Long-term Mate Selection in Latin America: An Analysis of Personal Ads / Selección de Parejas a Largo Plazo en Latinoamérica: Un Análisis de Anuncios Personales

Abstract The present work aims to study which factors are relevant in long-term mate selection from a lonely-hearts personal advertisement sample of Spanish-speaking consumers of Cosmopolitan Magazine, Colombian Edition. We analyzed One thousand four hundred sixty-eight publications (made by 770 men and 698 women) using a coding system based on the theories of sexual strategies, genetic quality indicators, and the preferences classification used in personal ads studies. Initially, we found trends as a greater predilection for psychological attributes and a greater demand to require more traits than offering them. In addition, the cross-cultural pattern demonstrated that men prefer women's physical characteristics, while women require status/resources by men. Finally, men tended to be more selective in the age range of 36-45 years, while women's selectivity decreased with age. The results replicate many of the patterns found in investigations related to human sexual selection, also bring enlightenment about new preference dimensions to study in the future.

Resumen La presente investigación examina las preferencias de individuos que buscan emparejarse a largo plazo, por medio del análisis de anuncios de búsqueda de parejas, publicados por una muestra de usuarios hispanohablantes de la edición Colombiana de la Revista Cosmopolitan. Se revisaron 1468 publicaciones (de 770 hombres y 698 mujeres) utilizando un sistema de codificación construido a partir de la teoria de estrategias sexuales, indicadores de calidad genética y clasificaciones usadas en estudios de anuncios personales. Los usuarios reportaron una mayor atención por atributos psicológicos, además de una alta exigencia. Adicionalmente, los hombres solicitaron más características fisicas de las mujeres, y las mujeres más indicadores asociados al estatus y recursos de los hombres. Los hombres se mostraron más selectivos entre los 36 y los 45 anos, mientras que la selectividad de las mujeres disminuyó con la edad. Los resultados replican patrones encontrados en las investigaciones sobre emparejamiento sexual humano, y dan luces sobre nuevos dominios de preferencia para examinar en el futuro.

Portable Multi Channel EEG Signal Acquisition System / 中国医疗器械杂志

This study introduces a portable multi-channel EEG signal acquisition system. The system is mainly composed of EEG electrode connector, signal conditioning circuit, EEG acquisition part, main control MCU and power supply part. The low-power EEG acquisition front-end ADS1299 and STM32 are used to form the signal acquisition and data communication part. The collected EEG signal can be transmitted to the PC for real-time display. After relevant tests, the system has small volume, low power consumption, high signal-to-noise ratio, and meets the requirements of portable wearable medical devices.

Cross-cultural adaptation and reliability of the Filipino version of the Attitude to Disability Scale

Background@#Negative attitudes towards disability must be addressed to promote better quality of life for Filipino persons with disability, but measures to identify these attitudes are not available in the local context. The World Health Organization (WHO) Quality of Life Disability Group's Attitude to Disability Scale (ADS) was identified to be a promising tool for this due to the participatory and cross-cultural approach used for its development and its good psychometric properties. @*Objectives@#This study aimed to culturally adapt the ADS – Physical Disability forms to Filipino. The study also aimed to determine the test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the translated forms. @*Methodology@#The translation process followed recommendations from literature and WHO. The translated forms were pre-tested on 12 Filipino participants with similar profiles to target users to refine the translated forms. Data collection on 362 participants in Metro Manila and surrounding provinces was conducted to evaluate internal consistency of the forms using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Ninety-seven participants underwent retesting to evaluate the test-retest reliability of the translated forms using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). @*Results@#The translation process ensured semantic and conceptual equivalence with the original form and experiential appropriateness for Filipino use. Both translated forms demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.67 to 0.82). ICC estimates suggest poor to moderate test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.220 to 0.705). @*Conclusion@#The ADS - Physical Disability forms were culturally adapted to Filipino and were found to reliably measure attitudes towards disability of Filipinos, save for some improvements for test-retest reliability. Further studies are also recommended to ascertain the forms' validity.

Design of Pulse Signal Acquisition System of Adaptive Wide Dynamic Range Based on ADS125H02 / 中国医疗器械杂志

In order to solve the problem of wide input range of photocurrent, aiming at the shortage of existing pulse signal acquisition system, an adaptive pulse signal acquisition system based on ADS125H02 is designed, which has high collection accuracy, low noise, anti-interference, wide input range, high integration, etc. The measurement range of the system can reach ±10 V, and the accuracy is 0.009 μV. Experimental tests show that the design of the system can extract weak pulse signals, and has good practicality.

