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Fibrosis is one of the key factors that lead to the immune exclusion of solid tumors. Although degradation of fiber is a promising strategy, its application was still bottlenecked by the side effects of causing metastasis, resulting in the failure of immunotherapy. Here, we developed an antimetastatic polymer (HPA) for the delivery of chemo-drug and antifibrotic siPAI-1 to form the nano-permeator. Nano-permeator shrank after protonation and deeply penetrated into the tumor core to down-regulate the expression of PAI-1 for antifibrosis, and further promoted the sustained infiltration and activation of T cells for killing tumor cells. Moreover, metastasis after fiber elimination was prevented by multivalent CXCR4 antagonistic HPA to reduce the attraction of CXCL12 secreted by distant organs. The administration of stroma-alleviated immunotherapy increased the infiltration of CD8+ T cells to 52.5% in tumor tissues, inhibiting nearly 90% metastasis by HPA in distant organs. The nano-permeator reveals the mechanism and correlation between antifibrosis and antimetastasis and was believed to be the optimizing immunotherapy for solid fibrotic tumors.
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Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is a common eye disease causing irreversible visual impairment in the elderly. The tight junction(TJ)between retinal pigment epithelium cells(RPECs)is an important structural unit of the outer blood retinal barrier(oBRB). The TJ is defective in the pathogenesis of AMD, which in turn promotes the destruction of oBRB and accelerates the occurrence and progression of AMD. In this paper, the roles of TJ and TJ protein in maintaining oBRB function, TJ protein abnormality and oBRB destruction in the pathogenesis of AMD were reviewed, aiming to provide new ideas for the treatment of AMD.
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Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the morphological and functional retinal changes in patients with neovascular age?related macular degeneration (nAMD) treated with intravitreal bevacizumab 1.25 mg. Methods: This was a prospective, nonrandomized, interventional study. Eighteen eyes of 18 subjects with nAMD were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (1.25 mg) injection. Subjects underwent complete ophthalmic evaluation which included visual acuity, slitlamp examination, tonometry, binocular ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and MP1 microperimetry before the intravitreal injection and the follow?up at 1 and 3 months. Test of significance such as Chi?squared test, paired ttest and oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) linear trend were used to compare the pre? and post?anti?VEGF outcomes. Intraclass correlation was done to assess the intra observer variability. Results: Mean retinal sensitivity had increased from 3.77 ± 3.13 dB at baseline to 4.93 ± 2.42 dB at 3 months (P = 0.05). Visual acuity improved from 0.62 ± 0.36 at baseline to 0.52 ± 0.36 at 1 month and 0.48 ± 0.34 at 3?month followup, but overall change was not significant (P = 0.40). There was a significant reduction in central foveal thickness (CFT) from 274.61 ± 117.95 at baseline to 179.83 ± 84.18 at 1 month and 179.00 ± 126.55 at 3?month follow?up (P = 0.013). Conclusion: Intravitreal bevacizumab (1.25 mg) injection in nAMD improves retinal function, quantified by retinal sensitivity, scotoma characteristics, fixation stability by MP 1 microperimetry and morphological parameters quantified by CFT in SDOCT. These changes show the effectiveness of treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab in nAMD
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Purpose: The present study compares the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of Lupin’s biosimilar ranibizumab with that of Lucentis® in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Methods: This prospective, double-blind, multi-centric phase-III study was conducted across 19 centers in India. A total of 202 patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration were randomized (1:1) to receive either Lupin’s biosimilar ranibizumab or Lucentis®, 0.5 mg, as an intravitreous injection once every month for 3 months. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients who lost fewer than 15 letters from baseline in best-corrected visual acuity. The safety profile included assessment of adverse events, ophthalmic examination, physical and systemic examination, and vital parameters. The immunogenicity assessment was based on evaluation of anti-drug antibodies. Results: Overall, 174 patients (87 [86.14%] in each group) completed the study. The demographics and baseline characteristics were comparable between the treatment groups. The proportion of patients losing fewer than 15 letters from baseline best corrected visual acuity score in the study eye was comparable between two groups. The difference between Lupin’s ranibizumab and Lucentis® for the proportion of patients who lost fewer than 15 letters was within the predefined equivalence margin (intention-to-treat population: 1.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], ?3.3% to 5.4% and per protocol population: 1.2%; 95% CI, ?3.2% to 6.4%). The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was comparable, and 11 (10.89%) patients in Lupin’s ranibizumab and 19 (18.81%) patients in Lucentis® group had at least one treatment-emergent adverse event. The immunogenicity incidence as assessed by proportion of patients with positive anti-drug antibodies was numerically lower in Lupin’s ranibizumab (4.95%) than Lucentis® (12.87%). Conclusion: Lupin’s biosimilar ranibizumab demonstrated therapeutic equivalence, desirable safety, and favorable immunogenicity profile compared to Lucentis
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Purpose: Antioxidants have been lately postulated as supportive and prophylactic supplements for various retinal disorders, especially age?related macular degeneration (AMD). Forty?eight brands of such supplements containing lutein and zeaxanthin are available in India. The aim of the study was to assess the market leaders in supplements for ophthalmology in view of AREDS recommendations. Methods: Descriptive review of top?selling supplements for eye health were compared to the contents of the AREDS?recommended levels. Results: None of the top 10 selling brands had exact or near similar composition as recommended in the AREDS?2 study, which is the most widely accepted level?1 evidence in AMD prevention. Conclusion: Physicians prescribing these antioxidants, especially for the prevention of advanced AMD, should be vigilant and aware of the contents of the prescribed brands.
