Epidemiological factors affecting acute respiratory infection at Government Medical College and Hospital, Miraj

Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) comprising of a group of respiratory diseases of varying etiology and severity is being increasingly recognized as a major public health problem particularly amongst children below five years of age. In all countries ARI is a leading cause of hospitalization and death. Therefore ARIs represent a large challenge in field of communicable diseases. The study was conducted with the objective to assess the socio-demographic, epidemiological and clinical profile of ARI cases.Methods: A descriptive cross sectional, hospital based study was conducted at Government Medical College and Hospital. All children admitted with ARI in the paediatric ward during the study period of one calendar year.Results: Maximum (53.13%) cases of ARI were from the age group <1 year. Males (60.80%) outnumbered the females (M:F ratio was 1.5:1). Month wise and season wise distribution of ARI cases showed that, most of the cases were admitted in the month of December (13.35%), followed by January (12.78%) and November (10.80%).Conclusions: Prevalence of ARI cases as well as severity of the disease was more in participants less than 1 year of age.

Danger signs of acute respiratory tract infections in under-five children: awareness among mothers in the urban slums of Hyderabad, its relation to treatment seeking behaviour

Background: Sustainable development goals (SDGs) proposes to all countries an aim to reduce under-five mortality to 25 per 1000 live births by 2030. Acute respiratory tract infections including pneumonia are the leading cause of death among the children less than five years in India. Identification of severe respiratory infections from non-severe forms necessitates that care-givers, especially mothers are aware of danger signs. An attempt is made to study the awareness of danger signs among the Mothers and see its relation to treatment seeking behaviour.Methods: Community based cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 344 mothers of under-five children living in the urban slums of Hyderabad.Results: The awareness of mothers about the danger signs of ARI is poor. Very few knew that fast breathing (11 percent), wheezing (4.7 percent), convulsions (1 percent), lethargy (1 percent) are major danger signs of ARI requiring urgent medical attention. A majority of mothers took the child with ARI to private hospital (42 percent) while few approached Govt. Hospital or dispensary (4.7 percent). Many mothers (77 percent) were aware that vaccination against diseases might protect the children against ARIs. The prevalence of acute respiratory infections among the children in the current study (59.3 percent) is much higher that previous studies elsewhere.Conclusions: A very high proportion (44 percent) of the mothers were ignorant of any danger sign of ARI. The significant association between awareness and positive health care seeking behaviours, like consulting allopathic doctor or govt. hospital or private hospital establishes the evidence that awareness levels are the prerequisite for the positive health care behaviour.

Detección de Metapneumovirus Humano en niños menores de 5 años hospitalizados en Paraguay / Detection of Human Metapneumovirus in Children under Age 5 Hospitalized in Paraguay

El Metapneumovirus humano (hMPV) constituye una importante causa de Infecciones Respiratorias Agudas (IRAs) en niños hospitalizados. En Paraguay, las IRAs están entre las primeras causas de hospitalización durante la infancia, siendo los virus los principales agentes causales. Sin embargo, aún persiste una alta proporción de casos sin etiología identificada. La pandemia de Influenza en el año 2009, condujo a una intensificación de la vigilancia de las infecciones respiratorias, lo cual permitió al mismo tiempo la búsqueda de otros virus como el hMPV. Nuestro objetivo fue detectar hMPV en niños hospitalizados por IRAs en Paraguay durante el año 2009. Fueron estudiadas 240 muestras respiratorias de niños < 5 años internados por IRAs en Paraguay durante el año 2009, que habían resultado negativas para otros virus respiratorios. Fue utilizado el reactivo LightMix Kit human MPV de TIBMOLBIOL, para la detección del gen N de hMPV por PCR en Tiempo Real, siguiendo el procedimiento indicado por el fabricante. De las 240 muestras estudiadas, 29 (12%) resultaron positivas para hMPV, con la mayor detección en julio y agosto; predominando en mayores de 1 año. Los principales signos y síntomas fueron tos, fiebre y dificultad respiratoria; y las complicaciones más frecuentes neumonía y bronquiolitis. Estos resultados proveen las primeras evidencias en Salud Pública, de la importancia del hMPV asociado a niños hospitalizados por IRAs en Paraguay.