Comparative Assessment Of Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis In Hiv Patients And Healthy Controls By Ultrasonography & Its Correlation With Antiretroviral Therapy

Background: The study was planned to detect an association of HIV infection and sub-clinical atherosclerosis in the form of increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) Methods: 50 HIVpatients and 50 matched healthy controls were studied. The HIVpatients were further sub classified into those on ARTor not on ART. All of them underwent carotid doppler to identify subclinical atherosclerosis in the form of presence of either pathological intima-media thickness (IMT) or atherosclerotic plaque. Mean IMTwas calculated in various groups and the statistical analysis done. Results: The mean IMT in the test group (HIV), ART, Non ART, control groups was 0.746 mm (SD 0.181), 0.817 mm (SD 0.167), 0.58 mm (SD 0.068) ,0.572 mm (SD 0.101) respectively. There is significant difference in the mean IMT of HIV Vs control groups, ART Vs Non ART sub groups. There is no significant difference in mean IMTof Non ARTVs Control group. Conclusion: HIV patients have higher prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and significantly higher mean IMT as compared to Healthy controls. The prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis is even higher in ARTtreated HIVpatients.

O drama do sexo desprotegido: estilizações corporais e emoções na gestão de risco para HIV entre homens que fazem sexo com homens / The drama of unprotected sex: body stylizations and emotions in risk management for HIV among men who have sex with men / El drama del sexo sin protección: estilizaciones corporales y emociones en el manejo del riesgo para el VIH entre hombres que tienen sexo con hombres

Resumo O texto discute gestões de risco para o HIV no sexo anal desprotegido (SAD) realizadas por homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH). Está embasado na análise de 25 entrevistas com enfoque biográfico com HSH e observação participante na comunidade gay do Recife. Os homens utilizam a soroescolha: SAD com parceiros de mesma sorologia. Além da testagem, são empregados outros indicadores para inferir a condição sorológica negativa. Estilizações corporais, nuançadas pelos vínculos com os parceiros, produzem emoções que medeiam o SAD. Dada a precariedade dos indicadores utilizados, os homens recorrem muito ao teste anti-HIV. Este acontece após a exposição ao risco, como um ritual reparador para o drama do sexo desprotegido, mas sem eficácia preventiva individual.

Abstract The text discusses HIV risk management in unprotected anal sex (UAS) carried out by men who have sex with men (MSM). It is based on analyses of 25 interviews with a biographical focus with MSM, and participant observation in the gay community of Recife. The men use serosorting: UAS is chosen with partners of the same serology. Besides testing, other indicators are used to infer a serologically negative condition. Body stylizations, nuanced by affective bonds with the partners, produce emotions which mediate the willingness to engage in UAS. As they understand the precariousness of the indicators used, the men often resort to testing. This takes place after exposure to risk, as a repairing ritual for the drama of unprotected sex, but without any individual preventative effectiveness.

Resumen El texto discute el manejo del riesgo para el VIH en el sexo anal sin protección (SASP) llevado a cabo por hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). Se basa en el análisis de 25 entrevistas con enfoque biográfico con HSH y la observación participante en la comunidad gay de Recife. Los hombres utilizan el "suero elección": elige para el SASP parejas de la misma serología. Además de las pruebas, utilizan otros indicadores para inferir una condición serológica negativa. Estilizaciones corporales, matizadas por los vínculos afectivos con parejas sexuales, producen emociones que median el SASP. Como entienden la precariedad de los indicadores utilizados, los hombres a menudo recurren a las pruebas. Esto ocurre después de la exposición al riesgo, como un ritual de reparación para el drama del sexo sin protección, pero sin ninguna eficacia preventiva individual.