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Objective: To apply optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to evaluate the clinical effects of intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents on wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: The 31 eyes of 31 wet AMD patients in the Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from April 2018 to December 2018 were included. These patients received monthly intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents for three consecutive months. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) before and 1, 2 and 3 months after first injection was compared. The macular fovea thickness and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) area at different time points before and after treatment were detected by OCTA and compared. Results: The baseline BCVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) of the included patients was 0.93±0.43, and the BCVA was significantly improved after treatment (P<0.05). The results of OCTA showed that before treatment the inner limiting membrane-retinal pigment epithealium thickness and inner limiting membrane-retinal pigment epithelial fit thickness were (329.03±110.73) μm and (468.84±209.50) μm, respectively, and they both decreased significantly after treatment (P<0.05). The CNV area before treatment was (4.78±3.24) mm2, and it decreased gradually with time after treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion: Intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents can reduce macular edema and inhibit CNV in the wet AMD patients. OCTA can be used to evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents in the treatment of wet AMD.
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Introduction: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a neurodegenerative disease which is one of the leading causes of vision loss affecting population above the age of 50 years. Of the two types wet and dry AMD, dry AMD constitute 90% of cases. Currently there is no effective treatment for AMD except for antioxidant supplementation which can delay the progression of AMD and its associated vision loss. In Ayurveda, it is a Vata Pitthadhika Drishtigata Roga compounded by Dhatukshaya in Vardhakya. The treatment should be Brimhana, Chakshushya and Rasayana to tackle the degenerative changes. Gandhaka Kalpa from Rasaratnasamucchaya and Ksheerabala 101 Avarti Taila has these properties to ameliorate the disease pathology. Hence a clinical study was planned with the objective to assess the effect of Gandhakakalpa internally and Ksheerabala 101 Avarti Taila Nasya in dry AMD. Methods: The study design was interventional, pre and post evaluation without control. After preparatory phase, patients were given Nasya with Ksheerabala 101 Avarti Taila followed by administration of Gandhaka Kalpa with concurrent administration of Ksheerabala 101 Avarti Taila as Pratimarsa Nasya. Study and follow up were done in 30 eyes. Results were documented and statistically analysed using Friedmains’s test, paired t test, Wilcoxon’s signed rank test and McNemar test according to type of variable. Result: The intervention is statistically significant while considering visual acuity (p < 0.001) and Daily Living Tasks Dependent on Vision questionnaire scores (p< 0.0001) and not significant for optical coherence tomography and Amsler grid findings. Conclusion: The intervention is an effective protocol to be followed in Ayurveda for dry AMD.