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a significant cause of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in hospitalized children. In Paraguay, ARI is one of the leading causes of childhood hospitalization, with viruses being the primary causal agents. However, a large number of cases of unknown etiology remain. The influenza pandemic of 2009 led to intensified vigilance concerning respiratory infections and more thorough efforts to confirm the presence of viruses such as hMPV. Our objective was to detect hMPV in children hospitalized for ARI in Paraguay during 2009. We studied respiratory samples from 240 children age < 5 years hospitalized for IRAs in Paraguay during 2009 who had tested negative for other respiratory viruses. We used the hMPV-reactive LightMix® kit from TIB MOLBIOL for the detection of the nucleoprotein (N) gene by real-time PCR according to manufacturer-specified procedures. Of the 240 samples studied, 29 (12%) were positive for hMPV, with the highest rates detected in July and August (winter) predominating in children over 1 year of age. The most common signs and symptoms were cough, fever, and respiratory distress; while the most common complications were pneumonia and bronchiolitis. These results provide the first evidence concerning the prevalence of hMPV in children hospitalized for ARI in Paraguay.

Wheeze among Pneumonia Patients in Paediatrics Department of Patan Hospital.

Background: Acute respiratory infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. It is estimated that 3.9 million children die annually from acute respiratary diseases and most of them in developing countries. In significant cases, wheeze is associated with Pneumonia. This study was done to find out the outcome of pneumonia patients admitted in the paediatric ward with wheeze and without wheeze in terms of hospital stay, age predominance, sex ratio, mortality and morbity of patients. Some comorbidies of patients were also studied, Methods: This was a retrospective study done in the paediatric ward of Patan Hospital from April-June 2004 to March-April 2006 AD with following inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the children presented to Emergency ward up to 14 years with symptoms and sign of pneumonia were included in the study(high grade fever with chills and rigor,cough,fast breathing,creps and wheeze in auscultation)Age more than 14 years,history of Asthma,Tuberculosis,Acute wheeze associated with cardiac problems were excluded from study.Pneumonia patients admitted not from Emergency department were also excluded from study. Pneumonia with wheeze, outcome, and the hospital stay were studied. The outcome was measured in terms of improvement, deterioration or death of patients. Co morbidities associated with Pneumonia were also studied. Results: Out of 4620 children admitted in pediatric ward eleven hundred and sixty four (Twenty five percent) cases were of pneumonia and among them two hundred eighty three(twenty four percent) had wheeze. Majority of patients with pneumonia having wheeze falls on age group in between 2 and 12 months, followed by 1-5 years. The male children were more frequently affected. The co morbidities were febrile seizure, acute gastroenteritis, sepsis and urinary tract infection. Conclusion: The children admitted in Paediatric ward with Pneumonia were eleven hundred and sixty four and with wheeze were two hundred and eight three. Among them male were more than females. Majority of patients falls on age group two to twelve months. and study showed that they had prolonged hospital stay in relation to without wheeze. Three percent of the cases had blood culture positive among eleven hundred and sixty four sample.

Acute Respiratory Infection and Pneumonia in India: A Systematic Review of Literature for Advocacy and Action: UNICEF-PHFI Series on Newborn and Child Health, India.