Evidencias de validez de constructo y de criterio de la Escala Massie-Campbell de Apego Durante Estrés (ADS) / Evidências de validade de constructo e de critério da Escala MassieCampbell de Apego durante o Stress (ADS) / Construct and criterion validity evidences of the Massie-Campbell Scale of Attachment During Stress (ADS)

Resumen La escala Massie-Campbell de Apego Durante Estrés (ADS; 1983), es una guía de observación de la interacción entre madres (o cuidadores) y sus hijos de 6 a 18 meses. Este estudio busca obtener evidencias de validez de constructo (convergente y divergente) y de criterio (sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos) de dicho instrumento. Para ello, se evaluó el apego en 32 niños y niñas de ocho a diez meses de Lima, Perú, utilizando el ADS y el Attachment Q-set 3.0 (AQS), de Waters (1995), así como la sensibilidad de sus madres. Como resultado, se encontró que las clasificaciones del apego seguro e inseguro dadas a partir del ADS se encuentran relacionadas con los puntajes continuos de seguridad del apego del AQS (r = .41, p = .02) y con las clasificaciones dicotómicas (seguro vs. inseguro) obtenidas a partir del mismo [χ2 (1, N = 32) = 4.69, p = .03, d = .83]. Adicionalmente, no se hallaron diferencias significativas en la sensibilidad materna de las madres de los niños clasificados como seguros y la de los inseguros. Dado que la sensibilidad de la escala ADS no alcanzó niveles satisfactorios (33.3 %, IC 95 % = [15.48; 56.90]), de manera exploratoria se evaluó un punto de corte de cinco conductas seguras, el cual mejora su sensibilidad (47.6 %, IC 95 % = [26.4; 69.7]) y mantiene sus niveles satisfactorios de especificidad (90.9 %, IC 95 % = [57.1; 99.5]). En conclusión, el instrumento muestra adecuadas evidencias de validez de constructo convergente, pero no divergente; y, al ser considerado un instrumento de tamizaje, su sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos necesitan seguir siendo estudiados con el fin de conseguir un punto de corte con mayor validez.

Resumo A Escala Massie-Campbell de Apego durante o Stress (ADS; 1983) é um guia de observação da interação entre mães (ou cuidadores) e seus filhos de 6 a 18 meses. Este estudo procura obter evidências de validade de constructo (convergente e divergente) e de critério (sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos) desse instrumento. Para isso, foi avaliado o apego em 32 crianças de oito a dez meses, de Lima, Peru, utilizando o ADS e o Attachment Q-set 3.0 (AQS), de Waters (1995), bem como a sensibilidade de suas mães. Como resultados, constatou-se que as classificações do apego seguro e inseguro dadas a partir do ADS se encontram relacionadas com as pontuações contínuas de segurança do apego do AQS (r = .41, p = .02) e com as classificações dicotômicas (seguro versus inseguro) obtidas a partir deste [χ2 (1, N = 32) = 4.69, p = .03, d = .83]. Além disso, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na sensibilidade materna das mães das crianças classificadas como seguras e a das inseguras. Tendo em vista que a sensibilidade da escala ADS não atingiu níveis satisfatórios (33.3 %, IC 95 % = [15.48; 56.90]), de maneira exploratória, foi avaliado um ponto de corte de cinco comportamentos seguros, o que melhora sua sensibilidade (47.6 %, IC 95 % = [26.4; 69.7]) e mantém seus níveis satisfatórios de especificidade (90.9 %, IC 95 % = [57.1; 99.5]). Em conclusão, o instrumento mostra adequadas evidências de validade de constructo convergente, mas não divergente; e, ao ser considerado um instrumento de rastreamento, sua sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos precisam continuar sendo estudados a fim de conseguir um ponto de corte com maior validade.

Abstract The Massie-Campbell Attachment During Stress Scale (ADS, Massie & Campbell, 1983) is an observation guide of the interactions between mothers (or caretakers) and children from 6 to 18 months. This study sought the construct validity (convergent and discriminant) of ADS, as well as its criterion validity (sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values). To that end, child attachment was measured in a group of 32 children aged 8 to 10 months from Lima, Peru using ADS and Attachment Q-set 3.0 (AQS, Waters, 1995). Maternal sensitivity was assessed as well. It was found that ADS attachment classifications were related with AQS attachment security continuous scores (r = .41, p = .02) and with its dichotomous classifications [secure vs. insecure; χ2 (1, N = 32) = 4.69, p = 0.03, d = 0.83]. Additionally, no significant differences between the ADS's maternal sensitivity of mothers with children classified as secure and mothers with children classified as insecure were found. Since ADS´s sensitivity did not reach satisfactory levels (33.3 %, 95 % CI = [15.48, 56.90]), a cut-off point of 5 secure behaviors was used, which improved its sensitivity (47.6 %, 95 % CI = [26.4; 69.7]) while maintaining satisfactory levels of specificity (90.9 %, 95 % CI = [57.1; 99.5]). The instrument shows adequate convergent validity but lacks evidence of discriminant validity. Further exploration of ADS's sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values is recommended in order to obtain a cut-off point with greater validity, given that the instrument is considered a screening test.