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Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment among the elderly, worldwide affecting 30-50 million individuals. Inflammation is now increasingly thought to be a key risk factor for AMD. The association of CRP with AMD has been reported in only a few studies, with somewhat inconsistent results. The present study was undertaken to determine the association between AMD and serum CRP levels.Methods: A total of 53 patients diagnosed of any form of AMD fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. A 5 mL sample of venous blood (non-fasting) was collected to determine serum high-sensitivity CRP levels (hsCRP). Different stages of AMD and serum hs CRP level were compared using one-way ANOVA test and calculated p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Comparison between the two groups, one with risk factor and one without risk factor was performed using student-t test and calculated p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Out of 53 patients 21 were having early AMD, 21 were having intermediate AMD and 11 were having advanced AMD. The mean serum hs CRP level was 0.14±0.05 mg/dL, 0.20±0.09 mg/dL and 0.28±0.08 mg/dL in early, intermediate and advanced AMD respectively. When statistically analysed the difference of mean serum hs CRP level among the three groups was found to be statistically significant.Conclusions: Type of AMD influence the baseline hsCRP level. Smoking and diabetes are associated with higher baseline serum hsCRP in all stages of AMD.
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PURPOSE: We prospectively investigated clinical changes and long-term outcomes after administration of the drugs recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study-2 to patients with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: This prospective multicenter study enrolled 79 eyes of 55 patients taking lutein and zeaxanthin. The primary endpoint was contrast sensitivity; this was checked every 12 months for a total of 36 months after treatment commenced. The secondary endpoints were visual acuity, central macular thickness, and drusen volume; the latter two parameters were assessed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 72.46 ± 7.16 years. Contrast sensitivity gradually improved at both three and six cycles per degree. The corrected visual acuity was 0.13 ± 0.14 logMAR and did not change significantly over the 36 months. Neither the central macular thickness nor drusen volume changed significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast sensitivity markedly improved after treatment, improving vision and patient satisfaction. Visual acuity, central retinal thickness, and drusen volume did not deteriorate. Therefore, progression of AMD and visual function deterioration were halted.
Subject(s)
Humans , Contrast Sensitivity , Eye Diseases , Lutein , Macular Degeneration , Patient Satisfaction , Prospective Studies , Retinaldehyde , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Visual Acuity , ZeaxanthinsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the effect of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to multifocal choroiditis (MFC) and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD).@*METHODS@#In this retrospective, comparative study, 20 unique eyes with CNV were divided into two groups: 10 patients affected by MFC and 10 patients diagnosed with wet AMD. They all received local intravitreal (IVT) injections of ranibizumab, with 6 months of follow-up. Retreatment injections were performed based on findings suggestive of active neovascularization.@*RESULTS@#Significant improvements were observed in the juxtafoveal CNV lesions, and average central macular thickness decreased in both groups following the anti-VEGF therapy (P<0.05). The average number of injections used in MFC patients was 1.6, while three injections on average were used in wet AMD patients (Z=-2.844, P=0.009). Best-corrected visual acuity was significantly improved in MFC patients after anti-VEGF therapy (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in wet AMD patients between before anti-VEGF therapy and 6 months later (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#IVT ranibizumab resulted in good clinical outcomes for juxtafoveal CNV secondary to MFC and wet AMD, but the average number of injections used in MFC was fewer than that used in wet AMD over a 6-month observation period. Compared with the wet AMD group, visual acuity was obviously improved in the MFC group at 6 months.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Choroidal Neovascularization/drug therapy , Inflammation , Intravitreal Injections , Macular Degeneration/drug therapy , Ranibizumab/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors , Vision, Ocular , Wet Macular Degeneration/drug therapyABSTRACT
In this review, the authors summarized the drugs in treatment of the age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), including the pathogenesis of the age-related macular degeneration at home and abroad, dosage forms used in the treatment, and the drugs research and development directions in the future. AMD disease is the third largest blinding diseases all over the world, with an incidence of 6.62%. The dosage form of the traditional medicine is mostly oral formulations, playing a role in body, while the newly dosage form is topical drug delivery formulation. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has certain advantages in the treatment of AMD disease and the development of topical drug delivery preparations with newly preparation technologies would have a very bright prospect in the future.
