênio (positivamente) no verão, com a temperatura (positivamente) no inverno e com fósforo total e nitrogênio total (ambos negativamente) no inverno. Esperávamos um decréscimo da densidade em direção ao norte (gradiente latitudinal) e aumento em condições lênticas (reservatórios). Apesar de a densidade máxima ter sido encontrada próximo do ponto de introdução (La Plata River) valores similares também foram observados 2.000 km ao norte (rio Paraguai). A primeira hipótese foi refutada. A segunda hipótese foi parcialmente aceita. Abundâncias foram consistentemente maiores no verão. Condições eutróficas e fluxo rápido parecem inibir o crescimento populacional. Recurso alimentar (clorofila a) local influenciou a variação temporal. Limnoperna fortunei está amplamente distribuído na bacia de La Plata, alcançando densidades larvais superiores a 10.000 ind. m-3 em todas as principais sub bacias. A espécie possui alta capacidade de dispersão intrínseca (larva planctônica livre), ampla tolerância aos fatores ambientais e os processos de dispersão são potencializados por processos naturais (e.g. deslocamento de fauna) e facilitação humana (e.g. navegação comercial).


Subject(s)
Animals , Environment , Mytilidae/growth & development , Larva/growth & development , South America , Population Density , Rivers , Mytilidae/physiology , Larva/physiology
4.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 89(2): 1041-1045, Apr.-June 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-886687

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, is among the most devastating invasive species in freshwater habitats worldwide, leading to severe environmental disturbances and economic losses. Therefore, management efforts would be greatly improved by methods that efficiently detect and quantify the abundance of the golden mussel in freshwater habitats, particularly in early stages of colonization. In this study, we describe a highly-sensitive real-time PCR assay targeting a 100-bp region of the COI mitochondrial gene of the golden mussel. The method was able to detect as little as 0.225 pg of target DNA. This assay represents an important contribution to surveillance methods, as well as to optimize field measures to contain and manage populations of the golden mussel in its introduced range.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mytilidae/genetics , Introduced Species , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Reference Values , DNA/isolation & purification , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Genes, Mitochondrial
5.
Braz. j. biol ; 77(1): 191-198, Jan-Mar. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-839154

ABSTRACT

Abstract Successful animal rearing under laboratory conditions for commercial processes or laboratory experiments is a complex chain that includes several stressors (e.g., sampling and transport) and incurs, as a consequence, the reduction of natural animal conditions, economic losses and inconsistent and unreliable biological results. Since the invasion of the bivalve Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) in South America, several studies have been performed to help control and manage this fouling pest in industrial plants that use raw water. Relatively little attention has been given to the laboratory rearing procedure of L. fortunei, its condition when exposed to a stressor or its acclimation into laboratory conditions. Considering this issue, the aims of this study are to (i) investigate L. fortunei physiological responses when submitted to the depuration process and subsequent air transport (without water/dry condition) at two temperatures, based on glycogen concentrations, and (ii) monitor the glycogen concentrations in different groups when maintained for 28 days under laboratory conditions. Based on the obtained results, depuration did not affect either of the groups when they were submitted to approximately eight hours of transport. The variation in glycogen concentration among the specimens that were obtained from the field under depurated and non-depurated conditions was significant only in the first week of laboratory growth for the non-depurated group and in the second week for the depurated group. In addition, the tested temperature did not affect either of the groups that were submitted to transport. The glycogen concentrations were similar to those of the specimens that were obtained from the field in third week, which suggests that the specimens acclimated to laboratory conditions during this period of time. Thus, the results indicate that the air transport and acclimation time can be successfully incorporated into experimental studies of L. fortunei. Finally, the tolerance of L. fortunei specimens to the stressor tested herein can help us understand the invasive capacity of this mussel during the establishment process.