Design of a portable SSVEP signal acquisition system / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Objective To design a portable electroencephalography(EEG) acquisition system to acquire and analysis steady-state visual potentials (SSVEP). Methods The microprocessor MSP432P401 series MCU was used to control the high-performance integrated analog front end ADS1299 to realize the acquisition, amplification and analog-to-digital (AD) conversion of EEG signals. The digital EEG signal is sent to the host computer for processing by WIFI. Spontaneous EEG signals and steady-state visually evoked EEG signals from 3 healthy subjects were collected to verify system performance. Results The collected signal had a clear α-wave rhythm of closed-eye spontaneous EEG signals. The power spectrum density shows that the steady-state visually induced EEG signal frequency and harmonic frequency peak at the corresponding stimulation frequency, indicating that the system works normally and the performance is good. Conclusions The designed portable EEG acquisition system can accurately collect the spontaneous and induced EEG signals of the human body, which provides technical support for the clinical application of SSVEP technology.

Internet addiction among adolescents: prevalence, impact on scholastic performance and psychiatric co-morbidities

Background: Looking at the increasing use of internet, it is time to concern about internet addiction(IA) and its consequences. Though researchers have started paying attention to it, it is desired to study IA among adolescents residing in smaller cities and towns of India. Aim and Objectives:To knowthe prevalence of IA among school going adolescents and to find out its risk factors, impact on scholastic performance and presence of anxiety/ depression. Material and Method: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Jhalawar city of Rajasthan. A total of 421 students studying in class VIII to XII were recruited after taking complete enumeration sample from two schools. Along with proforma, study tools includedYoung’s Internet Addiction Test 20 (YIAT-20)and Patient Health Questionnaire-Anxiety & Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS). Results: Observed IA prevalence was 14%. IA was found to have deteriorating effect on scholastic performance. 64.4% and 54.2% of internet addicted students suffered from various grades of depression and anxiety respectively, which is quite high. Male gender and use of internet mainly for entertainment were predominant risk factors for IA on logistic regression.Conclusion:IA has adverse impact on adolescents in terms of poor scholastic performance and psychiatric co-morbidities.

Extraction and Adsorption Separation of Chlorogenic Acid in Lonicera Macranthoides by a Blitzkrieg Ex-tractor and a Macroporous Resin / 中国药师

Objective: To explore the optimal extraction process by a blitzkrieg extractor and the adsorption separation by macro-porous resin for chlorogenic acid in Lonicera macranthoides. Methods: The transfer rate of chlorogenic acid was used as the main as-sessment index, the response surface test was adopted to optimize the main influencing factors in the extraction process by a blitzkrieg extractor for chlorogenic acid in Lonicera macranthoides. The transfer rate and the product purity of chlorogenic acid were used as the main assessment indices, the water extract solution of Lonicera macranthoides was used as the raw material, single factor test was adopt-ed to optimize the main influencing factors in the adsorption separation process by a macroporous resin for chlorogenic acid in Lonicera macranthoides. Results: The optimum conditions of the extraction process by a blitzkrieg extractor and the adsorption separation by a macroporous resin for chlorogenic acid in Lonicera macranthoides were as follows: the solid-liquid ratio was 1 : 23, the extraction time was 4. 7 min, the rotating speed was 6 000 r·min-1, the type of macroporous resin was ADS-7, the amount ratio of medicinal materi-als to macroporous resin was 1: 5, the flow rate of sample solution was 1 BV·h-1, the macroporous resin column was eluted by 1 BV water at the speed of 1 BV·h-1followed by 6 BV 20% ethanol solution at the speed of 2 BV·h-1, and the eluent of 20% ethanol so-lution was collected. The average transfer rate of chlorogenic acid was 90. 12% (RSD=1. 33% ) with the purity of 50. 30% (RSD=2. 19% ). Conclusion: A new route of the extraction process by a blitzkrieg extractor and the adsorption separation by a macroporous resin for chlorogenic acid in Lonicera macranthoides has established through the optimization and verification experiments. The process with high transfer rate of chlorogenic acid (the purity of chlorogenic acid product was over 50% ) is fast, and the solvent is healthy and easy to recycle.