Background: Scaling up of evidence-based management of childhood acute respiratory infection/pneumonia, is a public health priority in India, and necessitates robust literature review, for advocacy and action. Objective: To identify, synthesize and summarize current evidence to guide scaling up of management of childhood acute respiratory infection/pneumonia in India, and identify existing knowledge gaps. Methods: A set of ten questions pertaining to the management (prevention, treatment, and control) of childhood ARI/ pneumonia was identified through a consultative process. A modified systematic review process developed a priori was used to identify, synthesize and summarize, research evidence and operational information, pertaining to the problem in India. Areas with limited or no evidence were identified as knowledge gaps. Results: Childhood ARI/pneumonia is a significant public health problem in India, although robust epidemiological data is not available on its incidence. Mortality due to pneumonia accounts for approximately one-fourth of the total deaths in under five children, in India. Pneumonia affects children irrespective of socioeconomic status; with higher risk among young infants, malnourished children, non-exclusively breastfed children and those with exposure to solid fuel use. There is lack of robust nation-wide data on etiology; bacteria (including Pneumococcus, H. influenzae, S. aureus and Gram negative bacilli), viruses (especially RSV) and Mycoplasma, are the common organisms identified. In-vitro resistance to cotrimoxazole is high. Wheezing is commonly associated with ARI/pneumonia in children, but difficult to appreciate without auscultation. The current WHO guidelines as modified by IndiaCLEN Task force on Penumonia (2010), are sufficient for case-management of childhood pneumonia. Other important interventions to prevent mortality are oxygen therapy for those with severe or very severe pneumonia and measles vaccination for all infants. There is insufficient evidence for protective or curative effect of vitamin A; zinc supplementation could be beneficial to prevent pneumonia, although it has no therapeutic benefit. There is insufficient evidence on potential effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Hib and Pneumococcal vaccines on reduction of ARI specific mortality. Case-finding and community-based management are effective management strategies, but have low coverage in India due to policy and programmatic barriers. There is a significant gap in the utilization of existing services, provider practices as well as family practices in seeking care. Conclusion: The systematic review summarizes current evidence on childhood ARI and pneumonia management and provides evidence to inform child health programs in India.

UNICEF-PHFI Series on Newborn and Child Health, India: Methodology for Systematic Reviews on Child Health Priorities for Advocacy and Action.

India is committed to reducing childhood mortality and morbidity. This requires evidence-based policy and practice in the realm of public health. This in turn necessitates advocacy and action (among all stakeholders), focused on locally relevant issues. A collaboration to work towards this goal was forged between the Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), India; and a team of independent researchers. As a first step, a systematic review of literature on four priority areas of newborn care (community-based interventions) and child health (acute respiratory infection, diarrheal disease, anemia), was undertaken to address important issues including epidemiology, interventions for management, and operational issues of planning, implementing, and measuring actions at a programmatic level. This paper describes the development of the methodology for undertaking these systematic reviews including the process for framing of research questions, building a research team, and executing the systematic review (literature search strategy, data extraction, analysis, and reporting). The challenges associated with ensuring robust methodology, are also described.

NGAL como marcador precoce de lesão renal em ratos submetidos à isquemia renal sob anestesia geral balanceada / NGAL as an early marker of renal injury in rats submitted to renal ischemia under general balanced anesthesia

A lesão renal aguda (LRA) caracterizada como redução abrupta da função renal tem incidência variável, dependendo dos critérios utilizados para sua definição. Atualmente, o mais empregado para avaliação de função renal é a dosagem de creatinina plasmática, porém, por sofrer interferência de vários fatores faz com que a mesma não seja o marcador ideal. Um novo biomarcador da função renal, a lipocalina associada à gelatinase dos neutrófilos (NGAL), tem sido estudado como um dos mais precoces e sensíveis marcadores de lesão de rins após isquemia/reperfusão ou lesão nefrotóxica, sendo facilmente identificada no sangue e na urina. A classificação RIFLE para LRA com a validação da NGAL é uma nova perspectiva para o diagnóstico precoce da LRA e instituição de medidas preventivas e protetoras em situações de risco. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar a LRA por meio da dosagem plasmática da NGAL em ratos submetidos à isquemia renal sob anestesia geral balanceada e hidratados com Ringer lactato ou com hidroxietilamido e correlacionar a dosagem da NGAL plasmática com a lesão histológica renal. Em trinta ratos Wistar machos (>350g) distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos de dez animais, induzidos com isoflurano a 4%, foi realizada intubação orotraqueal e colocados sob ventilação mecânica. Foram cateterizadas a artéria carótida esquerda e a veia jugular direita para monitorização e coletas sanguíneas. ETCO2, PAMI, T foram continuamente monitorizados (Datex, AS3)...