Resumo A criação bem sucedida de animais em condições de laboratório para processos comerciais ou experimentais é uma cadeia complexa que inclui vários fatores de estresse (ex. coleta e transporte) que tem como consequência a redução das condições naturais do animal, prejuízos econômicos e resultados biológicos inconsistentes. Desde a invasão do bivalve Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) na América do Sul, vários estudos têm sido realizados para ajudar no controle e gestão dessa praga em plantas industriais que utilizam água. Relativamente pouca atenção tem sido dada ao processo de criação de L. fortunei em laboratório, sua condição quando exposta ao estresse e sua aclimatação a condições de laboratório. Considerando estes aspectos, os objetivos deste estudo foram: (i) investigar as respostas fisiológicas de L. fortunei submetidos ao processo de depuração e subsequente transporte (sem água/condição seca) em duas temperaturas, analisando as diferentes concentrações de glicogênio e (ii) monitorar as concentrações de glicogênio nos diferentes grupos, quando mantidos por 28 dias em condições de laboratório. Com base nos resultados obtidos, a depuração não afetou nenhum grupo quando eles foram submetidos a oito horas de transporte. A variação da concentração de glicogênio entre os espécimes do campo quando depurados e não depurados, foi significativa apenas em relação à primeira semana em laboratório para o grupo não depurado e à segunda semana para o grupo depurado. Além disto, a temperatura testada não afetou os grupos submetidos ao transporte. As concentrações de glicogénio foram semelhantes as dos espécimes do campo a partir da terceira semana, o que sugere que os espécimes estão aclimatados às condições de laboratoriais neste período de tempo. Assim, os resultados indicam que o transporte ao ar e o tempo de aclimatação podem ser incorporados com sucesso aos estudos experimentais com L. fortunei. Finalmente, o conhecimento sobre a tolerância de L. fortunei ao estresse pode ajudar a entender a capacidade invasiva deste durante o processo de estabelecimento.


Subject(s)
Animals , Adaptation, Physiological/physiology , Mytilidae/physiology , South America , Specimen Handling , Temperature , Water , Analysis of Variance , Mytilidae/chemistry , Glycogen/analysis , Acclimatization/physiology
6.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1467224

ABSTRACT

Abstract The isolation of Escherichia coli from food is a major concern. Pathogenic strains of these bacteria cause diseases which range from diarrhea to hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Therefore the virulence genes in E. coli isolates from the mussel ( Mytella guyanensis) commercialized in Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil were investigated. Samples were purchased from four vendors: two from supermarkets and two from fair outlets. They were conditioned into isothermal boxes with reusable ice and transported to the laboratory for analysis. E. coli strains were isolated in eosin methylene blue agar, preserved in brain-heart infusion medium with 15% glycerol and stored at -20 °C, after microbiological analysis. Virulence genes in the isolated strains were identified by specific primers, with Polymerase Chain Reaction. Twenty-four isolates were obtained, with a prevalence of elt gene, typical from enterotoxigenic infection, in 75% of the isolates. The stx and bfpA genes, prevalent in enterohemorragic and enteropathogenic E. coli, respectively, were not detected. The occurrence of elt virulence-related gene in the E. coli isolates of Mytella guyanensis reveals urgent improvement in food processing, including good handling practices, adequate storage and cooking before consumption, to ensure consumers health.


Resumo O isolamento de Escherichia coli a partir de alimentos é uma grande preocupação, pois cepas patogênicas desta bactéria podem causar desde diarreia até síndrome hemolítico-urêmica. Diante do exposto, o objetivo do trabalho foi pesquisar genes de virulência em isolados de Escherichia coli provenientes do sururu Mytella guyanensis comercializado na cidade de Cachoeira, Bahia, Brasil. As amostras foram adquiridas de quatro comerciantes, sendo duas de mercados e duas em pontos de venda na feira livre da cidade de Cachoeira, acondicionadas em caixas isotérmicas com gelo reutilizável e transportadas até o laboratório para a análise. Após a análise microbiológica, as cepas de Escherichia coli foram isoladas em ágar Eosina Azul de Metileno e preservadas em caldo Brian Heart Infusion e glicerol a 15% e mantidas a - 20° C. A identificação dos genes de virulência nas cepas isoladas foi realizada utilizando primers específicos, por meio da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase. Foram obtidos 24 isolados de Escherichia coli, destes a prevalência do gene elt , característico de Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica, foi de 75% dos isolados. Não houve a detecção dos genes stx e bfpA nos isolados, os quais são prevalentes nas cepas de Escherichia coli enterohemorrágica e Escherichia coli enteropatogênica, respectivamente. A presença do gene elt relacionado à virulência de Escherichia coli nos isolados de Mytella guyanensis revela a necessidade da melhoria no processamento, incluindo boas práticas de manipulação, armazenamento adequado e cocção previa ao consumo, visando a garantia da saúde do consumidor.