SISTEMA MULTICANAL PARA ADQUISICIÓN DE BIOPOTENCIALES / MULTICHANNEL BIOPOTENTIAL ACQUISITION SYSTEM / SISTEMA MULTICANAL PARA A AQUISIÇÃO DE BIOPOTENCIAIS

Se presenta un sistema compuesto por hardware de adquisición y software de soporte para la medición de biopotenciales en tiempo real desde una PC. El equipo cuenta con 8 canales diferenciales acoplados en continua, muestreados con convertidores analógico-digitales sigma-delta de 24 bits, con ganancia y tasa de muestreo configurables. La resolución del dispositivo está dada por el piso de ruido del sistema que es inferior a 2 µVrms en un ancho de banda de (0,05-100) Hz. Para medidas en un ancho de banda de 1 kHz el piso de ruido resulta menor a 3 µVrms. El coeficiente de rechazo de modo común es de 96 dB, y para lograr medidas de mayor calidad se utilizan electrodos activos y un circuito independiente para reducir la tensión de modo común, lo que posibilita utilizar topologías de medición no diferenciales. La transmisión de datos y de energía para todo el sistema se realiza a través del bus USB. El equipo cuenta con una barrera de aislamiento compatible con normas internacionales de seguridad eléctrica para equipamiento médico. Se relevó la respuesta en frecuencia y se comprobó que cumple con requisitos para dispositivos de electrocardiografía. Se adquirieron distintas señales de biopotenciales para verificar el funcionamiento del equipo y demostrar el uso del software.

A biopotential measurement system composed of acquisition hardware and software capable of relaying real-time signals to a PC is presented. The device has 8 DC coupled differential channels sampled by 24 bits sigma-delta analog to digital converters with programmable gain and sampling frequency. The noise floor of the device determines its resolution, and it is less than 2 µVrms in a bandwidth of (0.05-100) Hz. Measurements up to 1 kHz can be carried out with a noise voltage less than 3 µVrms. The common mode rejection ratio is 96 dB. To achieve high-quality measurements active electrodes are used along with a common mode voltage reduction circuit allowing single-ended measurement topologies. A USB connection serves both as data channel and power source. The device includes an isolation barrier in agreement with international standards for the electrical safety of medical equipment. Its frequency response was measured and compared with accepted standards for electrocardiographic devices, and various biopotential measurements were carried out in order to test both hardware and software.

É apresentado um sistema composto de hardware de aquisição e software de suporte para a medição de biopotenciais em tempo real a partir de um PC. O aparelho tem 8 canais diferenciais acopladas em contínuo, amostrados com conversores analógico-digital sigma-delta 24 bits. com o ganho e taxa de amostragem configurável. A resolução do dispositivo é determinado pelo nível de ruído do sistema é menos 2 µVrms uma largura de banda (0,05-100) Hz. Para medições em uma largura de banda de 1 kHz o piso de ruído é inferior a 3 µVrms. A razão de rejeição de modo comum é 96 dB, e para se obter medidas de qualidade superior é usado eléctrodos activos e um circuito separado para reduzir a tensão de modo comum, tornando-se possível a utilização de topologias de medição não diferenciais. A transmissão de dados e energia para todo o sistema é feito através do barramento USB. A equipe tem uma barreira de isolamento compatível com as normas de segurança elétrica internacionais para equipamentos médicos. Foi revelada a resposta em frequência e está em conformidade com os requisitos para dispositivos de eletrocardiografia. Se Obteveram diferentes sinais de biopotenciais para vereficar o funcionamento equipamento e demonstrar a utilização do software.

The Relationship between Hair Zinc and Lead Levels and Clinical Features of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to examine the association between zinc and lead level and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among Korean children. METHODS: A total of 89 clinic-referred children participated in the study (ADHD group=45, control group=44). The participants were 5-15 years old, and were mainly from urban areas of Seoul, Korea. ADHD was diagnosed using the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version. We excluded children with a comorbid psychiatric disorder, medical illness requiring medication, or a prior history of taking ADHD medication. In order to evaluate the severity of ADHD symptoms, parents' Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) was used. The ADHD diagnostic system (ADS) was used for evaluation of the severity of inattention and impulsivity. All participants completed the intelligence test and hair mineral analysis. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effect of hair zinc and lead levels on the K-ARS and ADS. We measured the predictive ability of the zinc and lead levels using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The lead level explained the score for omission errors, commission errors, and response time SD in visual ADS in the ADHD group (adjusted R2=.243, p<.01, adjusted R2=.362, p<.01, and adjusted R2=.275, p<.01), the score for omission errors of auditory ADS in ADHD group (adjusted R2=.407, p<.01) and the entire group (adjusted R2=.292, p<.01). Zinc was significantly explanatory for the K-ARS scores for the entire group (adjusted R2=.248, p<.001) and the ADHD group (adjusted R2=.247, p<.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a possible role of zinc and lead in ADHD. Lead concentration in hair samples affected the ADS scores, and this was more prominent in children with ADHD. Children with ADHD had a lower zinc concentration in their hair, and the zinc concentration in hair showed negative correlation with the K-ARS score.