Acute renal injury (ARI), characterized by abrupt renal function decline, has variable incidence, depending on the criteria used for its definition. Presently, the criterion most often used for kidney function evaluation is plasma creatinine dosing; however, because it suffers interference, it is not an ideal marker. A new renal function biomarker, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has been studied as one of the earliest and most sensitive kidney injury marker following ischemia/reperfusion or nephrotoxic injury, and it is easily identified in blood and urine. The RIFLE classification for ARI with NGAL validation is a new perspective for early ARI diagnosis and institution of preventive and protective measures in risk situations. This study aimed at evaluating ARI by means of NGAL plasma dosing in rats submitted to renal ischemia under general balanced anesthesia and hydrated with ringer lactate or hydroxyethylamide and at correlating plasma NGAL dosing with histological renal injury. Thirty male Wistar rats (>350g) were used. They were randomly distributed into three groups with ten animals each and induced by 4% isoflurane. Orotracheal intubation was performed and the animals were placed under mechanical ventilation. The left carotid artery and the right jugular vein were catheterized for monitorization and blood collection. ETCO2, PAMI, T were continuously monitorized (Datex, AS3)...

Acute Respiratory Infection: Boston University’s Collaborative Research Work in the Last Decade.

In the last decade, Boston University, in collaboration with the Child and Adolescent Health Division of the World Health Organization (WHO), has conducted a number of multi-center clinical trials aimed at reducing the childhood mortality associated with acute respiratory infections (ARI). These studies have addressed questions of program relevance and challenges faced by implementing WHO case management guidelines. The spectrum of research studies has extended from endorsing WHO guidelines for using antibiotics in all children with fast breathing to evaluation of ARI guidelines for management of severe pneumonia. Research priorities have included assessing the capacity of community health workers to provide appropriate early treatment to children with pneumonia and to manage both pneumonia and malaria in countries with a dual burden of these childhood illnesses. These contributions are likely to have a long lasting impact on reducing the mortality and morbidity associated with childhood pneumonia.

Lactancia materna: [revisión] / Breast feeding: [review]

La leche materna constituye el alimento natural ideal para los recién nacidos y lactantes. Sus características nutricionales permiten el crecimiento armónico del niño y la prevención de la morbi-mortalidad infantil, especialmente por enfermedades diarreicas. Los diferentes tipos de leche que se producen en la glándula mamaria (pre-calostro, calostro, leche de transición, leche de pretérmino, y madura), se adaptan a los requerimientos del niño en el tiempo, permitiendo que los elementos constitutivos (grasas carbohidratos, proteínas y enzimas) se absorban y digieran fácilmente, favoreciendo la formación de un sistema inmunitario eficiente. La leche materna contiene componentes que conforman su función protectora contra virus, bacterias y parásitos. Factores Constitutivos: Quelantes: Lactoferrina, Proteína fijadora de Vitamina B12 (Haptocorrina), Proteína fijadora de Acido Fólico; Enzimas: Lactoperoxidasa, Lizosima con efecto bactericida y bacteriostático. Factores anti-infecciosos: Factor Bífido (N-acetilglucosamina), Factor de crecimiento epidérmico; Factor estimulante de fibroblastos; Gangliósidos y Oligosacáridos, Lactadherina, Factor de resistencia antiestafilococo. Factores Inducidos: son inducidos por antígenos presentes en el tubo digestivo y en el árbol bronquial: macrófagos, linfocitos T y B; Inmunoglobulinas A, G, M, K-caseína que inhibe la adherencia de Helicobacter Pylori. Varios estudios indican que algunos factores de la leche humana inducen una maduración más rápida del sistema inmunológico en relación a niños alimentados artificialmente. Se recomienda que el niño alimentado al pecho no suspenda la lactancia si presenta algún trastorno diarreico; por el contrario, debe aumentar el número de mamadas para garantizar una adecuada ingesta calórica y de nutrientes. Esto se ha demostrado en estudios que reportan menor incidencia de enfermedad diarreica en lactantes alimentados con lactancia materna.