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RESUMO: Rejeitos de carvão contêm vários minerais, entre os quais a pirita, que se oxida e gera a drenagem ácida de minas (DAM), um efluente ácido com alto poder poluidor. Atualmente, o setor de mineração de carvão brasileiro controla a DAM por meio do tratamento pelo método de neutralização/precipitação de metais, que consome substanciais quantidades de reagentes e gera um grande volume de lodo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a minimização da geração da DAM por outra abordagem, o método preventivo de isolamento e exclusão de sulfetos. O processo consiste na remoção da pirita da massa de resíduos, reduzindo a geração de acidez e minimizando a carga de metais nas estações de tratamento. A metodologia do trabalho consistiu na separação gravimétrica por meio denso de uma amostra típica de rejeito de carvão, obtendo-se três frações densimétricas: inferior a 2,2, entre 2,2 e 2,7 e superior a 2,7. Cada fração foi submetida às análises imediata e elementar. Também foram realizados ensaios estáticos e cinéticos em células úmidas para avaliação da geração de acidez no rejeito bruto e na fração com densidade intermediária. Os resultados demonstraram que, por intermédio do beneficiamento gravimétrico dos rejeitos, é possível reduzir em 30% o volume de material descartado. Esse material apresenta um potencial de geração de acidez líquido de 80 a 90% inferior ao do rejeito de carvão bruto. Além disso, estima-se que os custos com reagentes no tratamento de águas ácidas produzidas da mineração de carvão possam ser reduzidos em aproximadamente 85%.
ABSTRACT: Coal wastes contain many minerals, including the pyrite, which oxidize and generates the acid mine drainage (AMD), a highly polluting effluent. Currently, the Brazilian coal mining operations emphasise AMD control using waste water treatment systems which consume substantial amounts of reagents and generate large amounts of sludge. The aim of this work was to study the acid mine drainage control by another approach, the sulphide exclusion preventive method. The method comprises in removing the pyrite form coal tailings, reducing the acid generation and minimizing the metals load in wastewater treatment plants. Accordingly, a typical coal waste sample was submitted to a density separation process to divide the sample in the following relative density ranges: below 2.2, from 2.2 to 2.7 and above 2.7. All density fractions were submitted to ultimate and proximate analysis. Static and kinetic tests were carried with the raw waste and the pyrite-free fraction. The results showed that, by gravity processing of coal tailings, it is possible to decrease 30% the volume of wastes. The remaining material presents an acid generation potential of about 80-90% lower than the raw waste. Furthermore, it is expected a reduction in costs of reagents of approximately 85% in acid mine treatment plants.
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BACKGROUND: Previous reports have described a decrease in retinal temperature and clinical improvement of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) after vitrectomy. We hypothesized that the retinal temperature decrease after vitrectomy plays a part in the suppression of wet AMD development. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the temperature dependence of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and in vitro angiogen-esis in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). RESULTS: We cultured ARPE-19 cells at 37, 35, 33 and 31°C and measured the expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-A splicing variants, and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). We performed an in vitro tube formation assay. The dehydrogenase activity was also evaluated at each temperature. Expression of VEGF-A significantly decreased with decreased temperature while PEDF expression did not. VEGF165 expression and in vitro angiogenesis also were temperature dependent. The dehydrogenase activity significantly decreased as the culture temperature decreased. CONCLUSIONS: RPE cultured under hypothermia that decreased cellular metabolism also had decreased VEGF-A and sustained PEDF expression, creating an anti-angiogenic environment. This mechanism may be associated with a beneficial effect after vitrectomy in patients with wet AMD.
Subject(s)
Humans , Serpins/metabolism , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism , Eye Proteins/metabolism , Retinal Pigment Epithelium/metabolism , Hypothermia , Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism , Time Factors , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Cell Line , Neovascularization, PhysiologicABSTRACT
Objetivos: presentar una revisión acerca de la terapia génica y los fármacos en estudios preclínicos como nuevos y posibles blancos de tratamiento farmacológicos para la degeneración macular relacionada a la edad neovascular y el estado de los estudios clínicos de los mismos. Diseño del estudio: revisión de tema. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura electrónica disponible en EMBASE, PUBMED y Google Scholar acerca del tema y se complementa con la información encontrada en www.clinicaltrials.gov y la plataforma de registros internacionales de ensayos clínicos de la OMS. Conclusiones: la terapia génica vinculada a la degeneración macular asociada a la edad neovascular muestra un avance científico importante en el campo de la farmacología ocular pudiendo proporcionar eficacia tras una sola inyección de un vector que puede expresar continuamente una proteína elegida. Existen estudios pre-clínicos que sugieren nuevos y diversos blancos farmacológicos para la degeneración macular relacionada a la edad mostrando un perfil de seguridad y eficacia significativo.