Anomalias da diferenciação sexual: representações parentais sobre a constituição da identidade de gênero / Disorders of sex development: parental representations of gender identity construction

O estudo investigou as representações de mães e pais sobre a constituição de identidade de gênero em crianças nascidas com diagnóstico de Anomalias da Diferenciação Sexual (ADS). As ADS são distúrbios da diferenciação sexual que resultam em ambiguidade genital na criança. O estudo tem um delineamento qualitativo, com três mães e três pais de crianças nascidas com ADS, de diferentes idades. Utilizou-se a entrevista narrativa e a análise de conteúdo para coleta e análise dos dados. Os resultados mostraram que mães e pais entendem que a identidade de gênero se constitui através da anatomia da genitália, do sexo de criação com o qual a criança é educada e do reconhecimento social que a criança recebe no ambiente em que vive...

The present study investigated the representations of gender identity construction by mothers and fathers whose children were born with Disorders of Sex Development (DSD). DSD are disorders of sex differentiation which result in ambiguous genitalia in children. A qualitative study with three mothers and three fathers, whose children of different ages were born with DSD, was carried out. Narrative interviews and content analyses were, respectively, the methodological procedures used to collect and analyze the data. Results showed that the criteria mothers and fathers consider as fundamental for the gender identity construction are the genital anatomy, how the child is raised, and the social recognition of the environment where the child lives...

Acid native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis:a method for studying the mechanism of action of HIV entry inhibitor ADS-J1 / 中国药理学通报

Aim ADS-J1 is a low molecular HIV entry inhibitor targeting HIV transmembrane subunit gp41 through virtual screening from a compound library containing 20 000 molecules.This study is to investigate the binding sites of ADS-J1 on gp41.Methods Acid native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (AN-PAGE) assay was applied to test the binding ability of ADS-J1 with the peptides derived from gp41 N-terminal heptad repeat (NHR) region.Results It was reported previously that ADS-J1 could block the gp41 six-helix bundle (6-HB) formation using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (N-PAGE).However,the binding sites could not be found because positive charged N-peptides derived from gp41 NHR could not show bands on the gel.In the present study,the AN-PAGE assay which could show N-peptides in the gel was established,and it was found that ADS-J1 could inhibit the gp41 6-HB formation.Moreover,ADS-J1 bound directly to the gp41 cavity region of NHR.The positively charged residue (K574) located in this region was critical for the binding of ADS-J1.Conclusions ADS-J1 inhibits HIV entry by targeting the cavity region of gp41 NHR,whereas K574 in the cavity plays a critical role for the binding.Furthermore,the AN-PAGE assay provides a simple method for studying the mechanism of action of virus entry inhibitors targeting the transmembrane protein of type I enveloped virus.

Impact of Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy on Sleep and Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Symptoms in Children / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES : Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is one of the principal causes associated with snoring, sleep apnea, and restless sleep. These sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with hyperactivity, rebellious behavior, aggressiveness, enuresis, inattention, social withdrawal, and learning difficulties. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of adenotonsillar hypertrophy on attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and sleep-related symptoms in children by standard tests. METHODS : Children aged 5 through 15 years old, a total of 65 who were scheduled for Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy, were studied. The control group consisted of 30 healthy children of the same age. In both groups, attention-deficit hyperactivity dis-order (ADHD) was evaluated by Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). The degree of inattention, hyperactivity and sleep-related symptoms was evaluated by Korean ADHD Rating Scales (K-ARS), ADHD diagnostic system (ADS) and pediatric sleep questionnaire. The K-ARS and sleep questionnaire were completed by the parents of the children. RESULTS : Acording to K-SADS-PL, 23 subjects out of 65 subjects in the patient group and 2 subjects out of 30 subjects in the control group were diagnosed with ADHD. According to sleep questionnaires, the patient group reported significantly more problems than the control group. The patients had significantly higher cumulative questionnaire scores than the control group. In linear regression analysis, the cumulative score of sleep questionnaire was associated with inattention subscale scores, hyperactivity/impulsivity subscale scores and the total score of K-ARS, and also with the response time and the standard deviation of response time of ADS. In relation to ADHD, the patient group had significantly higher ADHD scores in K-ARS inattention subscale and significantly slower response time in ADS compared to the control group. Comparing SDB children without ADHD and the control group without ADHD by excluding ADHD children in both groups, SDB children without ADHD did not show significantly higher scores in K-ARS but did show significantly slower ADS response time. CONCLUSION : Children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy are associated with increased SDB and ADHD symptoms. Therefore they may need intensive treatment such as surgical intervention.