Breast milk is the ideal food for infants from birth. Its nutritional features allow an armonic child development and the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants, especially from diarrheal illness. The different types of milk produced by the mammary glands (pre-calostral, calostral, transitional, pre-term milk, and mature), adapt to the child’s requirements, changing its composition, energy content, volume and density. This facilitates absorption of fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and enzymes, and builds an efficient immune system to grant optimal child health. Breast milk has huge amounts of immunological components which contribute to the protective function against virus, bacteria, and parasites: Constituent factors: 1.-Binders: Lactoferin, binding proteins for vitamin B12 (Haptocorin) and Folic Acid. 2.-Enzymes: Lactoperoxidase and Lisozims, with bactericide and bacteriostatic effects. Anti-infection factors: Bífidus Factor (N-Acetil-glucosamine), Epidermal Development Factor, gangliosides and oligosaccharides, Lactadherin and Anti-staphylococcal factor. Induced Factors: The anti-infective activity is specific for each woman; these factors are induced by antigens in the digestive system and respiratory tract: macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, A, G, M immunoglobulins. Also K-casein, related with anti-adhesive action of Helicobacter Pylori. Human milk induces the maturation of the child’s immune system earlier than formula. It is recommended not to withhold breastfeeding in infants affected by diarrhea. On the contrary, the number and duration of feedings should be increased to guarantee an adequate nutritional and caloric intake. Clinical trials which compare the morbidity in infants according with the feeding pattern show a lower incidence of diarrhea in breast fed children.

Effects of direct and indirect bonding techniques on bond strength and microleakage after thermocycling / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of brackets and microleakage of a tooth-adhesive-bracket complex bonded with a direct and an indirect bonding technique after thermocycling. METHODS: Fifty non-carious human premolars were divided into two equal groups. In the direct bonding group a light-cured adhesive and a primer (Transbond XT) was used. In the indirect-bonding group, a light-cured adhesive (Transbond XT) and chemical-cured primer (Sondhi Rapid Set) were used. After polymerization, the teeth were kept in distilled water for 24 hours and thereafter subjected to thermal cycling (500 cycles). For the microleakage evaluation, 10 teeth from each group were further sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5% basic fuchsin for 24 hours, and examined under a stereomicroscope. Fifteen teeth from each group were used for SBS testing with the universal testing machine and adhesive remnant index (ARI) evaluation. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences on SBS and microleakage between the two bonding techniques. The indirect bonding group had a significantly lower ARI score. Bracket failures were obtained between enamel-resin interfaces. CONCLUSIONS: The type of bonding technique did not significantly affect the amount of microleakage and SBS.

Aislamiento e identificación de agentes virales en niños con infecciones respiratorias agudas / Isolation and identification of viral agents in children with acute respiratory infectiuos diseases

Las infecciones respiratorias agudas de etiología viral ocupan el primer lugar de morbilidad en la población pediátrica a nivel mundial. El propósito de este estudio fue identificar los virus respiratorios como agentes etiológicos de estas infecciones en los niños que consultaron al Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Se incluyeron pacientes entre 0 y 11 años que consultaron por infecciones respiratorias agudas. Se realizó encuesta epidemiológica y clínica y se tomaron las muestras (hisopado nasofaríngeo) para identificación y aislamiento de los virus respiratorios (influenza A y B, para influenza 1, 2, y 3, adenovirus y virus sincitial respiratorio) por inmunofluorescencia y cultivo. Durante 7 años se evaluaron 583 niños, el estudio virológico fue positivo en 83 pacientes (14,2 por ciento) correspondiendo 72,3 por ciento al virus para influenza 1,15,7 por ciento virus influenza A, 6 por ciento influenza B, 4,8 por ciento adenovirus y 1,2 por ciento al virus para influenza 3. Los hallazgos coinciden con la epidemiología en el país para el período del estudio. Se demostró la circulación de los virus para influenza 1 y 3,influenza A y B y adenovirus.