Objectives: to review gene therapy and drugs in preclinical studies as potential new targets for pharmacological treatment for agerelated macular degeneration neovascular and the state of development clinical trials. Study design: literature review. Methods: a search of electronic literature available in EMBASE, PubMed and Google Scholar on the subject was performed and complemented with information found on www.clinicaltrials.gov and WHO platform of international clinical trials registers. Conclusions: the gene therapy linked to age-related macular degeneration shows a scientific important advance in the field of the ocular pharmacology being able to provide efficiency after a single injection of a vector that can express a chosen protein. There are preclinical studies that suggest new and different pharmacological targets for age-related macular degeneration showing a significant safety and efficacy profile.
Subject(s)
Macular Degeneration/therapy , Corneal Neovascularization/therapy , Eye Diseases/therapy , Macular Degeneration/drug therapyABSTRACT
Objetivos: Presentar una revisión de los nuevos y posibles objetivos de tratamiento farmacológicos para la degeneración macular relacionada a la edad neovascul r y el estado de los fármacos en estudios clínicos. Diseño del estudio: Revisión de tema. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura electrónica disponible en EMBASE, PUBMED y Google Scholar acerca del tema, y se complementa con la información encontrada en www.clinicaltrials.gov y la plataforma de registros internacionales de ensayos clínicos de la O.M.S. Se procedió a sistematizar la información y se presenta en forma estructurada. Conclusiones: Las nuevas opciones terapéuticas para la degeneración macular relacionada la edad neovascular proporcionan múltiples objetivos farmacológicos, los cuales se alcanzan realizando modificaciones a moléculas ya elaboradas o con nuevos fármacos los cuales pueden actuar tanto como terapia adjunta a los actuales medicamentos antiangiogénicos (anti VEGF) mejorando su eficacia o con nuevas opciones sustitutivas. Meritorio destacar la vía de la tirosina-quinasa, la cual había sido abordada con los existentes anti VEGF, ahora se presentan nuevas opciones terapéuticas que actúan corriente abajo. Diversos fármacos se encuentran en estudios de efi cacia parcial, merecen especial mención Fovista® y conbercept de los cuales ya se encuentran en desarrollo estudios fase III.
Objectives: To present a review of new and potential targets for pharmacological treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and the state of drugs in development of clinical studies. Study design: Literature review. Methods: A search of electronic literature available in EMBASE, PubMed and Google Scholar on the subject is made and compliments the information found on www.clinicaltrials. gov and platform of international clinical trials registers of the W.H.O. Conclusions: N ew therapeutic options for neovascular age-related macular degeneration provide multiple targets, which are achieved by performing modifi cations to a molecule already developed or new drugs which can act both as an adjunct to current anti VEGF improving efficiency or new alternative options. Meritorious note the tyrosine kinase way, on which previously it has acted with existing anti VEGF, now presents new therapeutic options that act downstream. Several drugs are in partial effi cacy studies, deserve special mention Fovista and conbercept of which already studies are in development phase III.
Subject(s)
Macular Degeneration/drug therapy , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors , Macular Degeneration/diagnosisABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the intervention of chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4) antagonist AMD3100 in lung tissues of rats during pulmonary oxygen intoxication.Methods Forty SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:normal pressure air PBS group, normal pressure air antagonist group , oxygen exposure PBS group and oxygen exposure antagonist group, each consisting of 10 animals.The last two groups were compressed to 0.23 MPa at an exponential rate of 0.1 MPa/min by pure oxygen.Pathological changes of lung tissues were observed by hematoxylin eosin stain.Changes in TNF-αand IL-1βexpression levels in the lung tissues of rats were detected by ELISA.Changes in CXCR4 expression levels were ob-served by Western blotting.Results Pathological examination indicated that edema and hemorrhage in the alveolar and pulmonary interstitial tissue of oxygen exposure antagonist group were lighter than in oxygen exposure PBS group.The levels of TNF-α, IL-1βand cleaved-caspase-3 in the lung tissues of the oxygen exposure antagonist group were lower than in oxy-gen exposure PBS group.Conclusion Blocking CXCR4 with AMD3100 can effectively alleviate lung injury during pulmo-nary oxygen intoxication.
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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe visual loss in people aged 50 years or older. It estimates that 25-35 million people lost vision due to AMD in the world. Rapid increase of aging population, 33.2 million people was affected by AMD in 1994and there is estimation the number will reach 80 million by 2050. Prevalence of disease is different in countries it relates due to aging population and the ratio is higher in developed countries. The risk factors of AMD; race, nationality, life style, cigarette smoking, alcoholconsumption, UV exposure, diet, vitamin or food supplements consumption, drugs and high blood pressure. This study was to evaluate risk factors in age related macular degeneration because cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and high blood pressure are high among elder Mongolians. Introduction of Optical Coherent Tomography /OCT/ in ophthalmology enables us to early diagnose and prevention. It will be basic data for developing AMD prevention policy and improving methods of diagnosis and management.