7.
Rev. biol. trop ; 64(2): 521-536, abr.-jun. 2016. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-843295

ABSTRACT

AbstractThe golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei is an invasive species that has quickly dispersed and colonized several potential different habitats distributed all over the world, causing environmental and economic impacts. Thus, in order to contribute to a better understanding of the reproductive aspects of L. fortunei, we described the cellular dynamic of the male and female germinal epithelium during the annual reproductive life history of this species, with the use of high resolution histology. An approximate of 1 200 specimens of L. fortunei were sampled periodically on the upper Paraná River floodplain (Brazil), from March 2010 to December 2012. Based on the activity of the germinal epithelium and consequent germ cell development, this study has resulted in the recognition of the following reproductive phases: Developing, Spawning Capable, Regressing and Regenerating. In the characterization of these phases, the following germ cells were described for males: spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. Cell nests, oogonia, early prophase oocytes, previtellogenic oocytes and vitellogenic oocytes (early vitellogenic oocytes, middle vitellogenic oocytes and full-grown oocytes) were described for females. The morphological data and reproductive parameters obtained, showed the value of the cellular dynamics of the germinal epithelium, for the understanding of the cyclic gonadal events during the adult reproductive life of the mollusk in general. These results on the gametogenesis of this invasive species may be a fundamental tool for the development of control strategies and programs implementation, to reduce their proliferation and impacts in natural local environments. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 521-536. Epub 2016 June 01.


ResumenEl mejillón dorado Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) es una especie invasora que se ha dispersado rápidamente y ha colonizado diferentes hábitats potenciales distribuidos por todo el mundo, causando impactos ambientales y económicos. El control de esta especie depende del conocimiento de los aspectos reproductivos. Entre marzo 2010 y diciembre 2012 fueron muestreados periodicamente alrededor de 1 200 especímenes de L. fortunei en la planicie de inundación del Alto Rio Paraná, Brasil. Con el fin de contribuir con una mejor comprensión de los aspectos reproductivos de L. fortunei, se describió la dinámica celular del epitelio germinativo masculino y femenino durante la vida reproductiva anual de esta especie, mediante histología de alta resolución basada en la actividad del epitelio germinal y el consecuente desarrollo de las células germinales. En este estudio se reconocieron las siguientes fases reproductivas: desarrollo, capacidad de desove, regresión y regeneración. En los machos se describieron las siguientes células germinales: espermatogonias, espermatocitos primarios y secundarios, espermátidas y espermatozoides. Mientras que en las hembras se estudiaron: nidos celulares, ovogonias, ovocitos profásicos tempranos, ovocitos pre-vitelogénicos y ovocitos vitelogénicos (ovocitos vitelogénicos tempranos, ovocitos vitelogénicos y ovocitos completamente desarrollados).Los datos morfológicos y parámetros reproductivos que se muestran aquí confirman cómo la dinámica celular del epitelio germinal permite la comprensión de los acontecimientos cíclicos gonadales durante la vida reproductiva de adultos del molusco, en general. El conocimiento de la gametogénesis de esta especie invasora puede convertirse en una herramienta fundamental para el desarrollo de estrategias de control y aplicación de programas para disminuir su proliferación en ambientes naturales.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Oogenesis/physiology , Spermatogenesis/physiology , Mytilidae/cytology , Epithelial Cells/cytology , Mytilidae/physiology , Gonads/cytology
8.
Braz. j. biol ; 76(1): 154-161, Feb. 2016. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-774513

ABSTRACT

Abstract Limnoperna fortunei Dunker, 1857 is an Asian invasive freshwater bivalve. Although there need to contain their spread, studies about the biology of the larvae are scarce. We correlated the larval stages of L. fortunei with biotic factors such as phytoplankton and main abiotic variables in lotic environments of the Upper Paraná River floodplain. The four samples were taken quarterly during the year 2012. The Principal component analysis (PCA) showed only spatial differences, as did a Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). High densities of larvae were recorded in all samples the Paraná River and Baía River only in December, especially those in their initial stage. In the biovolume of Class of algae, Bacillarophyceae showed the highest value, but Chlorophycea who was strongly correlated with the density of D-stage larvae. The large variety of phytoplankton, especially microplankton Chlorophyceae, high values of PO4, NH4 and temperature were positively correlated with high densities of D-stage larvae. We conclude that high temperature, and food availability, indicated by phytoplankton community, favored the reproduction of L. fortunei and enhance the ability of specie dispersion due to the increase in the emission of propagules. Therefore, studies that address the biology of golden mussel larvae should be performed in order to prevent its spread.