Respiratory viral infections are the first cause of morbidity in children worldwide. The purpose of this study was to know the viral etiology of acute respiratory infections in the Pediatric Department of the “Hospital Universitario de Caracas”. We investigated children 0-11 years with acute respiratory infections for viral etiology. The diagnosis was made by identification of respiratory viruses from nasopharyngeal swab (influenza A and B, parainfluenza 1,2, and 3, adenovirus and respiratory sincitial virus) by inmunofluorescence and culture. 583 patients were investigated. Respiratory viruses were detected in 14,2% cases, with parainfluenza type 1 virus the most commonly detected (72,3%), followed by influenza A 15,7%, influenza B 6%, adenovirus 4,8% and parainfluenza 31,2%. The virology results were similar to the epidemiological reports of the Health Services during the period of the investigation. It was demonstrated the circulation of parainfluenza viruses 1-3, influenza A and B and adenoviruses.

Adenoviruses C in non-hospitalized Mexican children older than five years of age with acute respiratory infection

Adenoviruses (AdV) are commonly involved in acute respiratory infections (ARI), which cause high morbidity and mortality in children. AdV are grouped in six species (A-F), which are associated with a wide range of diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the AdV species infecting non-hospitalized Mexican children with ARI symptoms, attending to the same school. For that, a PCR/RFLP assay was designed for a region of the hexon gene, which was chosen, based on the bioinformatical analysis of AdV genomes obtained from GenBank. A total of 100 children's nasopharyngeal samples were collected from January to June, 2005, and used for viral isolation in A549 cells and PCR/RFLP analysis. Only 15 samples produced cytopathic effect, and in all of them AdV C was identified. AdV C was also identified in eight additional nasopharyngeal samples which were negative for viral isolation. In summary, this outpatient population showed a rate of AdV infection of 23 percent, and only AdV C was detected.

Non-dirt house floor and the stimulant of environmental health decreased the risk Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI).

The risk factors related to acute respiratory infection (ARI), among others, is house floor. The aim of this research was to identify the influence of the Family Health and Nutrition program (FHN) and other risk factors related to ARI. Data was obtained from a survey conducted in 5 provinces in Indonesia, which received the project of Family Health and Nutrition (FHN) in 2003. The number of subjects was 1,500 families, selected by stratified random sampling method. The questionnaire completion and the observation were done on the spot in the subject’s house by special trained interviewers. The use of non-dirt house floor built prior to the project of FHN decreased the risk of ARI cases of 51% than the use of dirt house floor [Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.49; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.25-0.96]. The risk of ARI decreased of 52% among those who received than those which never received the stimulant of environmental health Family Health and Nutrition program (OR = 0.48; 95% CI =0.33-0.70). To decrease the risks of ARI cases, the program of environmental health is necessarily continued.

Shear bond strength and adhesive failure pattern in bracket bonding with plasma arc light / 대한치과교정학회지