Impact of Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy on Sleep and Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Symptoms in Children / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES : Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is one of the principal causes associated with snoring, sleep apnea, and restless sleep. These sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with hyperactivity, rebellious behavior, aggressiveness, enuresis, inattention, social withdrawal, and learning difficulties. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of adenotonsillar hypertrophy on attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and sleep-related symptoms in children by standard tests. METHODS : Children aged 5 through 15 years old, a total of 65 who were scheduled for Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy, were studied. The control group consisted of 30 healthy children of the same age. In both groups, attention-deficit hyperactivity dis-order (ADHD) was evaluated by Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). The degree of inattention, hyperactivity and sleep-related symptoms was evaluated by Korean ADHD Rating Scales (K-ARS), ADHD diagnostic system (ADS) and pediatric sleep questionnaire. The K-ARS and sleep questionnaire were completed by the parents of the children. RESULTS : Acording to K-SADS-PL, 23 subjects out of 65 subjects in the patient group and 2 subjects out of 30 subjects in the control group were diagnosed with ADHD. According to sleep questionnaires, the patient group reported significantly more problems than the control group. The patients had significantly higher cumulative questionnaire scores than the control group. In linear regression analysis, the cumulative score of sleep questionnaire was associated with inattention subscale scores, hyperactivity/impulsivity subscale scores and the total score of K-ARS, and also with the response time and the standard deviation of response time of ADS. In relation to ADHD, the patient group had significantly higher ADHD scores in K-ARS inattention subscale and significantly slower response time in ADS compared to the control group. Comparing SDB children without ADHD and the control group without ADHD by excluding ADHD children in both groups, SDB children without ADHD did not show significantly higher scores in K-ARS but did show significantly slower ADS response time. CONCLUSION : Children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy are associated with increased SDB and ADHD symptoms. Therefore they may need intensive treatment such as surgical intervention.

Análisis de categorías conceptuales asociadas al tipo de comercial y al efecto del material visual-verbal previo / Analysis of conceptual categories associated with type of ads and effect of the previous visual-verbal material

Este experimento pretendió identificar el tipo de calificativos asociados a cinco tipos de comerciales: afecto positivo, afecto negativo, humor, informativos - no emocionales y eróticos. Para este efecto se diseñó una tarea en la cual 48 sujetos aplicaron cinco adjetivos a cada uno de veinte (20) comerciales. Se controló el orden de presentación de los comerciales utilizando cuatro secuencias aleatorias distintas y se asignó a los sujetos también aleatoriamente a cada orden de presentación. Adicionalmente se investigó el efecto del tipo de material previo a la prueba. Los resultados mostraron que los comerciales de afecto positivo e informativo en la tarea de selección de calificativos conformaron categorías directas y claramente delimitadas, mientras que los comerciales de afecto negativo, humor y eróticos pertenecían en dicha tarea a categorías difusas con límites yuxtapuestos. No obstante, en las preguntas abiertas, los participantes describieron efectos emocionales fuertes de parte de los comerciales con afecto negativo y amenazantes, así como elaboración del mensaje, los cuales explican que la yuxtaposición se diera con los rótulos asociados con comerciales no emocionales e informativos. El tipo de material previo a la exposición del comercial no afectó la tarea posterior. Se concluye que el tipo de emoción manejada en cada comercial afecta la atención del mensaje y que esta comprensión es menor cuando se acude a emociones positivas, humor y erotismo.