Resumo Limnoperna fortunei Dunker, 1857 é um bivalve asiático dulcícola invasor. Embora haja necessidade de conter sua dispersão, estudos que abordam a biologia de suas larvas ainda são escassos. Analisou-se as fases larvais de L. fortunei relacionando-as a fatores bióticos como a comunidade fitoplânctônica e às principais variáveis abióticas, em ambientes lóticos da planície de inundação do alto do rio Paraná. As quatro coletas foram trimestrais durante o ano de 2012. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) demonstrou apenas diferenças espaciais, assim como a Análise de Correspondência Canônica (CCA). Altas densidades de larvas foram registradas em todas as coletas no rio Paraná e no rio Baía apenas no mês de dezembro, principalmente para as larvas em estádio inicial. No biovolume das classes de algas, Bacillarophyceae obteve o maior valor, porém Chlorophycea foi a que fortemente correlacionou-se com a densidade de larvas D. A grande variedade de fitoplâncton, em especial de Chlorophyceae microplanctônica, altos valores de PO4, NH4 e temperatura estiveram positivamente correlacionadas com altas densidades de larvas D. Conclui-se que, altas temperaturas, e disponibilidade de alimento, como a comunidade fitoplanctônica, favorecem a reprodução de L. fortunei e aumentam a capacidade de dispersão da espécie devido ao incremento na emissão de propágulos. Portanto, estudos que abordem a biologia das larvas de mexilhão-dourado devem ser realizados a fim de evitar sua propagação.


Subject(s)
Animals , Animal Distribution , Food Chain , Mytilidae/physiology , Phytoplankton/physiology , Larva/growth & development , Larva/physiology , Mytilidae/growth & development , Population Dynamics , Rivers
9.
Braz. j. biol ; 72(3): 421-427, Aug. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-649328

ABSTRACT

This contribution reports the parasites found in the mangrove mussel Mytella guyanensis in Camamu Bay, Bahia, Brazil. Samples were collected monthly from September 2006 through October 2007. A total of 460 individuals were collected, fixed in Davidson's solution, and processed by standard histological techniques, and the sections were stained with Harris hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The water temperature ranged from 23.5 to 31.6 ºC, and the salinity from 25 to 37‰. Microscopic analysis showed Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs), Nematopsis sp. (Apicomplexa), and Platyhelminthes, including a turbellarian, sporocysts of Bucephalus sp., metacercariae, and metacestodes of Tylocephalum sp. Parasites were observed mainly in the gills, mantle, and digestive gland. The prevalence of Nematopsis sp. was 100%, and in heavily infected mussels the tissues of the labial palps were damaged. RLOs occurred in high prevalence and intensity of infection in some periods. The digenean sporocysts showed moderate prevalence but high intensity of infection, and caused parasitic castration. In general, there was no significant spatial or temporal variation (p > 0.05) of the parasites, which is probably attributable to the small variations of temperature and salinity in the region.


Neste estudo, foram investigados os parasitos de Mytella guyanensis da Baía de Camamu (BA). As amostragens foram feitas mensalmente entre setembro de 2006 e outubro de 2007 e totalizaram 460 animais, que foram fixados em solução de Davidson e processados por técnica rotineira de histologia, com inclusão em parafina e coloração por hematoxilina de Harris e eosina. Foram evidenciados organismos assemelhados a Rickettsia (RLOs); Nematopsis sp. (Apicomplexa) e Platyhelminthes, incluindo um turbelário, esporocistos de Bucephalus sp. e o cestoide Tylocephalum sp. Os parasitos foram encontrados principalmente nas brânquias, no manto e na glândula digestiva. Todos os animais apresentaram Nematopsis sp., o que causou alteração nos palpos labiais em exemplares com alta infecção. RLOs ocorreram em alta prevalência e intensidade de infecção em alguns períodos. Esporocistos de trematódeos digenéticos, com prevalência moderada, mostraram-se em alta intensidade de infecção e causaram castração parasitária. Não houve variação temporal e espacial significativa (p > 0,05) dos parasitos, o que provavelmente se deveu à pequena amplitude de variação da temperatura e da salinidade na região.


Subject(s)
Animals , Helminths/isolation & purification , Mytilidae/microbiology , Mytilidae/parasitology , Parasites/isolation & purification , Rickettsia/isolation & purification , Brazil , Seasons
10.
Biocell ; 34(3): 103-111, Dec. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-595011

ABSTRACT

Ultrastructural analyses of bivalve spermatozoa are relevant in studies that aim to identify taxonomic traits for the purposes of discriminating species and conducting phylogenetic studies. In the present work, spermatozoa of mussel specimens of the genus Mytella, collected from two populations living in distinct habitats, were examined by electron microscopy. The objective was to identify sperm ultrastructural taxonomic traits that could be used to differentiate Mytella species. The specimens were from populations that live in intertidal zones on the southeast coast of Brazil, either buried in muddy-sand sediment or anchored to rocky substrates. The acrosomal vesicle was conical and long, the axial rod extended from the nucleus to the acrosome, the nucleus was an oblate spheroid with a condensed chromatin, the intermediate portion contained mitochondria encircling a pair of centrioles, and there was a single flagellum. The sperm was of a primitive type. The spermatozoon ultrastructure did not distinguish the specimens buried in muddy-sand sediment from those anchored to rocky substrates. The data suggest that the specimens analyzed, despite living in distinct habitats, belong to the same species, which conchological analyses identified as M. charruana. The presence of an axial rod in their sperm cells supports the inclusion of M. charruana in the subfamily Mytilinae.


Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Acrosome/physiology , Acrosome/ultrastructure , Sperm Tail/physiology , Sperm Tail/ultrastructure , Ecosystem , Mytilidae/cytology , Mytilidae/physiology , Phosphotungstic Acid , Brazil , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Staining and Labeling
11.
Braz. j. morphol. sci ; 22(4): 203-210, Oct.-Dec. 2005. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-468029

ABSTRACT

Bivalves have been extensively used to monitor aquatic habitats because their sedentary filter feeding habit results in the accumulation of elements from the environment. The genus Mytella is of special interest because its habit of burrowing in sediments can provide information about the substrate conditions in estuaries. Gill filaments have a large surface that is in constant contact with the water and therefore are used to monitor aquatic environments. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the morphology of Mytella falcata gill filaments and to compare the gill structure in specimens from three sites (A, B and C) of the Santos estuary in southeastern Brazil. Site A presents low levels of pollutants, whereas sites C and B were directly affected by industrial discharges and harbor pollutants. The gill filaments of M. falcata have three types of cilia, namely, lateral cilia, eu-latero-frontal cirri and frontal cilia. Structures joining the inner and outer lamellae were found on the abfrontal surface, in addition to the presence of composite and simple cilia. A comparison of the filaments of bivalves from the three sites revealed no morphological alterations, but there was an accumulation of mucus on the frontal surface of the gill filaments of specimens collected at site B. This mucus may function as a protective barrier against pollutants. Bivalves from site C showed no such alteration, even though this site had the highest levels of pollutants. This lack of alterations may reflect the fact that these specimens were collected from concrete pillars where there would be less contact with pollutants. Our findings may reflect a long-term adaptation of these mollusks to chronic exposure to pollutants.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bivalvia , Environmental Pollution , Gills , Mytilidae , Mytilidae/anatomy & histology , Mytilidae/cytology , Brazil , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
12.
Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz ; 61(1): e35011, 2002. tab, graf, mapas
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, ColecionaSUS, SES-SP, CONASS, SESSP-ACVSES, SESSP-IALPROD, SES-SP, SESSP-IALACERVO | ID: lil-341459

ABSTRACT

Os moluscos bivalves quando ingeridos podem oferecer risco à saúde pública por serem organismos filtradores e bioacumuladores de resíduos químicos e biológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os teores de Hg, Pb,Cd, Cu e Zn nos bivalves C.brasiliana, P.perna e M.falcata coletados em vários bancos naturais do litoral da Baixada Santista. No período de setembro de 1996 a fevereiro de 1997, foram coletadas e analisadas 70 amostras provenientes de doze bancos naturais. As determinaçöes analíticas de Hg no tecido mole dos bivalves foram realizadas por espectrometria de absorçäo atômica com gerador de vapor frio, enquanto que o Pb, Cd, Zn e Cu foram analisados por ICP OES. Os resultados revelaram que as amostras apresentaram níveis de concentraçäo permitidas pelas normas legais vigentes com relaçäo aos teores de Pb, Cd, Hg e Cu analisados. Todas as amostras de mexilhäo e sururu analisadas apresentaram teores de zinco abaixo do valor estabelecido pela legislaçäo brasileira, que é de 50,0 mg/kg, exceto todas as amostras de ostras C. brasiliana. (AU)


Bivalves as filter-feeders and bioaccumulators of chemical and biological residues canoffer risk to public health when consumed by the population. This study aims at determining Pb, Cd, Hg,Cu and Zn levels in bivalves C. brasiliana, P. perna and Mytella falcata collected in several naturalsandbanks in the coastal Baixada Santista, São Paulo. Seventy samples from twelve natural sandbankswere collected and analyzed from September 1996 to February 1997. Mercury concentration in soft tissuesof bivalves was determined by continuos flow injection ­ flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Pb,Cd, Zn and Cu were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES).The results showed that Pb, Cd, Hg and Cu levels in samples were according to Brazilian legislation. Theconcentration of Zn for all samples of oyster C. brasiliana was higher than those indicated by legal limitsfor foods in Brazil, that is 50 mg/kg; for other samples the Zn levels were below the levels established forBrazilian legislation. (AU)


Subject(s)
Spectrophotometry, Atomic , Spectrum Analysis , Bivalvia , Perna , Crassostrea , Mollusca
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