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of plasma arc light which can reduce the curing time dramatically compared by shear bond strengths and failure patterns of the brackets bonded with visible light in direct bracket bonding. Some kinds of brackets were bonded with the Transbond(R) to the human premolars which were embedded in the resin blocks according to the various conditions. After bonding, the shear bond strength was tested by Instron universal testing machine and in addition , the amount of residual adhesive remaining on the tooth after debonding was measured by the stereoscope and assessed with adhesive remnant index(ARI). The results were as follows : 1. When plasma arc light was used for bonding the brackets, the shear bond strength was clinically sufficient in both metal and ceramic brackets, but resin brackets showed significantly lower bond strength but which was clinically useful. 2. When metal brackets were bonded using visible light, there was no significant difference in shear bond strength due to the light-curing time and the bond strength was clinically sufficient. 3. When the adhesive failure patterns of brackets bonded with plasma arc light were observed by using the adhesive remnant index, the bond failure of the metal and resin bracket occurred more frequently at bracket-adhesive interface but the failure of the ceramic bracket occurred more frequently at enamel-adhesive interface. 4. There was no statistically significant difference of the shear bond strength and adhesive failure pattern between metal bracket bonded for 2 seconds by curing with plasma arc light and 10 seconds by curing with visible light. 6. When metal brackets were bonded using plasma arc light, the shear bond strength decreased as the distance from the light source increased. The above results suggest that plasma arc light can be clinically useful for bonding the brackets without fear of the decrease of the shear bond strength.

Application of acidic primer for orthodontic adhesive system / 대한치과교정학회지

Acidic primer is the bonding agent which combines the conditioning and priming agent into the single solution and was originally developed for the dentin bonding system. It is less harmful to the tooth structure and more convenient to manipulate than the traditional etching procedure. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the shear bond strength of various bonding materials when the enamel is treated with acidic primer for the bracket bonding procedure. Fifty recently extracted human premolars were randomly separated into five groups : Group I using Clearfil Liner Bond 2 adhesive system to the enamel treated with acidic primer, Group II using Transbond XT adhesive system to the enamel treated with acidic primer, Group III using panavia 21 adhesive system to the enamel treated with acidic primer, Group IV using Fuji-Ortho LC adhesive system to the enamel treated with acidic primer, Group V using Transbond XT adhesive system to the enamel treated with 37% phosphoric acid. The shear bond strength was measured with Instron universal testing machine after storing in 37oC water bath for 48 hours. After debonding, the teeth and brackets were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and assessed with the adhesive remnant index (ARI). The results were as follows : 1. There were no significant differences in shear bond strength between group III (8.69 +/- 2.72 MPa), group IV (9.7 +/- 3.16 MPa), and group V (10.48 +/- 2.60 Mpa) (p>0.05). 2. The shear bond strength of group III and group IV was significantly higher than that of group I (1.09 +/- 0.53 Mpa), and Group II (2.70 +/- 1.46Mpa) (p0.05). This result suggests that the combination of acidic primer and some bonding adhesive can provide sufficient shear bond strength for clinical orthodontics.

Influence of rebonded orthodontic brackets and different treatment methods on shear bond strength / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To compare shear bond strength(SBS)of bonded and rebonded orthodontic brackets and influence of rebonded orthodontic brackets using different treatment methods on SBS.Methods:60 extracted premolars were evenly divided into three groups.Brackets were debonded with conventional techniques and then removed of residual adhesives from the base mesh using three different treatments.In groupⅠ,rebond a new bracket at the second,third bonding times.In group Ⅱ,remove residual adhesives from the base mesh with fire at the second,third times,then rebond the same bracket.In group Ⅲ,remove that using a tungsten carbide bur at the second,third times,then rebond the same bracket.Shear test was performed to compare the SBS and adhesive remnant indexes(ARI)among different groups.Results:The SBS of three groups at the first bonding sequence were(10.00?2.95)MPa,(9.57?2.45)MPa and(9.09?2.58)MPa.The SBS at the second,third debonding sequence in group I,group II,and group III were(9.55?2.84)MPa and(10.32?2.59)MPa,(7.30?2.15)MPa and(7.14?1.93)MPa,(12.13?2.93)MPa and(12.86?3.08)MPa,respectively.In group Ⅱ,the SBS was significantly lower,however,in group Ⅲ,the SBS was significantly higher,and the results showed significant differences(P