This experiment aimed at identifying the type of denominations associated to five types of ads: positive affection, negative affection, humor, news - non emotional and erotic. For this effect a task was designed in which 48 subjects applied five adjectives to each of twenty (20) ads. The order of presentation of the ads was controlled using four different random sequences and subjects were also assigned randomly to each order of presentation. Additionally, the effect of the type of material previous to the test was investigated. The results showed that ads of positive and informative affection in the task of selection of denominations, conformed direct and clearly delimited categories; but ads of negative affection, humor and erotic, fell on diffuse categories with juxtaposed limits. However, in the open questions, the participants described emotional negative ads with strong emotional effects as well as high elaboration of the message, which explain that the juxtaposition occurred with the non emotional and informative commercial labels associated with. The type of material previous to the exhibition of ads did not affect the later task. As a conclusion the type of emotion handled in each ad influences the attention of the message and that this understanding is lower when we make use of positive emotions, humor and eroticism.

The Cognitive Performance, Emotional and Behavioral Problems of the Children with ADHD Showing the Difference between Visual and Auditory Attention

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of the cognitive performance, emotional and behavioral problems among the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) groups that show the difference between visual and auditory attention. METHOD: Using'ADHD Diagnostic System(ADS)', visual attention and auditory attention of 98 children diagnosed as ADHD were measured. According to the omission and commission error of ADS, they were divided into three groups; 1) the group whose each visual omission and commission error scores were higher than each auditory omission and commission error scores(VV group), 2) the group whose each auditory omission and commission error scores were higher than each visual omission and commission error scores(AA group), 3) the group that was the rest of VV and AA group(M group). And the results of both the subscales of Korean Educational Development Institute-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(KEDI-WISC) and the subscales of Korean Child Behavior Checklist(K-CBCL) among three groups were compared. Finally, the correlation between the visual omission, visual commission, auditory omission, auditory commission error and the results of KEDI-WISC, K-CBCL were investigated. RESULTS: The results were as follows; 1) In 98 ADHD children, the number of VV group(N=56) was higher than that of AA (N=10) and M group (N=32). 2) All mean scores of the subscales of KEDI-WISC of VV group were higher than those of M and AA group. The score of verbal IQ(p=.039) of VV group was significantly higher than that of AA group and the scores of block design(p=.015), Kaufman's factor 2(p=.045), performance IQ(p=.004) were significantly higher than those of M group. The score of full IQ(p=.004) were significantly higher than that of M and AA group. 3) The mean scores of all K-CBCL subscales of VV group were higher than those of M and AA group, except the score of Somatic complaint subscale. The score of Social subscale(p=.041) of VV group was significantly higher than that of AA group. The score of Withdrawn subscale(p=.021) of AA group was significantly higher than that of VV group. 4) There were no significant correlation between the scores of visual omission/commission error and those of each subscale of KEDI-WISC. But, there were many significant correlations between the scores of auditory omission/commission error and those of each subscale of KEDI-WISC. 5) There were significant correlation between the score of the visual omission error and that of Thought problem subscale(r=.205, p=.043) of K-CBCL. There were significant correlation between the scores of the auditory omission error and those of Social subscale(r=-.319, p=.001), Social problems subscale(r=.206, p=.042), Thought problem subscale(r=.235, p=.021). Finally, there were significant correlation between the scores of auditory commission error and those of Social subscale(r=-.241, p=.017), Thought problem subscale(r=.235, p=.020). CONCLUSION: The ADHD children whose auditory attention ability were higher than visual attention ability had relatively better cognitive performance and less emotional/behavioral problems than the others. The more comprehensive experiment will be needed about the cognitive performance, emotion and behavior problems of the ADHD children showing the difference between visual and auditory attention.

Antitumor and immunological regulation effects of ardipusilloside-Ⅰ / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the antitumor and immunological regulation effects of ardipusilloside-Ⅰ(ADS-Ⅰ) on tumor-bearing mice of S180, H22, EAC and L1210. Methods The tumor-bearing mouse model was made through injecting cancer cells in the right limb oxter(or in abdominal cavity), and the mice were administrated orally with ADS-Ⅰfor 8 days. Then we detached the tumor and counted the inhibition rate of tumor growth. Incorporation of ()~3H-TdR was used to assess the proliferation of T spleen lymphocyte cells; phagocytosis of abdominal cavity macrophage was measured with the method of chicken red blood cells. Results ADS-Ⅰ was proved to be effective on the tumor-bearing mice of S180, H22 and EAC, and the maximal inhibition rate of the dose of 100 mg?kg~(-1) was 38.7%, 48.6% and 50.0%, respectively;ADS-Ⅰ promoted the proliferation of T spleen lymphocyte cells,and strengthened the phagocytosis of macrophage in the tumor-bearing mice significantly. Conclusion ADS-Ⅰ can inhibit the growth of transplanted tumor,and improve the immunological function of tumor-bearing mice.