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The newly started use of atorvastatin eliminated the need for further intravitreal injections of ranibizumab for 37 months in a case of wet form of age related macular degeneration(AMD). Repeated optical coherence tomographic examinations documented the absence of intra- or subretinal fluid. The known effects of statins on endothelial function might also improve retinal capillary endothelial function and reduce or eliminate fluid leakage into the intra- or subretinal space. This would intervene earlier in one important disease mechanism of AMD than the injection of anti-VEGF therapies. A randomized study is necessary to prove this hypothesis.
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ObjectiveTo observe the efficacy of Chaowei Zhikangyin in the treatment of the rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MethodsA rat model of NAFLD was established by feeding 50 Sprague-Dawley rats with high-fat diet for 6 weeks and was confirmed by liver pathological examination. Then, the model rats were randomly divided into five groups: low-, medium-, and high-dose Chaowei Zhikangyin groups (given Chaowei Zhikangyin by gavage), Kezhi capsule treatment group (given a suspension of Kezhi capsules), and model group (orally given distilled water). In addition, control rats were fed with normal diet and then treated with distilled water. Six weeks later, the liver function, blood lipids, liver lipids, and liver histology were examined. ResultsAll Chaowei Zhikangyin groups were superior to the model group in terms of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) in serum and TC and TG in liver tissues (P＜0.05), but there were no significant differences between these Chaowei Zhikangyin groups and Kezhi capsule treatment group (P＞0.05). Different degrees of liver inflammation was observed in the model group and Chaowei Zhikangyin groups; however, the Chaowei Zhikangyin groups and Kezhi capsule treatment group had reduced liver inflammation compared with the model group (P＜0.05), and the Kezhi capsule treatment group showed a significantly more improvement than these Chaowei Zhikangyin groups (P＜0.05). ConclusionChaowei Zhikangyin can improve liver function, reduce blood lipids, and inhibit liver inflammation in rats with NAFLD, and it has comparable efficacy to Kezhi capsules. This therapy can be used for treating NAFLD.
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Objective To discuss the influence and significance of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and its specific receptor CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in proliferation, migration and invasion ability of SW480 colorectal cancer cells. Methods The colorectal cancer cell line SW480 in logarithmic phase was divided into four groups:control group (with no any processing), SDF-1 group (added 100μg/L SDF-1), SDF-1+1 mg/L AMD3100 mixed group (added 1 mg/L AMD3100 for 2 hours, then added 100μg/L SDF-1) and AMD3100 group (added 1 mg/L AMD3100). Immunohisto?chemistry method was used to detect the protein expression of CXCR4 in SW480 cells. The expression of CXCR4 mRNA in SW480 cells was detected by RT-PCR before and after SDF-1 and AMD3100 treatment. MTT assay and transwell chamber were used to test the changes of proliferation, migration and invasion ability of SW480 cells before and after SDF-1 and AMD3100 treatment. Results The result of immunohistochemistry showed that CXCR4 protein was expressed in SW480 cells (positive rate=80%). CXCR4 mRNA was expressed in SW480 cells. The expression of CXCR4 mRNA was up-regulat?ed by SDF-1(100μg/L), which could be inhibited by AMD3100 (1 mg/L). The proliferation activity was higher in SDF-1 group (0.847±0.039) compared to that in control group (0.624±0.011) and SDF-1+AMD3100 mixed group (0.607 ±0.016). The proliferation activity was lower in AMD3100 group (0.456 ± 0.031) than that in control group and SDF-1+AMD3100 mixed group (F=108.03, P<0.05). The number of transmembrane cells was more in SDF-1 group (98.7±5.8, 33.7±6.2) than that in control group (21.0±2.2, 6.1±2.3), SDF-1+1 mg/L AMD3100 mixed group (18.5±8.4, 8.5±2.8) and AMD3100 group (12.1±3.2, 2.1±1.0) detected by transwell chamber experiment. However, there were no statistical differences between three groups. Conclusion The biological axis SDF-1/CXCR4 can promote the proliferation, migration and invasion in colorectal cancer cell line SW480.