Assessment of Acute Upper Respiratory Infection Accompanied With Myocardial Damage by Detection of Myocardial Enzymes / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of myocardial enzymes and it's isoenzyme,eletrocardiogram(ECG) for suffering children of ARI accompanied with myocardial damage and to determine the sensitive indexes of confirmed diagnosis of ARI accompanied with myocardial damage.Methods 117 cases with ARI accompanied with suspected or confirmed myocardial damage were studied,60 healthy age matching children were arranged as control group.Myocardial enzymes and it's isoenzyme ECG in the two groups were dynamic monitored.Then comparing the activities of serum myocardial enzymes and it's isoenzyme.Results Serum CK-MB,LDH-1,AST were significantly higher in ARI group than that in control group(P

An in vitro study of the effects of different enamel conditioners on the shear bond strength and the adhesive remnant index / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effects of different enamel conditioners in combination with an adhesive on the shear bond strength and the adhesive remnant index in vitro.Methods:One hundred and eight permanent healthy premolars from orthodontic patients and fresh saliva from a healthy young volunteer were collected.The teeth were cleaned,dried and etched by phosphoric acid,polyacrylic acid or Transbond plus SEP respectively(36 teeth for each agent).Then the teeth were bonded to brachet by RMGICs with the presence of water,saliva on the tooth surface or without any of them respectively(12 teeth in each group).After bonding,all samples were tested on a testing machine of Instron.Shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index were recorded.Results:Highest mean shear bond strength was observed in the group of teeth etched by Traspond plus SEP and bonded by RMGICs with the presence of saliva.Higher mean shear bond strength was obtained with the presence of saliva or water on the tooth surface than without any of them.Conclusion:Transbond plus SEP conditioning followed by RMGICs bonding may produce high shear bond strength between moistured tooth surface and brachet.

The effect of resin base surface treatment on shear bong strength in indirect bracket bonding technique / 대한치과교정학회지

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the surface treatments of resin bases in indirect bracket bonding technique by study of shear bond strengths and failure patterns. Ninety metal brackets were bonded to the stone models of specimens involving bovine lower incisor with light-cured adhesive(Light-Bond). After removal of brackets with the resin base from the stone models, the surfaces of resin bases in thirty brackets were treated with Plastic Conditioner and the surfaces of resin bases in another thirty brackets were treated with sandblaster and the remaining thirty brackets were served as controls. All brackets were transferred to the specimens and bonded using sealant. The shear bond strength was tested on universal testing machine, and failure pattern was assessed with the adhesive remnant index(ARI). The results were as follows: 1. Surface treatments of resin bases with Plastic Conditioner or sandblasting showed statistically higher shear bond strengths than no treatment group. 2. No significant difference in shear bond strength was found between Plastic Conditioner treatment and sandblasting treatment groups. 3. No significant difference in ARI scores was found among the three groups. 4. As the result of correlation analysis between shear bond strengths and ARI scores, failure at adhesive/bracket base interface tends to increase when the shear bond strength was high, but it was not significant statistically. The above results suggest that improvement of bond strength can be obtained by surface treatment of resin base in the indirect bonding technique.

A change of shear bond strength of orthodontic resin adhesives under water immersion / 대한치과교정학회지

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of shear bond strengths and failure patterns in orthodontic resin adhesives according to the water immersion time. Metal brackets were bonded to the specimens involving the premolars with chemical-cured(Concise(R)) and light-cured(Transbond(R)) adhesives. The shear bond strength was measured on universal testing machine and the failure patterns were assessed with the adhesive remnant index(ARI) after storage in distilled water at 37degrees C for 1 day, 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. The results were as follows: 1. The shear bond strengths at the 6 month in both Concise and Transbond were significantly higher than those at the 1 day, 1 week and 1 month(P<0.05). There were positive correlations between shear bond strength and water immersion time in both Concise and Transbond(P<0.01). 2. There were no significant differences in shear bond strength between Concise and Transbond. 3. The brackets were failed primarily at the bracket base-adhesive interface and there was no significant difference in the incidence of ARI scores according to the water immersion time.